5. The rise of a new state on the Pacific coast revived the old demand for a railroad across the plains, and surveys were ordered.
6. East of the Mississippi thousands of miles of railroads were built, and the East, the West, and the far South were connected.
7. This period is marked by many great inventions and discoveries, including the telegraph, the sewing machine, and the reaper.
8. It was in this period that trade relations were begun with China and Japan.
[Illustration: MODERN HARVESTER.]
FOOTNOTES
[1] All the large cities were so poorly governed, however, that they were often the scenes of serious riots, political, labor, race, and even religious.
[2] An unfriendly picture of the United States in 1842 is Dickens's American Notes, a book well worth reading.
[3] Several non-Mormon officials were sent to Utah, but they were not allowed to exercise any authority, and were driven out. The Mormons formed the state of Deseret and applied for admission into the Union. Congress paid no attention to the appeal, and (1857) Buchanan appointed a new governor and sent troops to Utah to uphold the Federal authority. Young forbade them to enter the territory, and dispatched an armed force that captured some of their supplies. In the spring of 1858 the President offered pardon "to all who will submit themselves to the just authority of the Federal Government," and Young and his followers did so.
[4] An interesting account of the buffalo is given in A. C. Laut's The Story of the Trapper_, pp. 65-80. Herds of a hundred thousand were common. As many as a million buffalo robes were sent east each year in the thirties and forties.