Chap. V.—compounds of two elements.
Page.
Section 13.Metallic Oxides[ 1]
Oxide ofGold[ 5]
———Platina[11]
———Silver[17]
Oxides ofMercury[19]
Oxide ofPalladium[24]
Oxides ofRhodium, Iridium, and Osmium[26]
———Copper[26]
———Iron[28]
———Nickel[34]
———Tin[36]
———Lead[39]
Oxide ofZinc[51]
Oxides ofPotassium[53]
———Sodium[56]
Oxide ofBismuth[57]
Oxides ofAntimony[58]
Oxide ofTellurium[62]
Oxides ofArsenic[63]
———Cobalt[68]
———Manganese[71]
———Chromium[80]
———Uranium[86]
———Molybdenum[87]
———Tungsten[90]
———Titanium[91]
———Columbium[92]
———Cerium[94]
Section 14.Earthy, Alkaline, and Metallic Sulphurets[96]
Sulphurets ofLime[99]
Sulphuret ofMagnesia[111]
Sulphurets ofBarytes[112]
———Strontites[114]
———Alumine, Silex, Yttria, Glucine and Zircone[114]
———Potash[116]
———Soda[119]
Sulphuret ofAmmonia[120]
Sulphurets ofGold[121]
Sulphuret ofPlatina[123]
Sulphurets ofSilver[126]
———Mercury[127]
Sulphuret ofPalladium[131]
———Rhodium[132]
———Iridium[132]
———Osmium[132]
Sulphurets ofCopper[133]
———Iron[134]
———Nickel[138]
———Tin[139]
———Lead[144]
———Zinc[146]
———Potassium and Sodium[148]
———Bismuth[149]
———Antimony[151]
Sulphuret ofTellurium[153]
Sulphurets ofArsenic[153]
Sulphuret ofCobalt[160]
Sulphurets ofManganese[162]
Sulphuret ofChromium[163]
———Uranium[164]
———Molybdenum[164]
Sulphuret ofTungsten[164]
Sulphurets ofTitanium, Columbium, and Cerium[165]
Section 15.Earthy, Alkaline, and Metallic Phosphurets[166]
Phosphuret ofHydrogen[169]
Phosphurets ofCarbon and Sulphur[184]
Phosphuret ofLime[184]
——— Barytes[188]
——— Strontites[190]
——— Gold[191]
——— Platina[194]
——— Silver[195]
——— Mercury[197]
——— Palladium[198]
——— Copper[199]
——— Iron[201]
——— Nickel[201]
——— Tin[202]
——— Lead[203]
Phosphurets of Zinc and Potassium[204]
——— Sodium and Bismuth[207]
——— Antimony and Arsenic[208]
Phosphuret ofCobalt[209]
——— Manganese[210]
Section 16.Carburets[211]
——— of Iron ... steel[212-214]
Section 17.Metallic Alloys[218]
Alloys ofGold, with other metals[222]
———Platina, with other metals[226]
———Silver, with other metals[228]
———Mercury, and other metals: amalgams[230]
Triple, Quadruple, &c. amalgams[236]
Alloys of Copper, with other metals[238]
—— Iron, with other metals[253]
Alloys of Nickel and Tin, with do.[254]
—— Lead, with do.[258]
Triple Alloys, Solders; fusible metal, &c.[263]
APPENDIX.
Abstract of De la Roche and Berard’s essay
on the specific heat of gases[268]
——— Dulong and Petit’s essays,
On the expansion of air, mercury, glass,
iron, copper, and platina, by heat[272]
On the capacities of certain bodies, for heat[274]
On the laws of refrigeration[277]
On the specific heats of certain bodies[280]
Remarks on the above essays[282]
New Table of the forces of vapours[298]
Table of the expansion of air, and the force
of aqueous and ætherial vapour, adapted
to atmospheric temperatures[299]
Applications of the above table[300]
Formulæ for determining the proportions of
combustible gases, in mixtures[305]
Heat produced by the combustion of gases[309]
Absorption of gases by water[309]
Fluoric acid—deutoxide of hydrogen[311]
Muriatic acid—oxymuriatic acid[313]
Nitric acid—compounds of azote and oxygen[315]
On ammonia[328]
Decomposition of ammonia by nitrous oxide[330]
—— —— —— by nitrous gas and oxygen[332]
Volume of gases from the decomposition of ammonia[335]
Decomposition of ammonia by a red heat[335]
Decomposition of ammonia by oxymuriatic acid[335]
Sulphuret of Carbon[338]
Potassium, Sodium, &c.[340]
Alum[341]
New table of the relative weights of atoms.[352]
Addenda.Steel; mixed gases; expansion of liquids by heat [354]

NEW SYSTEM OF
CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY.

CHAP. V.

SECTION 13.
METALLIC OXIDES.

All the metals are disposed to combine with oxygen, but the combination is effected more easily with some than with others; the compound is usually called an oxide, but in some instances it is also called an acid. The same metal combines with one, two, or perhaps more atoms of oxygen, forming compounds which may be distinguished according to Dr. Thomson, by the terms protoxide, deutoxide, tritoxide, &c.

Such however is the repulsion of oxygen to oxygen that we rarely find three atoms of it retained by a single atom of any kind; and there are not many instances of metals capable of holding two atoms of oxygen. Various modifications of the proportions of metals and oxygen arise from the combinations of the oxides themselves one with another and with oxygen, so as to lead some to imagine that an atom of metal in some instances combines with 3, 4, or more of oxygen. This is altogether improbable: It is much more simple to suppose that one atom of oxygen connects two or more atoms of protoxide, 1 of protoxide unites to 1 or more of deutoxide, &c. These intermediate oxides are in few if any instances found to combine with acids like the other two oxides.

There is no reason that I am acquainted with for disbelieving that oxygen combined with a metal is still repulsive of oxygen, and that by the same law as particles of an elastic fluid; that is, the repulsion is inversely as the distance of the centres of the atoms. Hence it may be demonstrated that it requires twice the strength of affinity to form a deutoxide as a protoxide, three times the strength to form a tritoxide as a protoxide, &c. On this account it is, in all probability, that deutoxides are not numerous, and tritoxides are rarely if ever found.

The quantity of oxygen that combines with any metal to form an oxide may be investigated by several methods.

1st. By combustion; a given weight of the metal may be burned and the oxide produced may be collected and weighed; when the increase by combustion will appear.