Notes of a naturalist in South America

by John Ball

• A
• Acacia Cavenia, [157]
• Aconcagua, [192]
• —— valley, vegetation of, [195]
• Adesmia, [182]
• Agassiz, Professor Alexander, [342]
• Ajulla, Promontory of, [51]
• Albatross, [215]
• Alligators, [41]
• Alpine zone in Andes, [91]
• Amancais, [71]
• Amatapi, Sierra, [52]
• Ancud, [145]
• Andean Flora, Alpine zone, [104]
• ——, divisions of the, [104]
• ——, European genera common to, [101]
• Andean railways, [63]
• Andes, [49]
• ——, Alpine zone in, [91]
• ——, cactoid plant in, [92]
• ——, Chilian, view of, [183]
• ——, climate of Peruvian, [99]
• ——, Compositæ in, [102]
• ——, cosmopolitan weeds in, [101]
• Aneroid barometers, [353], [354]
• Angol, [213]
• Antarctic beech, [256]
• —— Flora, range of, [219]
• Anthopterus Wardii, [34]
• Anticosti, [273]
• Apoquinto, baths of, [188]
• Araucanian Indians, [212]
• ——, language of, [213]
• Araucaria Brasiliensis, [311]
• Argentaria, climate of, [300]
• ——, emigration to, [298], [299]
• ——, forests of, [295]
• ——, progress of agriculture, [298]
• ——, frontier of Chili and, [258]
• Arica, vegetation of, [121]
• Armeria maritima, var. andina, [263]
• Artichoke, wild, [168]
• Atacama, desert of, [124], [131]
• Atlantic, colour of, [7]
• ——, summer temperature of, [362]
• ——, temperature of, [5]
• ——, winds of, [345]
• Ayacucho steamship, [118]
• Azores, [5]
• B
• Baccharis, [157]
• Bahia Blanca, [298], [357], [358]
• Bahia de Todos Santos, [346]
• Baillonia spartioides, [202]
• Balmacedo, Don F., [191]
• Banda Oriental, [281]
• ——, vegetation of, [293]
• Barbadoes, absence of venomous snakes in, [14]
• ——, black population of, [11]
• —— harbour police, [9]
• —— planters, [13]
• ——, productiveness of, [8]
• Barometer, high, [4]
• ——, tables for, [4]
• Beagle Channel, [273]
• Belem, Tower of, [363]
• Berberis buxifolia, [263]
• —— empetrifolia, [263]
• —— ilicifolia, [263]
• Berberry, [225]
• Bentos, Fray, [287]
• Bio-Bio river, [213]
• Black-fish, [7]
• Blue Mountains, Jamaica, [17]
• Bombax pubescens, [328]
• Borya Bay, [241]
• Bossi, Signor Bartolomeo, [281]
• Botafogo, [322]
• Bove, Lieutenant, [252]
• Bramble in Chili, [150]
• Brazil, ancient mountains of, [317]
• ——, coffee-planting in, [341]
• ——, geology of, [313], [314]
• ——, glacial deposits in, [342]
• ——, rainfall in coast region of, [334]
• Brazilian physicians, their fees, [340]
• Bridges, suspension, in the Andes, [85]
• Buenaventura, [32]
• Buenos Ayres, [293–295], [299]
• C
• Cabo Blanco, [43]
• —— San Lorenzo, [37]
• —— Santa Elena, [38]
• Cachapoal river, [178]
• Cactoid plant in Andes, [92]
• Caldera, [133]
• Callao, [61]
• ——, quarantine at, [57]
• Canary Islands, [362]
• Cape Froward, [243]
• —— Parinas, [44]
• —— pigeon (Daption capensis), [214]
• —— Pillar, [238]
• —— Verde Islands, [359]
• Capricorn, Tropic of, [132]
• Cardoon, [164]
• Casapalta, [91]
• Catamarans, [352]
• Cathartes atratus, [112]
• Caudivilla, [109]
• Cauquenes, Morro de, [182]
• ——, town of, [169]
• Cauquenes Baths, [172]
• ——, railway to, [163]
• Celery, wild, [221]
• Cereus Quisco, [151], [176]
• Cerro de Pasco, [72]
• —— del Roble, [151]
• Chacao, Canal de, [216]
• Chagres river, [22]
• Chañeral, [133]
• Channels of Patagonia, [222], [223]
• Chicla, hotel at, [80]
• ——, scenery at, [84]
• ——, vegetation of, [98]
• Chili and Argentaria, frontier of, [258]
• —— and Peru, naval war of, [58]
• ——, bramble in, [150]
• ——, Central, flora of, [141]
• —— ——, climate of, [143–145]
• —— ——, rainfall in, [144]
• ——, European plants in, [164]
• ——, physical geography of, [170]
• ——, Southern, glaciers of, [229]
• —— ——, rainfall of, [229]
• Chilian elections, cumulative vote, [191]
• —— mines, [161]
• Chiliotrichium amelloides, [234]
• Chiloe, island of, [215]
• Chimborazo, [38]
• Chonos Archipelago, [216]
• Chosica, [73]
• Chuquiraga spinosa, [91]
• Churches in Lima, [62]
• Chusquea, [152]
• Cigars, Guayaquil, [41]
• Cinnamon tree, [10]
• Claraz, M. Georges, [357], [358]
• Clarence Island, [243]
• Climate, effects of tropical, [39]
• Cnicus lanceolatus, [164]
• Cobeja, [131]
• Coffee-planting in Brazil, [341]
• Colletia spinosa, [177]
• Colomba, [214]
• Colon, [21], [22], [27]
• Commercial travellers, German, [309]
• Compositæ in Andes, [102]
• Concepcion del Uruguay, [288]
• Condor, [87], [93]
• Condors, captive, [185]
• Copiapò, [133]
• ——, Rio de, [133]
• Coquimbo, vegetation of, [136], [138]
• Corbett, Mr., [328]
• Cordillera de la Costa, [218]
• Cordillera Grande, of Goyaz, [315]
• Cordillera Pelada, [218], [219]
• Cordillera in Peru, [49]
• Corrientes, [294], [300]
• Cosmos Line, German steamers of, [205]
• Cousiño, Madame, [207]
• Crab, red, [227]
• Croll, Dr. James, [271]
• ——, remarks on his theory of secular changes of climate, [393]
• Cryptocarya Peumus, [160]
• Cuyabà, [279], [310]
• D
• Dandelion (Taraxacum lævigatum), [263]
• Daption capensis, [214]
• Darwin, Mount, [267], [270]
• Dawson Island, [245]
• Desfontainea spinosa, [225]
• Desolation, Land of, [235], [241]
• Diomedea exulans, [215]
• —— fuliginosa, [215]
• Don, Royal Mail steamer, [2]
• Doterel, wreck of the, [267]
• Drimys Winteri, [147]
• Drummond-Hay, Mr., [148]
• Dungeness, [271]
• Duvaua dependens, [293]
• E
• Earthquake-waves, [122]
• Eccremocarpus scaber, [199]
• Ecuador, [36], [40]
• Eden harbour, [224]
• Education, Chilian zeal for, [265]
• Elections, Chilian, cumulative vote, [191]
• Encelia canescens, [134]
• Engler, Dr., [34], [106]
• English Narrows, [223]
• English the lingua franca of America, [88]
• Ensenada, [302]
• Entrerios, [288]
• Equator, cold current near, [356]
• ——, path of the sun, [37]
• Equatorial rains, [352]
• —— vegetation, [33]
• Erodium cicutarium, [165]
• Escallonia, [181]
• Espiritu Santo, Cape, [271]
• Eucalyptus globulus, [160], [292]
• Evergreen beech (Fagus betuloides), [225]
• Existence, struggle for, [330]
• Eyre Sound, [228]
• F
• Fagus betuloides, [225]
• —— obliqua, [151]
• Falkland Islands, [247], [273]
• Fayrer, Sir Joseph, [349]
• Fenton, Dr., [250], [262], [269]
• Fernando Noronha, [354], [355]
• Feuillée, Father, [184]
• Flint, Mr., [153]
• Flowering plants, origin of, [318]
• Flying-fish, [5]
• —— of Pacific, [53]
• Fogs on Peruvian coast, [54]
• Francoa sonchifolia, [210]
• French, Dr., [289], [291]
• Fruit-sellers, migratory, [42]
• Fuegians, [233], [242], [260], [261]
• G
• Gallinazo, [87]
• ——, scavenger bird, [112]
• Galvesia limensis, [45]
• Gillies, Captain, [344]
• Glacial deposits in Brazil, [342]
• Glaciers in South Patagonia, [239]
• —— of Southern Chili, [229]
• Glaziou, Dr., [324]
• Gleichenia, [226], [311]
• Glyptodon, [358]
• Gongo Seco, [316]
• Gordontown, Jamaica, [18]
• ——, cool climate of, [19]
• Graham, Mr. J. R., [67]
• Granite, disintegration of, [315]
• Grisebach, [34], [145]
• Gualtro, [168]
• Guanacos, [131], [253]
• Guano Islands, [53]
• Guayaquil cigars, [41]
• Guayaquil, city of, [40], [41]
• ——, Gulf of, [38], [40]
• Guayas river, [38], [41], [42]
• Gynopleura linearifolia, [157]
• H
• Hale Cove, [220]
• Hann, Dr. Julius, [144], [305], [349]
• Hanover Island, [236]
• Hayti, island of, [15]
• ——, cannibalism in, [16]
• Haze, opacity of, [158]
• Heights above sea-level, fall of temperature in ascending to, [369]
• Henderson’s Inlet, [231]
• Hess, Mr., [163]
• Hippeastrum equestre, [19]
• Hopedale, in Labrador, [273]
• Huanillos, [127]
• Humboldt current, [50]
• Humming-birds, [209]
• Hura crepitans, [10]
• Hymenophylla, [226]
• I
• Iberia steamship, [269]
• Ice-axe, [226]
• Ice, floating, [228]
• Illiluk, [274]
• Immigrant plants, Darwin’s view of, [166]
• ——, checks on their extension, [167]
• Indians, Araucanian, [212]
• ——, Patagonian, [260]
• Iquique, [121]
• ——, sea-fight at, [127]
• Isla de Santa Maria, [211]
• Islay steamship, [29]
• Itamariti, Falls of, [329]
• J
• Jamaica, [16]
• ——, black population of, [20]
• ——, vegetation of, [18]
• Jacmel harbour, [15]
• K
• Kageneckia oblonga, [175]
• Kingston, Jamaica, [16]
• L
• Lapageria rosea, [209]
• La Plata, estuary of, [277], [283]
• Las Condes, [163]
• La Serena, [136], [145]
• Lavapie Promontory, [211]
• Liais, M., [342]
• Libocedrus, [235]
• Lichens, [221]
• Lima, [61]
• ——, a dinner-party at, [108]
• ——, ancient beaches near, [113]
• ——, meteorological observations at, [99]
• Liriodendron, [344]
• Lisbon, Rock of, [363]
• Llaillai, [150]
• Llama in Peru, [95]
• Loa river, [127]
• Lobelia gigantea, [184]
• Lobelia tupa, [184]
• ——, poisonous species of, [76]
• Lobos de tierra, [53]
• —— de afuera, [53]
• Lomaria magellanica, [226]
• Lombardi, Signor M., [109]
• Lombardy poplar, [160]
• Loranthus, [176], [202]
• Lord Nelson Strait, [236]
• Lota, coal deposits of, [207]
• ——, parque of, [208]
• Lynch, Don Patricio, [67]
• ——, his administration, [68]
• M
• Maceio, [347]
• Magellan, Straits of, [238], [239], [367]
• ——, forests in the, [240]
• ——, variable climate in, [240], [254]
• Maipo river, [134]
• Maldonado, [304]
• Malesherbiaceæ, [157]
• Mango tree, [10]
• Mapocho river, [157]
• Markham, Captain Albert, [135]
• Marrubium vulgare, [138]
• Matto Grosso, [279]
• Matucana, San Juan de, [76]
• Mayne Channel, [237]
• Maytenus magellanica, [263]
• Meiggs, Mr., [65]
• Mejillones, [132]
• Memory, lapses of, [26]
• Mendoza, [300]
• Mercator’s projection, [30]
• Messier’s Channel, [220], [231]
• Mist, clearing of, [333]
• Mitraria coccinea, [225]
• Molina, [175]
• Mollendo, [119]
• ——, a bad port, [120]
• Monkeys, domesticated, [332]
• Monson, Mr., [280]
• Montaña of Eastern Peru, [97]
• Monte Video, [277], [279]
• Morro de Cauquenes, [182]
• Mountain-sickness, [81]
• Mulinum, [189]
• Mutisia, [177]
• Mutisiaceæ, [102]
• Myzodendron punctulatum, [256]
• N
• Napp, Mr. Richard, [300]
• Nation, Mr. W., [70], [108]
• Naval war of Chili and Peru, [58]
• New Granada, [32]
• Nicotiana glauca, [360]
• Nikolaiewsk, [273]
• North Atlantic, trade-wind of, [361]
• Northern hemisphere, temperature of, [273], [274]
• O
• O’Higgins, General, [154]
• Olfactory nerve, fugitive impressions, [190]
• Oreodoxa regia, [324]
• Organ Mountains, [325]
• Oroya railway, [64]
• ——, spiral tunnel of, [79]
• ——, viaducts of, [74]
• Ostrich, South American, [261]
• Oxalis lobata, [146]
• P
• Pacific coast-steamers, [31]
• Pacific, colour of water of, [31]
• ——, first view of, [25]
• ——, flying-fish of, [53]
• ——, high seas in Southern, [211]
• —— steamer, delay of, [269]
• Paisandu, [288], [289]
• Palms, avenue of, [323]
• Panama, [21]
• —— Bay, birds in, [29]
• —— Grand Hotel, [27]
• —— railway, [25]
• —— ship-canal, [23]
• ——, vegetation of, [24]
• Paraguay river-steamers, [279]
• Paranà, [317]
• ——, basin of the, [312]
• —— river, [284]
• Paranagua, Bay of, [308]
• Paranahyba, [313]
• —— valley, [320]
• Parasites and climbers, [330]
• Patagonia, [300]
• —— Channels, scenery of, [222], [227]
• ——, vegetation of, [225], [235]
• ——, women of, [253]
• Patagonian coast, winter climate, [276]
• Patagonian Indians, [260]
• Payta, climate and vegetation of, [45]
• Peckett Harbour, [262], [270]
• Pedro, Dom, Emperor of Brazil, [337]
• Pelicans, black, [59]
• Peñas, Gulf of, [218]
• Pernambuco, [351]
• Pernettya, [225]
• Peru, [44]
• —— and Chili, naval war of, [58]
• ——, climate of Northern, [47]
• ——, future of, [117]
• Peruvian coast, fogs on, [54]
• ——, low temperature of, [55]
• —— sugar-plantation, [110]
• Pessimism, [365], [366]
• Petrel, giant, [215]
• Petropolis, [326], [327], [335]
• ——, hermit of, [331]
• ——, winter climate of, [334]
• Peumo tree, [159], [175]
• Philippi, Dr., [154]
• ——, Professor Federigo, [155], [219]
• Physicians, Brazilian, their fees, [340]
• Pierola, Dictator of Peru, [117]
• Pietrabona, Commander, [257]
• Pimento tree, [10]
• Pisagua, [123]
• ——, white rocks at, [125]
• Pisco, [119]
• Plantago maritima, [263]
• Pleroma arboreum, [342]
• —— granulosum, [336]
• Podocarpus nubigena, [235]
• Poncho, [179]
• Porliera hygrometrica, [199]
• Port Famine, [245], [250]
• —— Gallant, [241]
• Potato, wild, in Andes, [93]
• Prado, General, [36]
• Prosopis limensis, [46]
• Proustia Baccharoides, [195]
• Pteris aquilina, [329]
• Puente Infernillo, [78]
• Puerto Bueno, [233]
• Punta Arenas, [145], [246], [273]
• Puya, [151]
• Q
• Quadras in Santiago, [153]
• Quarantine at Callao, [57]
• —— at St. Vincent, [359]
• Quaresma, [336]
• Queen Adelaide Island, [236], [238]
• Quillaja saponaria, [175]
• Quillota, Valley of, [150]
• Quinta Normal at Santiago, [155]
• R
• Railways, Andean, [63]
• ——, Oroya, [64]
• ——, spiral tunnel of, [79]
• ——, viaducts of, [74]
• Rancagua, [168]
• Reed, Mr. Edwin, [204]
• Reilly, Mr., [210]
• Resguardo del Rio Colorado, [200]
• Rhamses, the, [205]
• Rhea Darwinii, habits of, [261]
• Rimac, valley of the, [71]
• ——, ancient terraces in, [75]
• ——, Compositæ in, [76]
• ——, effects of sea-breeze in, [98]
• Rio Claro, [171]
• —— Colorado, [276]
• —— Janeiro, Bay of, [321], [322], [325]
• —— Parahyba do Sul, [313]
• —— San Francisco, [314]
• Rocks, disintegration of, [115]
• ——, ice-action on, [228]
• Rumex acetosella, [263]
• S
• Sagittaria Montevidensis, [297]
• Saladeros, [287]
• Salix Humboldtiana, [77]
• Salta, [294]
• Salto, [291]
• Sambucus Peruviana, [101]
• Sampayo, Don Francisco, [257]
• San Bartolomé, [73]
• —— Cristobal, Cerro, [156]
• Sand-box tree (Hura crepitans), [10]
• Sandy Point, [246], [250]
• ——, burnt forest at, [256]
• ——, mutiny of convicts at, [251]
• ——, the hotel at, [249]
• ——, vegetation of, [255], [263]
• San Felipe, [192]
• Sanitary rules, neglect of, [87]
• San José, Promontory of, [276]
• —— volcano, [164]
• San Lorenzo, island of, [59]
• San Matias, Bay of, [276]
• San Paulo, [308–310]
• —— and Rio Janeiro railway, [312]
• ——, railway from Santos to, [307], [308]
• San Ramon, Salto de, [190]
• Santa Clara, [72]
• Santa Cruz settlement, [246]
• Santa Lucia, Rock of, [162]
• Santa Rosa de los Andes, [193], [196]
• Santiago, [145], [153], [156], [161]
• ——, railway to, [149]
• ——, sunset at, [186]
• Santos, [305], [306]
• ——, tropical vegetation at, [307]
• São João da Barra, [312]
• São Salvador, [346]
• Sarmiento Channel, [231]
• Sarmiento, Mount, [243], [244], [267], [270]
• Scavenger bird, [112]
• Schinus molle, [77]
• Sea-sickness, [217]
• Seaweed, bands of, [6]
• Senecio, the genus, [268]
• Serra da Mantiqueira, [313], [314]
• Serra do Mar, [308], [314]
• Shannon, Captain, [269]
• Simpson, Captain, [207]
• Sitka, [274]
• Smyth’s Channel, [231], [237]
• Solanum mammosum, [33]
• Soroche, mountain-sickness, [81]
• Soto, Don Olegario, [171]
• South America, tropical, origin of flora, [35]
• ——, rainless zone of, [48]
• South Brazil, plateau of, flora, [311]
• South Patagonia, glaciers in, [239]
• Southern Atlantic, climate of, [305]
• Southern Cross, [7], [253]
• Southern hemisphere, temperature of, [272–274]
• Spanish-Americans, indolence of, [89]
• Species, groups of incomplete, [181]
• Staten Island, [252], [258]
• St. Antão Island, [359]
• Steamers, Pacific coast, [31]
• Straits of Magellan, [270]
• Sunstroke, causes of, [349], [350]
• Surco station, [75]
• Swinburne, Don Carlos, [154]
• T
• Taforò, Dr., [191]
• Tagus steamship, [344]
• Talca, [145]
• Taltal, [133]
• Tamar, Cape, [240]
• Tambo de Mora, [119]
• Tarapacà, [125]
• Taraxacum lævigatum, [263]
• Telephone, use of, in South America, [290]
• Tierra del Fuego, [245], [267]
• Tijuca, [338]
• ——, giant tree near, [343]
• ——, vegetation of, [341]
• Tillandsia, [307]
• Titicaca, Lake of, [63], [66]
• Tocantins river, [315]
• Tocopilla, [128], [133]
• ——, scenery of the moon, [129]
• Trade wind, north-east, [6]
• Trescott, Mr., [60]
• Tres Montes, Cape, [218]
• Trinidad, Gulf of, [231]
• Triumph, the ship, [135]
• Tropæolum tuberosum, [78]
• Trumpet-flower (Bignonia venusta), [307], [311]
• Tucuman, [294]
• Tumaco, [36]
• Tumbez, [43]
• Tupa Berterii, [184]
• —— secunda, [184]
• Tupungato, the Peak of, [153]
• U
• Ucayali river, English settler at, [96]
• Unalaschka, [274]
• Uruguay, climate of, [279]
• ——, fossil remains in, [291]
• ——, islands of the, [287]
• —— Republic of, chronic disorder, [282], [284], [285]
• Ushuaia, mission station at, [260]
• Ushuaja, [273]
• Uspallata Pass, [200]
• Utricularia, [33]
• V
• Valdivia, [145]
• Valparaiso, [138], [145]
• ——, danger of earthquakes at, [139]
• Vegetation, equatorial, [33]
• Verbena family, [201]
• Viaducts, Oroya railway, [74]
• Vicuña Mackenna, Don Benjamin, [158]
• Villages, remains of ancient Peruvian, [73]
• Viña del Mar, [149]
• Vincent, St., aspect of, [360]
• ——, quarantine at, [359]
• Vinciguerra, Signor, [252]
• Virgenes, Cape, [271]
• Volcano de Chana, [219]
• W
• Wellington Island, [222]
• Willsen, Captain, [205]
• Winter’s bark (Drimys Winteri), [147]
• Y
• Yellow fever, treatment of, [339]

NOTE ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA.

In the annexed map an attempt has been made to represent the probable course of the isothermal lines—lines denoting equal temperature—in the South American continent. The black lines indicate the mean temperature for the entire year; the red lines that for January, the hottest month; and the green lines that of July, the coldest month. The numbers placed over each line in corresponding colours indicate the temperature in degrees of the Centigrade scale. We possess a fair amount of information as to the meteorology of the coasts of the continent; but of the interior our knowledge is miserably deficient, and is nearly limited to several stations in Argentaria, and a few in the basin of the Amazons. As a result, the course of the isothermal lines in the interior is to a great extent conjectural. As in all similar maps, no account has been taken of the relief of the surface; when a line crosses a mountain range, the temperature indicated is that which would be found, as is assumed, if the height were reduced to the sea-level. No attempt has been made to show the variations of temperature with the season in the part of the continent near the equator. These are very slight, and depend mainly on local conditions, the mean temperature of the year varying from 25·5° to 28° C., or from about 78° to 82° Fahr.; the hottest seasons near the equator, apart from local conditions, being those of the equinoxes.

The chief interest of the map to the physical geographer arises from the remarkable effect of the southern, or Humboldt, current, in lowering the temperature of the western coast between the fifth and the fortieth degrees of south latitude. This is, of course, most apparent in the isothermal for January. It will be seen that at that season the temperature of Northern Peru is about the same as that of Buenos Ayres, lying thirty degrees farther from the equator. In mid-winter (July) the effect is far less apparent, and in the south of the continent the isotherms for that season nearly correspond with the parallels of latitude. The lines indicating mean annual temperature naturally assume a course intermediate between those for the extreme seasons.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

Edw^d. Weller, lith.

London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.