[What became of the captured army] The captured army was never sent home. The officers were treated as prisoners of war, and from time to time were exchanged. Burgoyne was allowed to go to England in the spring, and while still a prisoner on parole he took his seat in Parliament, and became conspicuous among the defenders of the American cause. The troops were detained in the neighbourhood of Boston until the autumn of 1778, when they were all transferred to Charlottesville in Virginia. Here a rude village was built on the brow of a pleasant ridge of hills, and gardens were laid out and planted. Much kind assistance was rendered in all this work by Thomas Jefferson, who was then living close by, on his estate at Monticello, and did everything in his power to make things comfortable for soldiers and officers. Two years afterward, when Virginia became the seat of war, some of them were removed to Winchester in the Shenandoah valley, to Frederick in Maryland, and to Lancaster in Pennsylvania. Those who wished to return to Europe were exchanged or allowed to escape. The greater number, especially of the Germans, preferred to stay in this country and become American citizens. Before the end of 1783 they had dispersed in all directions.

Such was the strange sequel of a campaign which, whether we consider the picturesqueness of its incidents or the magnitude of its results, was one of the most memorable in the history of mankind. Its varied scenes, framed in landscapes of grand and stirring beauty, had brought together such types of manhood as the feathered Mohawk sachem, the helmeted Brunswick dragoon, and the blue-frocked yeoman of New England,—types of ancient barbarism, of the militancy bequeathed from the Middle Ages, and of the industrial democracy that is to possess and control the future of the world. These men had mingled in a deadly struggle for the strategic centre of the Atlantic coast of North America, and now the fight had ended in the complete and overwhelming defeat of the forces of George III. Four years, indeed,—four years of sore distress and hope deferred,—were yet to pass before the fruits of this great victory could be gathered. The independence of the United States was not yet won; but the triumph at Saratoga set in motion a train of events from which the winning of independence was destined surely to follow.

[VOLUME II]

CONTENTS

[CHAPTER VIII
THE FRENCH ALLIANCE]
PAGE
The four periods of the Revolutionary war [1-3]
Consequences of Saratoga; consternation in England [4]
Views of the different parties [5, 6]
Lord North’s political somersault [6]
Strange scene in the House of Commons [7, 8]
Treaty between France and the United States (February 6, 1778)[8, 9]
Great Britain declares war against France (March 13) [10]
Demand for Lord Chatham for prime minister [11, 12]
The king’s rage [12, 13]
What Chatham would have tried to do [13, 14]
Death of Chatham [14-16]
His prodigious greatness [16-20]
Lord North remains in power [20, 21]
His commissioners in America fail to accomplish anything [22]
Germain’s new plan for conducting the war [22, 23]
[CHAPTER IX
VALLEY FORGE]
Distress in America[24]
Lack of organization[25]
Vexatious meddling of Congress with the army[26]
Sufferings at Valley Forge[27]
Promoting officers for non-military reasons[28]
Absurd talk of John Adams[29]
Gates is puffed up with success[30]
And shows symptoms of insubordination[31]
The Conway cabal[32, 33]

Attempts to injure Washington[34, 35]
Conway’s letter to Gates[36]
Gates’s letter to Washington[37]
Washington’s reply[38]
Gates tries, unsuccessfully, to save himself by lying[39]
But is successful, as usual, in keeping from under fire[40]
The forged letters[40]
Scheme for invading Canada[41]
The dinner at York, and Lafayette’s toast[42]
Absurdity of the scheme[43]
Downfall of the cabal[43]
Decline of the Continental Congress[44, 45]
Increasing influence of Washington[45, 46]
[CHAPTER X
MONMOUTH AND NEWPORT]
Baron Friedrich von Steuben[47-49]
He arrives in America and visits Congress at York[50]
His work in training the army at Valley Forge[51-53]
His manual of tactics[54]
Sir William Howe resigns his command[55]
The Mischianza[56]
The British evacuate Philadelphia (June 18, 1778)[56, 57]
Arnold takes command there[57]
Charles Lee is exchanged, and returns to his command in the American army[58]
His reasons for returning[58, 59]
Washington pursues the British[60]
His plan of attack[61]
Battle of Monmouth (June 28)[62-65]
Lee’s shameful retreat[62]
Washington retrieves the situation[63, 64]
It was a drawn battle[65]
Washington’s letter to Lee[66]
Trial and sentence of Lee[67, 68]
Lee’s character and schemes[68-70]
Lee’s expulsion from the army; his death[71]
The situation at New York[72]
The French fleet unable to enter the harbour[73]
General Prescott at Newport[74]
Attempt to capture the British garrison at Newport[75]
Sullivan seizes Butts Hill[76]
Naval battle prevented by storm[77]

Estaing goes to Boston to refit his ships[77, 78]
Yeomanry go home in disgust[78]
Battle of Butts Hill (August 29)[79]
The enterprise abandoned[79]
Unpopularity of the French alliance[80]
Stagnation of the war in the northern states[81, 82]
[CHAPTER XI
WAR ON THE FRONTIER]
Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, missionary and war-chief[83-86]
The Tories of western New York[87, 88]
The valley of Wyoming and its settlers from Connecticut[89, 90]
Massacre at Wyoming (July 3, 1778)[91, 92]
Massacre at Cherry Valley (November 10)[93, 94]
Sullivan’s expedition against the Iroquois[94]
Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779)[95]
Devastation of the Iroquois country[96]
Reign of terror in the Mohawk valley[97, 98]
The wilderness beyond the Alleghanies[99]
Rivalry between Pennsylvania and Virginia for the possession
of Fort Pitt		[100]
Lord Dunmore’s war (1774)[100-104]
Logan and Cresap[102, 103]
Battle of Point Pleasant (October 10, 1774) and its
consequences		[104]
Settlement of Kentucky[105]
And of eastern Tennessee[106]
Defeat of the Cherokees on the Watauga, and its consequences[106-108]
George Rogers Clark[108]
His conquest of the northwestern territory (1778)[109]
Capture of Vincennes (February 23, 1779)[110]
Settlement of middle Tennessee[111]
Importance of Clark’s conquest[112]
Tryon’s raids upon the coast of Connecticut[113]
Sir Henry Clinton captures the fortress at Stony Point (May 31, 1779)[114]
Wayne recaptures Stony Point by storm (July 16)[115, 116]
Evacuation of Stony Point[117]
Note on comparative humanity of Americans and British, in the Revolutionary war[116-118]
Henry Lee’s exploit at Paulus Hook (August 18)[119, 120]

[CHAPTER XII
WAR ON THE OCEAN]
Importance of the control of the water[121]
Feeble action of Congress[122, 123]
American and British cruisers[124, 125]
Lambert Wickes and Gustavus Conyngham[126]
John Paul Jones[126]
Franklin’s supervision of maritime affairs[127]
Jones’s squadron[128, 129]
His cruise on the British coast[130]
He meets a British fleet off Flamborough Head[130, 131]
Terrific fight between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard (September 23, 1779)[132-135]
Effect of Jones’s victory[135]
Why Denmark and Russia were interested in it[136, 137]
Relations of Spain to France and England[138]
Intrigues of Spain[139, 140]
Treaty between Spain and France (April, 1779)[141]
French and Spanish fleets attempt an invasion of England (August, 1779)[142]
Sir George Rodney[143, 144]
Rights of neutrals upon the sea[144-157]
The Consolato del Mare[145, 146]
England’s conduct in the eighteenth century[147]
Prussian doctrine that free ships make free goods[148]
Influence of the French philosophers[148, 149]
Great Britain wishes to secure an alliance with Russia[149]
Importance of Minorca[150]
France adopts the Prussian doctrine[151, 152]
The affair of Fielding and Bylandt[153]
Spanish cruisers capture Russian vessels[154]
Catherine’s proclamation (March 8, 1780)[154]
The Armed Neutrality[155, 156]
Vast importance of the principles laid down by Catherine[157]
Relations between Great Britain and Holland[158, 159]
Holland joins the Armed Neutrality[160]
Capture of Henry Laurens and his papers[160]
Great Britain declares war against Holland (December 20, 1780)[161]
Catherine decides not to interfere[162]
Capture of St. Eustatius (February 3, 1781)[163-165]
Shameful proceedings[166]
Ignominious results of the politics of George III.[166]
[CHAPTER XIII
A YEAR OF DISASTERS]

State of affairs in Georgia and South Carolina[168, 169]
Georgia overrun by the British[170, 171]
Arrival of General Lincoln (December, 1778)[172]
Partisan warfare; barbarous reprisals[172]
The Americans routed at Briar Creek (March 3, 1779)[173]
Vandalism of General Prevost[174]
Plan for arming negroes[175]
Indignation in South Carolina[176]
Action of the council[176]
End of the campaign[177, 178]
Attempt to recapture Savannah[179]
Clinton and Cornwallis go to Georgia[180]
The British advance upon Charleston[181]
Surrender of Charleston (May 12, 1780)[182]
South Carolina overrun by the British[182-184]
Clinton returns to New York[185]
An injudicious proclamation[186]
Disorders in South Carolina[186]
The strategic points[187]
Partisan commanders[187]
Francis Marion [188]
Thomas Sumter [189]
First appearance of Andrew Jackson in history [189]
Advance of Kalb [190]
Gates appointed to the chief command in the south[190, 191]
Choice of roads to Camden [192]
Gates chooses the wrong road [193]
He loses the moment for striking [193]
And weakens his army on the eve of battle [194]
And is surprised by Cornwallis [195]
Battle of Camden (August 16, 1780); total and ignominious defeat of Gates[195-197]
His campaign was a series of blunders [197]
Partisan operations [198]
Weariness and depression of the people [199]
Evils wrought by the paper currency [200]
“Not worth a Continental” [201, 202]
Taxes paid in the form of specific supplies [203]
Difficulty of keeping the army together [203, 204]
The French alliance [205]

Lafayette’s visit to France (February, 1779)[206, 207]
Arrival of part of the French auxiliary force under Count Rochambeau (July, 1780)[208]
The remainder is detained in France by a British fleet[209]
General despondency [210]
[CHAPTER XIV
BENEDICT ARNOLD]
Arnold put in command of Philadelphia (June, 1778)[211]
He gets into difficulties with the government of Pennsylvania[212]
Miss Margaret Shippen [212]
Views of the moderate Tories[213]
Arnold’s drift toward Toryism[214]
He makes up his mind to leave the army[215]
Charges are brought against him (January, 1779)[216]
He is acquitted by a committee of Congress (March) [216]
The case is referred to a court-martial (April) [217]
First correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton [218]
The court-martial acquits Arnold of all serious charges, but
directs Washington to reprimand him for two very trivial ones
(January 26, 1780)		 [219]
Arnold thirsts for revenge upon Congress [220]
Significance of West Point [221]
Arnold put in command of West Point (July, 1780) [222]
Secret interview between Arnold and André (September 22) [223]
The plot for surrendering West Point [224-225]
André takes compromising documents [226]
And is persuaded to return to New York by land [227]
The roads infested by robbers [228]
Arrest of André (September 23) [229-232]
Colonel Jameson’s perplexity [232]
Washington returns from Hartford sooner than expected[233, 234]
Flight of Arnold (September 25)[235]
Discovery of the treasonable plot[236, 237]
André taken to Tappan (September 28)[238]
André’s trial and sentence (September 29)[238]
Clinton’s arguments and protests[239]
Captain Ogden’s message[240]
Execution of André (October 2)[241]
Lord Stanhope’s unconscious impudence[242]
There is no reason in the world why André’s life should have
been spared		[243]
Captain Battersby’s story[244]

Arnold’s terrible downfall[244-246]
Arnold’s family[247]
His remorse and death (June 14, 1801)[248]
Reflections[248-250]
Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops (January 1, 1781)[251, 252]
Fate of Clinton’s emissaries[253]
Further mutiny suppressed[253, 254]
[CHAPTER XV
YORKTOWN]
Cornwallis invades North Carolina (September, 1780)[255]
Ferguson’s expedition[255]
Rising of the backwoodsmen[256, 257]
Battle of King’s Mountain (October 7, 1780)[258, 259]
Effect of the blow[260]
Reinforcements from the North; arrival of Daniel Morgan[261]
Greene appointed to the chief command at the South[261]
Greene’s daring strategy; he threatens Cornwallis on both
flanks		[262-264]
Cornwallis retorts by sending Tarleton against Morgan[265]
Morgan’s position at the Cowpens[265]
Battle of the Cowpens (January 17, 1781); nearly the whole
British force captured on the field		[266]
Brilliant movements of Morgan and Greene; they lead Cornwallis
a chase across North Carolina		[267-269]
Further manœuvres[270]
Battle of Guilford (March 15)[270, 271]
Retreat of Cornwallis[272]
He abandons the Carolinas and marches into Virginia[273]
Greene’s master-stroke; he returns to South Carolina (April 6-18)[273]
And, by taking Fort Watson, cuts Lord Rawdon’s communications
(April 23)		[274]
Rawdon defeats Greene at Hobkirk’s Hill (April 25); but is
none the less obliged to give up Camden in order to save
his army (May 10)		[275, 276]
All the inland posts taken from the British (May-June)[276]
Rawdon goes to England, leaving Stuart in command[277]
Greene marches against Stuart (August 22)[277]
Battle of Eutaw Springs (September 8)[278]
Greene’s superb generalship[278, 279]
Lord Cornwallis arrives at Petersburg (May 20)[279, 280]
His campaign against Lafayette[281-283]

Cornwallis retreats to the coast, and occupies Yorktown[284, 285]
Elements of the final catastrophe; arrival of the French
fleet		[286, 287]
News from Grasse and Lafayette[288]
Subtle and audacious scheme of Washington[289]
He transfers his army to Virginia (August 19-September 18)[290-292]
Movements of the fleets[293]
Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown[294]
Clinton’s attempt at a counter-stroke; Arnold’s proceedings
at New London (September 6)		[295, 296]
Surrender of Cornwallis[297]
Importance of the aid rendered by the French fleet and army[298, 299]
Effect of the news in England[300, 301]
Difficult position of Great Britain[302]
Rodney’s victory over Grasse (April 12, 1782)[303]
Resignation of Lord North (March 20, 1782)[304]
Defeat of the political schemes of George III.[305]
The American Revolution was not a conflict between Englishmen
and Americans, but between two antagonistic principles of
government, each of which had its advocates and opponents in
both countries; and Yorktown was an auspicious victory won
by Washington for both countries		[306-310]