Fruits are abundant. There are no less than fifty-seven varieties of the banana. The fame of the Manila mango is universal in the East. There are many sorts of oranges, pines (ananas) in great quantities, guavas, rose-apples, and the mangosteen is found in Mindanao. The chico is a favourite fruit in winter, somewhat resembling the medlar, hut I must refer those who desire more extended information to Father Blanco’s Flora, imperfect though it be.

Among the riches of the Philippine Islands, the forest trees occupy an important place. A collection of 350 specimens was sent to the Royal Exhibition in London in the form of square-based prisms. In the year 1858 Colonel Valdes published a report on the character and resistance of Philippine woods for buildings (maderas de construction). The specimens on which the experiments were made were cubes of one centimetre and prisms of one centimetre square by one metre of breadth. The woods were allowed one year’s drying. Five experiments were made on each, and the average results adopted.

The abbreviations employed in the following tables, which give a synopsis of the results, are:—

EElasticity.
FStrength of cohesion.
fArc of flexion produced by a constant weight of 1 kilogram hung from the centre.
nArc at which fracture took place.
PWeight applied at the centre of the arc.
cDistance between the supporters of the wood: in some 68 centimetres, in others 60.
Section of prisms, 1 square centimetre.
Length of the same, 1 metre.
RWeight producing fracture at the bend.
TCoefficient of fracture by bending, or of maximum bend.
Resistance is estimated in the direction of the fibres (diagonally) and perpendicularly upon them.

Scale of Resistance and Special Qualities of Woods, extracted from the Table, pp. 266–71.

Those with an asterisk are little used for building, either on account of their cost, scarcity, or unsuitableness for the purpose.

1. Resistance.2. Elasticity.Resistance to action of water.
Pressure.Tension or Cohesion.Tortion.
Horizontal with the fibre.Perpendicular upon the fibre.
*Ebano.*Ebano.Pototan.Molave.Malatalisay.Molave.
Alupag.Palma-bravaMalabugat.Bitoc.*Malatapay.
*Balibago.*Camagon.Baliti.Malarujat.Molave.Tangan.
*Santol.Camayuan.Molave.Yacal.Laneti.
Molave.Acre.Alupag.Guijo.Bitoc.Banabà.
*Alintatao.*Alintatao.*Balibago.Alupag.Malavidondao.
*Camagon.Ypil.Yacal.*Camagon.Ypil.Mangachapuy.
Palma-brava.Molave.*Ebano.Camayuan.Tangan.
Calamansanay.*Santol.Malavidondao.Banabà.Malabugat.Pototan.
*Narra.*Malatapay.Bitoc.*Balibago.Malacintud.
*Malatapay.Alupag.Malacintud.Amoguis.Guijo.Palma-brava.
Baliti.Dongon.*Pincapincahan.Calamansanay.*Narra.
Acre.*Balibago.Palo-Maria.Laneti.Yacal.
Calantas.*Narra.*Manga.Malavidondao.*Ebano.
Yacal.Yacal.Banabà.Mangachapuy.Calumpit.
*Tindalo.Baliti.Calumpit.*Tindalo.Palma-brava.
Palusapis.Palo-Maria.Calamansanay.*Manga.Calamansanay.
Mangachapuy.*Manga.Palma-brava.*Alintatao.Bolongita.
Dongon.Palusapis.Palusapis.Ypil.*Balibago.
Camayuan.Pototan.Malarujat.*Santol.Palo-Maria.
Ypil.Panao.Bolongita.Palma-brava.Sampaloc.
Pototan.Aninabla.Tugan.Bolongita.*Camagon.
Palo-Maria.Guijo.Sampaloc.Pototan.Dongon.
Malacintud.Mangachapuy.*Santol.Aninabla.*Manga.Molave.
Panao.Calamansanay.Panao.*Malatapay.Acre.
*Manga.Amoguis.*Camagon.Antipolo.Amoguis.Yacal.
*Pincapincahan.Banabà.Anonang.Dongon.Lauan.
Guijo.Anonang.*Malatapay.Acre.*Alintatao.Palo-Maria.
Bolongita.Bolongita.*Alintatao.Malacintud.Tanguili.
Malavidondao.Laneti.Guijo.Palo-Maria.*Tindalo.Guijo.
Banabà.Malabugat.Lauan.*Pincapincahan.*Pincapincahan.Antipolo.
Calumpit.Malvidondao.Tanguili.*Narra.Panao.
Anonang.*Tindalo.*Narra.Calumpit.Banabà.Malavidondao.
Malarujat.*Pincapincahan.Dongon.Sampaloc.Palusapis.
Aninabla.Malacintud.Amoguis.*Ebano.Malarujat.Calantás.
Bitoc.Bitoc.Antipolo.Tagan.*Santol.Bancal.
Amoguis.Tangulin.Ypil.Tanguili.Camayuan.
Laneti.*Baticulin.Calumpit.*Baticulin.Aninabla.Malatalisay.
Tangan.Sampaloc.Malatalisay.Calantás.Antipolo.
Sampaloc.Lauan.Camayuan.Panao.Baneal.Lauan.
Malabugat.Calumpit.Aninabia.Malatalisay.Alupag.Aninabia.
Tanguili.Malarujat.Acre.Baliti.Calantás.Narra.
Malatalisay.Antipolo.*Tindalo.Lauan.Pototan.
Antipolo.Bancal.Bancal.Bancal.Mangachapuy.
Lauan.Calantas.Laneti.Palusapis.*Malacatbun.Mangachapuy.
Bancal.Tangan.Mangachapuy.Malabugat.*Baticulin.
*Baticulin.Malatalisay.*Malacatbun.Anonang.Anonang.Calamansanay.
*Malacatbun.*Malacatbun.*Baticulin.*Malacatbun.Baliti.Malacintud.

Name, Descriptionand Application.f.n.P.c.R.Weight of the cubic decimetre.Resistance.Maximum elasticity to be allowed inconstruction (buildings).Weight corresponding to thiselasticity, 1–10th F.Strength of elasticity per squarecentimetre.Resistance totortion.
To pressure by cubic centimetres.Tension or strength of cohesion.Co-efficient of fracture T.
With the grain of the fibre.On the grain perpendicularly.Absolute strength.Applicable strenght.
Cent.Cent.Kilo.Cent.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.Kilo.
1Acre—Mimosa acre (Monodelphiadodecandria).
Abounds in the islands. Employed for buildings andshipping.
1·613·04·7868·01·101·124983404901/1000 = 0·00149·049,130140·014·00
2Alintatao—Diospyros piloshantera (?)(Octandria monoginia).
Several varieties. Used for household furniture. Luzon andVisayas.
1·36·36·2168·01·250·915983007281/1080 = 0·000872·878,600159·016·00
3Alupag Alopai—Euphoria litchi(Octandria monoginia).
Used for posts. Abounds.
0·35·013·8060·01·400·926662201,2421/1443 = 0·0007124·2179,280178·217·82
4Ambogues or Amoguis—Cyrtocarpa quinquistila (Decandriapentaginia).
Suffers much from termites. Used for planks.
1·49·05·0668·01·400·983381305721/1000 = 0·00157·236,362165·516·55
5Aninabla or Aninapla—Mimosa conaria(?) (Monœciadodecandria).
Used for house and boat building. Valued for light weight and longduration.
1·27·04·8368·01·150·593401464931/1335 = 0·0007549·365,500146·3714·64
6Anonang—Cordia sebesteria (Pentandriamonoginia).
Leaves, while growing, covered with worms. Wood used for drums andmusical instruments.
0.44.08·2860·00·50·463401207451/1942 = 0·000574·5144,70064·06·40
7Antipolo—Artocarpus incisa(Monœcia diandria).
For canoes, floors and machines. Garters are made from a gum thatexudes.
0·110·05·5268·00·90·41286705641/1390 = 0·0007256·478,608115·011·50
8Balibago—Hibiscus tellacius(Monodelphia poliandria).
Cords and paper made of the bark; gunpowder of thecharcoal.
1·010·05·5268·00·90·466162001,1801/924 = 0·00108118·0108,000165·016·50
9Baliti—Ficus Indica (Monœciatriandria).
Banian tree. Chopped roots used for curing wounds.
0·20·614·9560·00·70·404981761,3451/2008 = 0·00049134·5270,00089·18·91
10Baticulin—Millingtonia quadripinnata(Didinamia angiospermia).
White woods for moulds and sculpture. Lasts long without decay.Abounds.
0·20·12·1068·00·90·421861002151/1818 = 0·0005521·539,300114·511·45
11Banaba—Munchaustia speciosa(Poliadelphia poliandria).
Great tenacity; resists action of climate and water.
0·70·75·0668·01·30·653481269041/1242 = 0·000890·4112,300166·016·60
12Baneal—Nauclea glaberrima (Pentandriamonoginia).
Tenacious and enduring. Used for furniture and floors, ships, casksand quays.
1·210·54·6068·00·60·58220664701/148 = 0·0007147·065,50076·377·64
13Bitoc—Mirtica (?)
A strong wood to resist pressure.
1·1513·09·9068·01·70·713381001,0101/700 = 0·00148101·068,250216·421·64
14Bolonguita—Diospyros (Octandriamonoginia).
Solid texture for building. Abounds.
0·910·88·4068·01·20·903601208581/917 = 0·0010985·878,600153·015·30
15Calamansanay—Gimbernatia calamansanay(Decandria monoginia).
Planks for flooring and building.
1·010·08·7468·01·30·865331308921/885 = 0·0011389·278,600165·016·50
16Calantas (Native Cedar)—Cedrelaodorata (Pentandria monoginia).
Found throughout the Philippines. Used for canoes. Taratara,a variety.
1·07·05·0668·00·850·40470605171/1515 = 0·0006651·778,600108·210·82
17Calumpit—Terminalia edulis (Decandriamonoginia).
Abounds in Angol. Building. Great strength on the line of thefibres.
1·011·28·6868·01·00·60 to 0·80348909051/87 = 0·0011590·578,600127·2812·73
18Camagon—Variety of the Diospyrospiloshantera (Alintatao).
Beautifully veined and spotted. Easily polished. Finefurniture.
1·19·37·3668·01·350·925583407521/952 = 0·0010575·271,472172·017·20
19Camayuan—Diospyros(?)
Used for building.
1·214·88·7468·01·30·944343404931/1333 = 0·0007549·365,500166·016·60
20Dongon—Variety of Herculia ambiformis(Monœcia adelphia).
Good building wood. Largely produced.
1·37·576·4468·01·11·024352006581/926 = 0·0010865·860,468140·014·00
21Ebano—Variety of the Sapote negroDiospyros nigra; variety of Camagon and Alintatao.
Bears a very fine polish.
0·357·51·4551·61·11·916884701,1221/862= 0·00116112·297,400114·011·40
22Guijo—Dipterocarpus guijo (Poliandriamonoginia).
Shipbuilding, keels, carriage-wheels. Much esteemed andabundant.
1·310·57·7068·01·50·763701407201/833 = 0·001272·060,000190·119·00
23Laneti—Anaser laneti (Pentandriamonoginia).
Elastic and suited for furniture.
2·514·84·5068·01·30·553361204621/695 = 0·0014446·231,443165·016·50
24Lauan or Landang—Dipterocarpus thurifera (Poliandriamonoginia).
Gives resin for incense. Much used formerly for shipping. Notsplintered by balls. Abounds.
1·18·06·8068·00·60·43226906941/1031 = 0·0009769·471,74276·47·64
25Malacatbun—Tetracera sarmentosa (?)(Poliandria tetraginia).
Of little use.
1·56·03·0068·0...0·63146603061/1724 = 0·0005830·652,400
26Malacintud
Strong wood, fit for building.
1·08·56·8068·01·10·6454001609951/793 = 0·0012699·578,600140·014·00
27Malavidondao—Mavindalo (?)(Niota.)
Ship futtocks. Strong wood.
1·09·00·8168·01·30·783501161,1031/714 = 0·0014110·378,600165·416·54
28Malatalisay—Terminalia mauritania(Decandria monoginia).
Elastic and flexible. Shipbuilding.
0·1515·02·8242·30·80·50300604981/500 = 0·00249·825,230101·8210·18
29Malaruhat or Maladujat—Mirtaceas (?)
Solid texture. Uses not mentioned.
0·77·88·5168·01·50·79340768701/1300 = 0·0007787·0112,300191·019·10
30Malatapay or Mabalo; also Talang—Diospyrosembriopteris (Poliandria monoginia).
For furniture and building. Resembles ebony.
2·012·37·2568·01·150·785002907401/500 = 0·00274·039,300146·414·64
31Malabagat
Building, especially for supporting longitudinal pressure.
0·78·54·0068·00·50·893301201,4301/770 = 0·0013143·0112,30064·06·40
32Manga—Mangifera Indica (Pentandriamonoginia)
Variety of Cuba mango. From value of fruit, wood littleused.
0·613·00·1260·01·30·583801669101/989 =0·00191·090,00016·41·64
33Mangachapuy or GuisonDilao—Dipterocarpus magachapuy (Poliandria monoginia).
For ships and houses. Fine planks for floors.
1·255·83·6468·01·30·884381363721/1700 = 0·000637·262,887165·016·50
34Molave—Vilex geniculata altissima(Didinamia angiospermia).
Called by the natives Queen of Woods. Used for all purposes. Resistsaction of water and of lime; also attacks of insects.
1·011·012·3168·02·000·95 to6002901,2571/625 = 0.0016125.578,600254.625.460
35Narra, or Naga, orAsang—Pterocarpus palidus santalinus(Diadelphia dodecandria).
Buildings, furniture, doors and windows.
1·737·36·2068·01·000.665002006331/833 = 0.001263.352,400127.312.730
36Palo-Maria, or Bitanhol—Calophilum mophilum (Poliadelphiapoliandria).
Planks and shipping purposes.
0·97·39·2068·01·050.684001269501/926 = 0.0010995.087,350134.013.400
37Palma-brava, or Anajao—Coripha minor (Hexandria monoginia).
Hard and enduring, especially under water. Used for piles.
1·06·58·7468·01·201.0855304008921/884 = 0.0011389.278,600153.015.300
38Palusapis—Dipterocarpus palusapis(Poliandria monoginia).
Strong wood. Used for canoes.
0·58·59·6660·00·700.504401468701/1243 = 0.000887.0108,00089.08.900
39Panao, or Balao, orMalapajo—Dipterocarpus vernicephurus(Poliandria monoginia).
Buildings and ships. Incision in the trunk gives a fragrant resin,which, put in a hollow bamboo, is used for light by the Indians. Givesthe talay oil, which destroys insects in wood. Used also forvarnish.
.........60·00·800.693931468001/1125 = 0·001280.090,000101.810.180
40Pencapencahan—Bignonia quadripinnata(Didinamia angiospermia).
Used principally for clogs and buoys.
0·56·010·8060·01·050.463781069721/1111 = 0·0014497.2108,000134.013.400
41Pototan or Bacao—Rizophora gimaoriza (Dodecandriamonoginia).
For piles, as resisting the action of water.
0·27·019·7860·01·200.694201461,7801/1517 = 0.00065178.0270,000153.015.300
42Sampaloc or Tamarind—Tamarindus Indica (Triandria monoginia).
For tools and some building purposes.
1·012·08·2868·00·950.62320908461/934 = 0.0010784.678,600121.012.100
43Santol—Sandoricum Indicum (Decandriamonoginia).
For posts and pillars; not common.
0·57·09·0060·01·200.46630...8101/1323 = 0.000781.0108,000153.015.300
44Tanguili—Dipterocarpus polispermum(Poliandria monoginia).
Building purposes.
1·110·06·8068·00·900.573001006931/1031 = 0.0009669.371,462114.5611.456
45Tangan—Rizophora longissima (?)(Dodecandria monoginia).
Window frames, joints, &c.
1·212·88·4068·00·900.65330606581/756 = 0.0013588.565,500114.5611.456
46Tindalo—Eperna rhomboidea (Decandriamonoginia).
For furniture; has a pleasant fragrance.
1·65·54·6068·01·300.894501064701/1042 = 0.0009647.049,130165.516.550
47Yacal—Dipterocarpus plagatus(Poliandria monoginia).
Used for ship and house building.
0·810·811·5068·01·301.1054502001,1741/833 = 0.0012117.498,260191.019.100
48Ypil—Epernadecandria (Decandria monoginia).
Generally for building. Abounds in Luzon.
2·013·55·5068·01·201.0354343005631/714 = 0.001456.339,300153.015.300