1510. Empson and Dudley executed on a frivolous charge of high treason.
1512. War with France. Sir Edward Howard gained a victory over the French fleet near Brest (Aug. 12).
1513. Henry besieged and captured Terouenne. During the siege a body of French troops advanced for its relief, and were defeated at Guinegate: their hasty retreat led the battle to be called the “Battle of Spurs” (Aug. 16). James IV. invaded England, and was defeated and slain at FLODDEN (Sept. 9).
1514. Peace concluded with France and Scotland.
1515. Wolsey made Cardinal by the Pope, and chancellor by the king. In 1518 he was appointed papal legate.
1520. Henry visited Francis I. of France. The place where they met called “The Field of the Cloth of Gold.”
1521. Edward, duke of Buckingham, first peer of the realm, executed for high treason. Henry wrote a book against Luther, and, in return, the pope conferred on him the title of Defender of the Faith.
1527. Henry began to express doubts as to the validity of his marriage with Catherine.
1529. Cardinals Wolsey and Compeggio held a court to try the validity of the marriage, but adjourned it without coming to any decision. Wolsey sentenced, soon after, to the loss of his goods, and imprisonment during the king’s pleasure, for having received bulls from Rome. Henry released from his debts by statute.
1530. Wolsey pardoned, but afterwards arrested for treason. He died in Leicester Abbey on his way to the Tower.