[256] Man and Woman.
[257] Sex and Society.
[258] Helen Bosanquet, The Family, p. 272.
INDEX
Abelard, [150 f.]
Achan, [18], [29], [60], [104]
Addams, Jane, [144]
Æschylus, [112], [116], [139]
Æsthetic, in Greek valuation of conduct, [91], [112], [116 f.], [133 f.], [135 n.], [137], [406], [410]
Agency, public, see Public Agency;
rationalizing, [40-2];
socializing, [42-8]
Altruism, discussion of theories concerning, [384-91];
altruistic springs, [385];
true and false, [387-8];
contrasted with social justice, [389]
Amos, [85]
Approbation, [399], [402]
Angell, [9]
Aquinas, Thomas, [150]
Aristophanes, [112]
Aristotle, on the criterion of a moral act, [12], [37], [202];
on nature and the natural, [7], [127 f.];
on the State, [127 ff.];
Eudæmonism, [134];
the "mean," [134];
on "highmindedness," [135];
on the reflective life, [138];
on the good man, [279], [324];
on the right, [306 n.];
on justice, [414];
referred to, [230], [455]
Arnold, M., [91], [338]
Art and arts, as a rationalizing agency, [41 f.];
as a socializing agency, [45 f.];
create new interests, [79 f.];
Hebrew, [107];
Greek, [112], [114 f.];
mediæval, [147], [149];
Church and modern, [155];
as a good that is sharable, [559]
Asceticism, [145], [185], [366], [576]
Attitude, defined, [229];
emphasized by one type of theory, [236-7], [240];
relation to will, [246];
see Motive and "How"
Augustine, [150]
Aurelius, Marcus, [136]
Authority, of group, [26 f.];
behind customs, [52];
in Israel's religion, [96 f.];
of custom challenged in Greece, [111 ff.], [119 ff.];
of the church, [145-7];
conflict of reason with, [165 f.];
of duty, [344];
in the family, [599 f.];
see Duty, Control, Standard
Autonomy, as essence of moral duty, [225];
Kant's conception of, [169], [346], [352];
in later utilitarianism, [361];
in State and the family, [599 f.];
see Control, Duty, Law, State
Australian customs, marriage, [22];
initiatory, [58 f.];
regulated duel, [63]
Bacon, Francis, [4], [164], [165]
Bacon, Roger, [164]
Bagehot, [53]
Bain, on happiness, [265];
on utilitarianism, [286];
his account of duty, [356-8]
Balzac, [189]
Bayard, Chevalier, [149]
Benevolence, [160 f.], [375-91]
Bentham, on motive, [228], [247-8], [354];
on moral science, [235];
on disposition, [254-5];
on pleasure and happiness, [264], [286];
on utilitarian calculus, [275-6];
denial of quality of pleasure, [282];
on pleasure of sympathy, [291];
democratic individualism of, [525]
Blackstone, [578]
Blood feud, [28], [62 f.], [70], [456]
Boniface VIII., Bull of, [147]
Bosanquet, Helen, [584], [595 f.]
Bryce, James, [146]
Cæsar, [18]
Capital and labor, [499], [501 f.], [505 f.], [532], [542 f.]
Capitalism, as method of industry, [78], [158-60], [498 f.], [508], [538], [545];
see Capital, Corporation
Carelessness, [462-4]
Carlyle, criticism of individualism, [161], [192];
of utilitarianism, [265], [289 n.]
Casuistry, [325-8]
Categorical Imperative, [344]
Celts, clan system of, [144];
see also Ireland, Welsh
Character, formation of, [9 f.];
organization of, in group morality, [72];
in Hebrews, [104-6];
among Greeks, [138-41];
relation to desire and deliberation, [202];
moral importance of, [229], [233];
relation to will, [246];
relation to conduct, Chapter [XIII.];
and disposition, [254-7];
measures the pleasant and unpleasant, [277-9];
unification of, [283];
its reconstruction, [343], [362];
recognized by law, [460 f.]
Charity, in Middle Ages, [146], [157];
and right to life, [444];
see Benevolence
Chastity, [146], [177]
Chief, authority of, [61]
Child-labor, [193 f.], [444], [489], [538], [540 f.]
Chinese customs, [17 f.], [69]
Chivalry, [149 f.]
Christian conceptions, love, [100];
sacrifice, [102];
faith, [103];
freedom, [108];
social order, [109], [187];
asceticism and authority, [145 f.], [364];
unity of members, [147];
moral value of labor, [156];
relation to social order, [184 ff.];
see Church, Hebrew
Church, its contribution to modern morality, [142];
its ideals, [145];
and jural theory of morals, [218 f.];
its influence on history of the family, [576-8];
see also Religion
Cicero, [152]
Civil Society, Chapter [XXI.];
defined, [451];
reform of its administration, [471-3]
Clark, J. B., [542]
Class ideals, of Greeks, [116 f.];
of Germans and Celts, [144 f.];
honor and, [86 f.];
as source of moral terms, [175 f.]
Class interests, [84], [94], [119-24], [127], [162], [474]
Closed shop, [559-61]
Collective Agencies, see Corporations, Labor Union, Public Agency, Socialism
Collectivism, its formula, [484];
contrasted with socialism, [556]
Colonna, Ægidius, [147]
Communism, [161]
Competition, modern theory of, [158], [531], [542];
tends to destroy itself, [532], [538];
crude method of selecting ability, [559];
Carlyle on, [161]
Conduct, as subject of ethics, [1];
two aspects of, [2];
three stages of, [8-10];
three levels of, [37-9];
first level, Chapter [III.];
second level, Chapter [IV.];
third level, Chapters [V.-VIII.];
nature of, [205], [237-8];
relation to character, Chapter [XIII.];
place of happiness in, Chapter [XIV.];
place of reason in, Chapter [XVI.]
Conflicting services, problem of, [493]
Conscience, transition from custom to, [73 f.], [179];
Greek symbols of, [139 f.];
Stoic suggestion of, [140 f.];
with Abelard, [151];
meaning of, [183], [188 f.];
analysis of, see Intuitionalism, Knowledge, Reason
Conscientiousness, [405], [434]
Consequences, Chapter [XIII.];
importance of, [234-5], [238];
denied by Kant, [242-4];
when foreseen form intention, [247];
practical importance, [251];
as moral sanctions, [358-60];
as self-realization, [392];
accidental, [459-60];
careless, [463]
Content, see Consequences, and "What"
Contracts, versus status, [20];
theory and value of, [158], [452 f.], [496];
of little benefit to wage-earner, [503-5], [529 f.];
as obstacle to legislation, [505 f.];
analyzed, [527 ff.]
Control, the right as, [7];
in primitive group, [26-9], [32], [34], [52];
primitive means of enforcing, [54 ff.];
challenged in Greece, [118 ff.];
problem of, [217-9];
theories concerning, [225], [232];
external and internal, [353-61];
self-control, [407];
see Jural, Law, Standard, Right
Convention, in Greek morals and ethics, [111 f.], [124 f.]
Coöperation, and mutual aid, [43];
in industry, [43];
in war, [44 f.];
in art, [45 f.];
as organized in corporations and unions, [495-507]
Corporations, moral difficulties of, [498];
management of, [500 f.];
relations to employés and public, [501 ff.];
require new types of morality, [517-22];
capitalization of, [561 ff.]
Corruption, political, [477], [537-9]
Coulanges, [19]
Courage, [42], [118], [410-13]
Courts, primitive, [61];
as school of morality, [182 f.];
as instruments of oppression, [195];
civil, ethical value of, [454];
in labor disputes, [504 f.];
on police power, [505 f.], [555 f.];
recognition of public welfare by, [555 f.]
Covenant, in Hebrew moral development, [94 ff.]
Criminal Procedure, reform of, [468-9]
Criterion of the moral, [5-13], [202 ff.];
of the good and right, typical theories of, [224 ff.];
see Good, Right, Kant, Utilitarianism, Plato, Aristotle
Crusades, [154]
Cunningham, W., [157]
Custom, and the term ethics, [1];
in early group life, [17 ff.];
as "second level" of conduct, [38], [51];
general discussion of, [51 ff.], [171 ff.];
educational, [57 ff.];
jural, [59 ff.];
birth, marriage, death, [64 f.];
festal, [65];
hospitality, [67 f.];
values and defects of, [68 ff.];
transition to conscience from, [73 ff.];
transition among Hebrews, [95 f.];
among Greeks, [110 ff.];
opposed to "nature," [120 f.];
Grote on, [172 f.];
compared with reflective morality, [172 ff.];
and moral rules, [330-2], [431]
Cultus, of Hebrew priesthood, [97 ff.]
Cynics, [112], [125 f.]
Cyrenaics, [112], [125 f.]
Dante, [150]
Darwinism, and morals, [371 f.];
see Naturalism
Deliberation, [202], [319];
and intuition, [322-3];
and conscience, [421];
of crucial importance, [464]
Democracy, in Greece, [119 f.];
development of, [151 ff.], [162 f.];
moral, [303];
and moral problems, [474-81];
the corporation in relation to, [500];
and economic problems, [521 f.];
and individualism, [530], [535];
as agency, [558];
and the family, [594], [600 f.]
Descartes, [164 f.]
Desire, hedonistic theory of, [269];
relation to pleasure, [270-1];
to happiness, [272-3];
and reason, [308];
their organization, [317];
conflict with duty, [339-46];
and temperance, [406-8]
Dharna, [63]
Distribution, theories of, [545-50];
present inequalities in, [545];
individualism and, [546];
equal division, [547];
a working programme, [548-50]
Divorce, [574 f.], [577], [603-5]
Dominicans, [149 f.]
Duty, Chapter [XVII.];
Stoic conception, [140 f.];
origin of the term, [176];
standpoint of, [232];
double meaning of, [337];
conflict with desire, [340];
explanation of, [342-4], [362-3];
authority of, [344];
social character of, [345];
Kant's view, [346-52];
utilitarian view of, [353-62]
Eastman, Charles, [43], [54], [60]
Eckstein, [577]
Economic conditions and forces, in kinship and family groups, [24 f.];
help to effect transition from group morality to conscience, [76];
among Hebrews, [93 f.];
among Greeks, [119 ff.];
modern, [155-63];
in reflective morality, [194];
restrict physical freedom, [444];
and freedom of thought, [447];
legislative reform of, [481];
in relation to happiness and character, [487 ff.];
social aspects of, [491 ff.];
require ethical readjustment, [496], [517-22];
impersonal character, [511 f.];
ethical principles, [514 ff.];
unsettled problems, [523-65]
Education, moral significance of, [168 f.];
right to, [446 f.];
restrictions upon, [448 f.];
as a means of justice, [548 f.], [557 f.]
Egoism, [214], [258], [303], [423], [467];
hedonistic, [288-9] (see Chapter [XV.]);
naturalistic theory of, [368-74];
contrasted with altruism, [375];
explanation of, [377-81];
reasonable self-love, [382];
see Self, Individualism
Ellis, H., [584]
Eliot, George, [154], [301]
Emerson, [349], [350], [446 n.], [470], [581]
Empiricism, [226], [231], [306];
discussion of, [329-32]
Ends, and Means, [210];
relation of happiness to, [273-4];
utilitarian, conflicts with its hedonistic motive, [289];
social and rational, [314];
kingdom of, [315] and [433]
Enlightenment, period of, [163], [165 ff.]
Epictetus, [140]
Epicureans, theory of life, [125], [135], [218];
on friendship, [125], [130], [187]
Ethics, definition, [1];
derivation of term, [1];
specific problem of, [2];
method of, [3-13]
Ethos, meaning, [1];
Chapter [IV.], [175]
Eudæmonism, [134], [230];
see Happiness, Self-realization
Euripides, [112],
[116], [139]
Evil, problem of, in Israel, [100 ff.]
Excitement, and pleasure, [408]
Ezekiel, on personal responsibility, [104]
"Fagan, J. O.," [503]
Family, or Household Group, [23-31];
as an agency in early society, [47-9];
as affected by reflective morality, [193];
and contract, [453];
history of, [571-8];
psychological basis of, [578-84];
strain in, [584-9];
present factors of strain in, [590-4];
and the economic order, [594-9];
authority in, [599-603];
and divorce, [603-5]
Feelings, the hedonistic ultimate, [225];
an ambiguous term, [249-51];
Mill on importance of, [294]
Feud, see Blood Feud
Fichte, [490]
Fisher, G. P., [143]
Fiske, John, [581]
Franchises, abuses of, [539]
Franciscans, [149 f.]
Francke, Kuno, [149]
Freedom, Pauline conception, [108];
formal and real, [158 ff.], [437-9], [483 f.], [525 f.], [529], [549];
see Rights
Freund, E., [555]
Galileo, [164]
Genetic Method in Ethics, [3]
Gentleman, in Greece, [116 f.];
mediæval and class ideal of, [144 f.], [149], [155-7]
Genung, J. F., [102]
George, Henry, [162], [510 f.]
Germans, customs of, [18], [53];
character and ideals, [143 f.], [149];
family among, [575 f.]
Golden Rule, [334]
Good, the, as subject of ethics, [1], [7 f.], [12], [203-5], [215], [236], [241];
origin of the conception of moral, [183 f.];
in group morality, [69-72];
Hebrew ideals of, [107-9];
significance in Greek thought, [113], [117], [119], [124];
Greek individualistic and hedonistic theories of, [126];
Plato on, [131-4], [136 f.], [140];
Aristotle on, [134 f.], [138];
and modern civilization, [154 ff.], [557 f.];
as happiness, [169], Chapter [XIV.];
private and general, [289-300], [308];
the true, [208], [284], [302];
good men as standard, [279], [324];
rational and sensuous, [337];
wealth as, [487];
see Happiness, Value
Goodness, [233], [251];
formal and material, [259 n.];
of character, [279];
and happiness, [284];
and social interest, [298];
intrinsic, [318-20];
and progress, [422];
see Virtue
Government, distrust of, [474];
reform of, [479-80];
see also State
Gray, J. H., [17]
Greeks, early customs, [18 f.], [46];
compared with Hebrews, [91 f.];
moral development of, [111-41], [197], [215], [217 f.]
Green, on duty, [225];
on hedonism, [269];
on practical value of utilitarianism, [287-8];
on moral progress, [429]
Grosscup, Judge, [552]
Grote, [19], [172 f.], [178]
Group ideal, mediæval, [144 f.];
see Class Ideal
Group Life, early, Chapter [II.];
necessary to understand moral life, [17];
typical facts of, [17];
kinship, [21 ff.];
family, [23 ff.];
ownership of land in, [24];
other economic aspects of, [25 f.];
political aspects of, [26-30];
rights and responsibilities of individual in, [27-30];
religious aspects of, [30-2];
age and sex groups in, [32-4];
moral significance of, [34 f.]
Group Morality, [34 f.], [51 ff.];
values and defects of, [68-73];
in early Hebrew life, [92];
in Middle Ages, [144 f.];
persistence of, [173-8];
in legal progress, [456];
and international relations, [481 f.];
in industrial conflicts, [500]
Habit, and character, [9 f.], [12], [202];
effect on knowledge, [319];
effect upon desire, [342-3]
Hadley, A. T., [475 n.], [488], [563]
Hammurabi, Code of, [82], [105], [574]
Happiness, and pleasure, [230], [263];
ambiguity in conception of, [266];
relation to desire, [272-4];
as standard, [275-80];
elements in its constitution, [281-3];
final or moral, [284];
general, [286];
and sympathy, [300-3];
and efficiency, [373];
private and public, [395-7];
see Eudæmonism, Good
Hazlitt, on Bentham, [268];
on excitement, [409 n.]
Hearn, [24]
Hebrews, early morality, [18];
moral development, [91-110];
compared with Greek, [91]
Hedonism, [230];
Hebrew, [106 f.];
Greek, [126], [132 f.];
criticism of, [269-75];
universalistic, [286];
egoistic character of, [289-94];
Kant's, [309];
paradox of, [352];
its theory of duty, [353]
Hegel, on institutional character of morals, [225-6]
High-mindedness, Aristotle's description of, [135 n.]
Hobhouse, L. T., on formation of custom, [54];
on social order and individuality, [428];
on the family, [575 f.], [577]
Höffding, [253 n.]
Honesty, [188], [414], [496]
Honor, [85-8], [144 f.], [176]
Hosea, [95]
Hospitality, in group morality, [67]
"How," the, in conduct, [5-8], [228 f.], [240];
in group morality, [69 f.];
in Hebrew morality, [102 ff.];
in Greek ethics, [136 ff.];
see Attitude
Howard, [576]
Ibsen, [82], [100], [157], [303], [588]
Ideal, vs. actual in Greek thought, [136-8];
meaning of, [421 f.]
India, customs of, [26], [63], [524]
Indians (American), [25], [43], [54], [60]
Indifferent Acts, [205-6], [210-11]
Individual, the, in early group life, [20], [22 f.], [27-30], [34], [71 f.];
collision of with group, [74], [75 f.], [82 ff.], [88], [184-7], [432];
among Hebrews, [104];
development of, in modern civilization, [148-69];
as affected by reflective morality, [187-92];
and society, [427-36];
relation to corporations
and unions, [500-3];
see Individualism, Self
Individualism, as factor in transition from custom to conscience, [75];
forces producing, [76-87];
in Israel, [94], [102], [104];
in Greece, [114-24], [432];
in Greek ethical theory, [124-6];
in modern world, [149-63], [184-6], [220-3], [432 f.];
in ethical theory, [225 f.], [290];
Carlyle's criticism of, [265 f.];
hedonistic, [289 ff.], [301 f.];
as self-assertion, [368-75];
true and false, [481];
political formula of, [483 f.];
in economic theory, [523-35];
democratic, [525], [530 f.];
"survival of the fittest," [525], [532-4];
values, [527 f.], [548 f.];
does not secure real freedom, [529];
nor justice, [530 ff.], [535], [546 f.];
other defects of, [551 ff.];
in U. S. Constitution, [534];
on "unearned increment," [564 f.];
in family, [604];
see Individual, Self
Industry, as a rationalizing agency, [39-42];
differentiation in, [41];
as a socializing agency, [42 f.];
factor in effecting transition from custom to conscience, [76-8];
modern development of, [155-9];
agencies of, [497]
Initiation, in primitive tribes, [58]
Institutions, [192-5], [222], [225-6];
see Chapter [XX.]
Intention, and Motive, [246-54], [257-8], [261];
and accident, [63], [104], [459-60];
see Deliberation
Intuitionalism, [226], [232], [306];
discussion of, [317-25];
and casuistry, [325-8]
Ireland, ancient law of, [24 f.], [62], [83]
Israel, moral development of, [91-110], [197]
James, William, on the social self, [85-7];
on animal activity, [204];
on effect of emotion on ideas, [253]
Japanese morality, [18]
Jesus, [106 f.], [109]
Job, moral theory in, [97], [101 f.], [106]
Judgments, moral; see Moral
Jural influence, [7], [103], [113 f.], [177], [218-9], [224], [328], [353-6], [439], [454-5], [467-8]
Justice, in primitive society, [27 f.];
as Hebrew ideal, [94 f.], [99 f.], [108 f.];
in Greek theory, [113 f.];
natural and conventional, [120 f.];
as interest of the stronger, [122-4];
modern demand for, [148], [161 ff.];
and charity, [148], [389 f.];
virtue of, [414-7];
development of civil, [456-63];
formal and substantial, [465 f.], [531];
social, [161], [410], [521], [556-8];
the new, [496 f.];
and individualism, [530-5];
in distribution, theories of, [545-50]
Kafirs, clanship among, [19], [35]
Kant, on unsocial sociableness of man, [75];
forces of progress, [87 f.];
his Critique of Pure Reason, [166];
on dignity of man, [167];
general standpoint, [169];
individualism of, [191];
and the "law of nature," [222 n.];
on moral law, [228-9];
on the Good Will, [241-3];
his theory of will discussed, [241-46];
on egoistic hedonism, [289];
theory of practical reason, [309-17];
theory of duty, [344], [346-52];
on legality and morality, [432];
cf. also [231], [492], [580]
Kidd, Dudley, [19], [23], [35]
Kinship, [21 ff.]; see Group Life
Knowledge, place in morals, [215];
theories of, [231-2];
close connection with emotion, [256 n.];
with character, [279];
see Chapter [XVI.];
Kant's theory of, [309-16];
intuitional theory of, [317-24];
casuistical view, [325-9];
principles in, [333-4];
and sympathy, [334];
and conscience, [418-23]
Labor, differentiation of, in early society, [41];
the gentleman and, [156];
church and, [156];
and the law, [504-7];
conditions of, [540 f.];
of women and children, [540 f.];
exploitation of, [542-4];
Prof. Seager's programme for benefit of, [566 ff.];
see Industry, Labor Union, Capital
Labor Union, moral aspects of, [499 f.];
revives group morality, [500];
relations to the law, [503 ff.];
disadvantages of, [503-6];
violence of, [541];
open and closed shop, [559 ff.]
Laissez-faire, [161], [475]
Land, "unearned increment," [510 f.], [564 f.]
Lankester, Ray, [168]
Law, as control in group life, [59-63];
in Hebrew moral development, [95-8];
righteousness of the, [103];
Greek conceptions of, [118-23];
of nature, [130], [136], [152], [222];
Roman, [142], [152], [222];
and government, [194 f.];
as defining rights, [454];
development of, [456 ff.];
formal in, [465];
needed reforms in, [468 ff.];
relation to corporations and unions, [503-7];
needed to embody and enforce moral standards, [520 f.];
moral, see Jural;
and Right; see Civil Society, Courts, Justice, Legal, State
Legal and Moral, [177], [182 f.], [433], [439], [454-5], [467-8];
see also Jural, Law, Right
Leibniz, [165]
Levels of conduct, [37-9], [51], [73]
Liability, equals external responsibility, [436]
Liberty, struggle for, [84 f.];
see Freedom, Rights
"Life," Hebrew and Christian moral ideal, [107];
the moral as, [606]
Locke, on natural rights, [152];
on the "natural light," [166];
his Essay, [166];
on danger of fixed rules, [329]
Love, between the sexes, [107];
psychological analysis of, [578 ff.];
as moral ideal, [100], [108 f.]
Lubbock, [428]
Machine, in production, [507 f.]
MacLennan, [24]
Magic, contrasted with religion, [30 n.];
influence on morals, [457 f.];
see Taboos
Maine, status and contract, [20];
Slav families, [60]
Mallock, W. H., [533]
Marriage, regulations for, in group morality, [64 f.];
violation of, provokes moral reflection, [106];
in reflective morality, [193];
and contract, [453];
Roman, [574 f.];
church views of, [576 f.];
see Divorce, Family, Sex
Marti, [98]
Mead, G. H., [164]
Mean, Aristotle's conception of, [134 f.]
Measure, among Greeks, [112 f.]
Men's clubs and houses, [32 f.]
Micah, [99]
Mill, John Stuart, on Bentham's method, [235 n.];
on motive and intention, [248];
on disposition, [254];
on partial and complete intent, [256];
on the desirable, [265];
on the quality of pleasure, [279-80];
on utilitarian standard, [286];
on general happiness, [290];
criticism of Bentham, [293];
on desire for social unity, [294], [295], [296];
on personal affections, [299 n.];
on general rules, [330];
as democratic individualist, [525];
on private property, [553 f.], [556];
on equality in the family, [601]
Monasticism, [149 f.], [185 f.], [187];
women under, [576 f.]
Moral, derivation of term, [1 f.];
characteristics of, [5-13], [49 f.], [51], [73], [89], [201-11];
conceptions, derivation of, [175-7];
differentiation of, [177-92];
see Morality
Morality, customary or group, [51 ff.];
defined, [73];
Hebrew, [91 ff.] (Chapter [VI.]);
Greek, [111 ff.] (Chapter [VII.]);
Modern, [142 ff.];
customary and reflective, compared, [171 ff.];
subjective and objective, [259];
Kant's view of, [309-10];
social nature of, [431];
and legality, [433], [439];
changes in, necessitated by present economic conditions, [496 f.], [517 ff.]
Mores, or customs, Chapter [IV.];
definition, [51];
authority and origin of, [52-4];
means of enforcing, [54-7], [172]
Moses, [82]
Motives, [216], [228], [237];
in customary morality, [70];
purity of, insisted on by Hebrews, [105 f.];
relation to effort and achievement, [243-6];
relation to intention, [246-54], [257-8], [261];
hedonistic theory of, criticized, [273], [288-92];
sympathy as, [298-300];
Kantian view of, [346-8];
egoistic, [379-80];
altruistic, [385-6];
in business, [538], [541 f.]
Naturalism, ethical, [369-75];
and individualism, in the economic, [525], [532-4];
see Nature
Nature, opposed to convention among Greeks, [111 f.], [124-31], [135];
in modern development of rights, [152 f.];
versus artificiality of society, [221 f.];
see Naturalism
Nemesis, [132], [139]
Newton, [165]
Nietzsche, [82], [122], [370 n.]
Nineteenth Century, development of intelligence in, [163]
Obligations, [186];
and responsibility, [440];
and rights, [441];
see Duty
Opportunity, equal, [526 f.], [549]
Optimism and courage, [412-3]
"Oregon case," decision of U. S. Supreme Court in, [540]
Ought, [176];
see Duty
Owen, [161]
Paley, [354 n.]
Parsifal, [149]
Parties, political, [478]
Paul, his ethics, [100], [108 f.]
Peace, as moral ideal, [108]
Perfectionism, [231]
Pessimism, and courage, [413]
Pindar, [122]
Plato, on the necessity of the moral sense, [2];
moral influence of art, [42];
duty to strangers, [67];
on measure, [112];
religious critic, [116];
on the "gentleman," [117];
presents arguments of individualists, [120 ff.];
on the State, [127], [129 f.];
on the good, [131 ff.];
on pleasure, [132 f.];
on the ideal, [136 ff.];
on the self, [140];
on rule of wealthy, [491];
on private property, [494]
Pleasure, good measured by, among early Hebrews, [107];
Greek doctrines of, [125 f.], [132 f.];
not the object of desire, [269-71];
quality, [279], [282], [300];
relation to happiness, [230], [281-3];
and sympathy, [291-2];
control of, [407-8]
Police Power, [505-7], [540 f.], [555 f.]
Pollock and Maitland, [460], [576]
Post, [61]
Principles, [179];
nature of, [333-4];
as motives, [350-2]
Problems of Moral Theory, Chapter [XI.] ([211-23]);
classified, [201], [214-5], [239], [263], [307]
Production, moral cost of, [489];
efficiency of, in individualistic systems, [527];
regulation of, [528 f.]
Property, in primitive groups, [24-6];
taboo as substitute for, [55];
as factor in growth of individualism, [79 f.], [83], [94], [119 f.];
Plato on, [130];
the Church on, [146 f.];
and wealth, [487 f.];
and character, [490];
social aspects of, [491 f.];
private, and social welfare, [493-5];
implies public service, [515-7];
value of private, [551];
defects in present system, [551 ff.]
Prophets, Hebrew, [99 f.]
Protagoras, [2]
Protestantism, conception of marriage, [577]
Public Agency, theory of, [525], Chapter [XXV.];
advantages claimed by, [537 ff.]
Public ownership, [494 f.]
Publicity, necessity of, [511 f.], [520 f.]
Punishment, as necessitating moral judgment, [96 f.];
evil viewed as by Hebrews, [96 f.], [101];
and duty, [353-5];
and justice, [417];
and social welfare, [442-3];
and intent, [461];
reform of, [470]
Puritans, conception of God-given rights, [152];
of art, [155];
emphasized value of work, [156]
Reason, as element in the moral, [10], [12], [40-2];
as standard among Greeks, [91], [131 f.], [134];
age of, [163], [166];
see Chapter [XVI.];
defined, [306];
relation to desire, [308];
a priori of Kant, [310];
is social, [315];
value of principles, [333];
and sympathy, [334];
opposition to desire, [338], [340];
and virtue, [405];
and conscientiousness, [418-23]
Religion, in early group life, [30-2];
socializing force, [81 f.];
moral agency among Hebrews, [94-102];
Greek, [115 f.], [139-41];
ideals of mediæval, [145-7];
modern development of, [148-50];
and customary morality, [180];
in reflective morality, [195 ff.], [432], [448];
as sanction of the family, [582];
see Church.
Renaissance, [163 ff.]
Responsibility, collective, in group life, [17-20], [63], [70], [102];
development of personal, [104 f.], [141], [153], [158], [182 f.];
meaning of, [436-9];
for accidents, [458-60];
for carelessness and negligence, [463-5];
as affected by modern economic conditions, [500-3], [519 f.]
Reverence, [30 n.], [59], [71], [140], [407]
Revolution, American, [152];
English, [151];
French, [152];
Industrial, [159], [591]
Riehl, W., [595]
Right, as subject of ethics and moral judgments, [1-3], [37 f.], [201-3], [215], [218], [224], [307 ff.];
meaning of, [7 f.], [177], [182 f.], [224 f.];
as standard, [7], [69], [89], [97];
among Hebrews as righteousness, [102-4], [109];
among Greeks as justice, [113 f.], [140];
see also Jural, Justice, Law, Reason, Standard
Righteousness, typical theme in Hebrew morality, [91 f.], [99], [101], [102 ff.], [109], [188];
as justice, [414];
see Right, Justice
Rights, development of, [83 ff.], [151 ff.];
natural, [152 f.];
modern assertion of, [186];
and freedom, [440];
and obligations, [441];
physical, [442-4];
mental, [445-9];
civil, [452];
contract, [452];
of association, [453];
to use of courts, [454];
development of civil, [456-66];
political, [473-4]
Ritual, [55]
Romanticists, on art and morality, [155]
Rome, government and law, contribution to modern morality of, [142], [152], [218], [222];
patriarchal family, [572], [574 f.]
Ross, E. A., [520]
Rousseau, [152 f.], [221]
Rules, general, [325-35];
and casuistry, [326-8];
and legalism, [328-9];
utilitarian view of, [329-32];
distinguished from principles, [333-4]
Sanctions, Bentham's theory of, [354];
internal, [359]
Sceptics, [135], [218]
Schiller, [42];
on Kant, [349]
Schopenhauer, [82]
Schurtz, [33]
Science, as agency in effecting the transition from custom to conscience, [78-80];
in Greek development, [114-9];
in modern period, [155], [167 f.];
influence on morals, [469], [473-6];
as promoting justice, [557-9];
and family problems, [593 f.], [601-3]
Seager, Henry R., programme of social legislation, [566 ff.]
Secret societies, [33]
Seebohm, F., [29], [61]
Self, higher and lower, [5], [347 f.];
social, how built up, [11], [86 ff.];
individual and tribal or clan, [23 f.];
Greek conception of, [138-41];
the twofold, [310];
Arnold on, [338];
Kant on, [347];
as social, [294], [345];
fictitious theory of, [221], [361];
theories regarding its nature, see Chapter [XVIII.];
self-denial, [364-8];
self-assertion, [368-74];
self-love and benevolence, [375-91];
self-realization, [391-4];
see Individual, Self-sacrifice
Self-sacrifice, [366-8]; cf. [102], [298-304], [380-2], [388-91], [393-5]
Seneca, [140]
Sense, moral, [317-22]
Sex, groups on the basis of, [32 f.];
as a socializing agency, [47 f.];
as prompting to self-assertion, [82];
taboos, [55], [60], [65];
in Hebrew conceptions, [98], [107];
in different standards for men and women, [142 ff.];
vices, [82], [189];
psychology of, [578-81];
differences between the sexes, [584-8]
Shakspere, [23], [62], [97], [154], [197]
Shop, open vs. closed, [559]
Simmons and Wigmore, [18]
Sidgwick, H., [265 n.], [286]
Sin, [98], [103 f.], [108]
Slav groups, [20], [24 f.], [60], [83]
Slavery, [84]
Smith, Adam, on the formation of conscience, [141];
on sympathy, [160];
Theory of Moral Sentiments, [166];
as individualist, [525], [527]
Smith, Arthur, [69]
Smith, H. P., [106]
Smith, J. A., [555]
Smith, Munroe, [555 f.]
Smith, W. Robertson, [29 f.]
Social Ends, of utilitarianism, [287] (see Chapter [XV.]), [296];
and happiness, [302-3];
and rationality, [314];
and duties, [338], [345];
and altruism, [389-90];
and individuality, [430]
Socialism, doctrine of, [162], [523], [525 f.], [535];
on production, [537 ff.];
in decision of U. S. Supreme Court, [556];
see Public Agency, Collectivism, Individualism
Socializing Process and Agencies, [11], [33], [42 f.], [47 f.], [57 ff.], [186], [191]
Socrates, [5], [116], [118]
Sophocles, [35], [112], [118], [139 f.]
Spahr, C. B., [545]
Spargo, John, [543]
Speech, freedom of, [446]
Spencer (Baldwin), and Gillen (F. B.), [22], [58 f.]
Spencer, Herbert, on primitive morality, [70];
on nature and morality, [52], [53];
on conduct as indifferent and as ethical, [205-6];
on feeling as ultimate end, [225];
on consequences, [234 n.];
on happiness [265 n.];
on duty, [358-60];
on æsthetic ingredients of happiness, [374 n.];
on reward and merit, [515];
on voluntary limitation of competition, [532]
Spinoza, [82], [253 n.], [397], [410 n.]
Standard, right as, [7];
in group morality, [34];
custom as, [38], [51 f.], [61], [69 f.];
law of deity as, [95-7], [103];
measure as, [112];
popular, in Greece, [116 f.];
felt necessity of in Greece, [118], [124];
for pleasure, [132 f.];
the "mean" as, [135 f.];
importance of, [138];
utilitarians confuse with object of desire, [266-9];
why necessary, [274];
happiness as, [275-80];
general happiness as, Chapter [XV.];
the rational, [307];
revision of, [422];
of political action, [482-5]
Standard of living, [503], [504 n.], [522], [540-2];
Professor Seager's programme for, [566-70]
State, the, early group as germ of, [26-30], [61 f.];
as bearer of moral ideals in Israel, [92 f.], [100], [108 f.];
in Greece, [127];
authority challenged, [118-24];
Plato and Aristotle on, [127-30];
and Church, [146 f.], [150];
moral effect of organization of, [194 f.];
moral value of, [434-6];
defined, [451];
see Chapter [XXI.]
Stephen, on love of happiness, [273];
on egoism, [378 n.];
also [265 n.]
Stevenson, Mrs. M. C., [66]
Stoics, the "wise man" of, [135];
on following nature, [136];
on inner self, [140];
natural law, [136], [142], [152], [222];
on conflict between the moral and the actual order, [185];
cosmopolitanism, [187];
on control of passions, [217]
Sumner, on "mores," [51];
on luck, [53];
on taboo, [55];
on Ethos, [175];
gladiatorial shows, [189];
on relation between goodness and happiness, [396 n.]
Sutherland, [48]
Sympathetic Resentment, [44], [49], [70];
see Sympathy
Sympathy, as factor in socialization, [11], [35], [44];
fostered by art, [45 f.];
and family life, [47 f.];
and hospitality, [68];
when moral, [49], [70];
in the moral judgment, [141 n.];
modern development of, [160 f.];
Bentham's view of, [291-2];
Mill's view of, [293-4];
importance of, [298-9];
principle of knowledge, [334];
and duty, [348-9];
and efficiency, [370-3];
and thoughtfulness, [465];
see Sympathetic Resentment
Taboos, [55], [60 f.];
Hebrew, [96];
survival of, in modern life, [174]
Tariff, protective, [560]
Taxation, [555]
Teleological, types of moral theory, [224];
see Good, Value
Temperance, [405-10];
Greek view of, [117], [406];
Roman, [407];
Christian, [408]
Theodorus, [126]
Theory, relation to practice, [4], [212], [606];
types of, classified and discussed, [224-39];
see also Problems
Thomas, W., [584]
Thoreau, [489]
Totem groups, [30]
Torts, [455]
Toynbee, A., [492]
Trades Unions, see Labor Union
Unearned Increment, [510 f.], [564 f.]
United States, individualism in, [554];
Supreme Court decisions, [555 f.]
Utilitarianism, relation of, to modern civilization, [169];
theory of intention, [246-52];
theory of the good, Chapters [XIV.] and [XV.];
method of, [275];
introduction of the idea of quality, [279];
its social standard, Chapter [XV.];
theory of general rules, [329-31];
theory of duty, [353-61];
see also Bentham, Mill
Valuation, changed basis of, [508-11];
see Value
Value, as "higher and lower," [6], [197];
the good as, [7 f.], [12];
measure of, among Hebrews, [107 f.];
question and standard of, among the Greeks, [116], [119], [125 ff.];
in modern civilization, [153-7], [169], [194];
transformation of, [186 f.], [558];
moral, and incompatible ends, [207-9];
and teleological theories, [224];
of Good Will, [241]
Veblen, T. B., [488], [515], [592]
Vices, of reflective stage of morality, [189 ff.]
Virtue, [230], [397], Chapter [XIX.];
origin of term, [156], [176];
general meaning, [230], [397];
in Greek popular usage, [117 f.];
as "mean," [134];
as wisdom, [135];
highmindedness as, [135];
meaning in group morality, [176];
"old-fashioned," [188];
defined, [399-402];
classified, [402-3];
aspects of, [403-4];
cardinal, [405]
Voltaire, [166], [195]
Voluntary Action, its nature, [9 f.], [201 f.];
essential to morality, [12 f.], [39], [49 f.], [73], [89];
agencies tending to evoke, [57], [75 ff.];
covenant as implying, [95];
fundamental, in Hebrew morality, [91], [105 f.];
relation to moral theories, [227];
divided into "inner" and "outer," [227-30], [237-9], [261], [432];
place of motive and endeavor, [243-6];
place of disposition, [254-8];
and accident, [459-60];
see Conduct
War, as agency in development, [42], [44], [66], [84];
and right to life, [442 f.];
and organized humanity, [482]
Wealth, in Israel, [93 f.];
in Greece, [119 ff.];
and property, [487 f.];
subordinate to personality, [514];
should depend on activity, [514 f.];
implies public service, [515-7];
distribution of, [521 f.], [545 ff.];
see Property
Welsh, kin group, [29], [61]
Wergild, [30], [62]
Westermarck, [67], [70], [459]
"What," the, meaning of, [5-8];
in group morality, [71];
in Hebrew morality, [102 ff.];
in Greek theory, [125 ff.];
relation to the "how" as outer to inner, [228-39];
see Attitude, Consequences, "How"
Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, [18]
Windelband, [126]
Wisdom, as chief excellence or virtue with Plato, [118];
Aristotle, [135];
Sceptics, Epicureans, and Stoics, [135];
as standard for pleasure, [133];
nurse of all the virtues, [405];
as conscientiousness, [418-23]
Woman, as "leisure class," [157], [188];
as laborer, protection for, [489], [540];
and the family, [572 ff.];
subordination of, [574 f.];
her temperamental and occupational distinction from man, [584 ff.];
effect of industrial revolution upon, [591 f.];
and occupations, [594 ff.];
determines consumption, [598 f.];
use of higher training for, [599], [602];
see Family, Marriage, Sex
Work, see Industry, Labor
Worth, see Value
Wyclif, [150]
Xenophon, [115 f.]
Zuñi ceremonies, [66]