CHAP.PAGE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE: By the Rev. Professor A. H. Sayce, LL.D., D.D., D.Litt.[vii]
AUTHOR’S PREFACE,[xi]
I.A CHAPTER OF GEOGRAPHY,[1-50]
Boundaries and physical features (pp. [2-4]); eastern Taurus and Anti-Taurus (p. [5]); northernmost Syria: the plains, the valleys of the Afrîn and Kara Su (pp. [6-13]); Passes of the Amanus (pp. [14-15]); Valley of the Orontes (p. [16]).
Plateau of Asia Minor, boundaries and features (pp. [17-19]); five regions (pp. [20-21]); position of Cæsarea, the roads (pp. [22-25]); the Halys River (pp. [26-28]), its basin (pp. [29-31]); position of Boghaz-Keui and Eyuk (pp. [32-33]); northern roads and rivers (pp. [34-35]); western regions, Angora, Phrygia, Konia (pp. [36-40]); south-eastern region, Kara Dagh, Ivrîz, Tyana (pp. [41-42]); Taurus: the Bulghar Dagh (pp. [43, 44]), the Cilician Gates (pp. [45-47]); Cilicia (pp. [48-50]).
II.SOME PAGES OF HISTORY,[51-73]
Outline of Hittite period: the empire, revival and final submergence (pp. [52-55]); survival of customs (p. [56]). The Phrygians, in Assyrian and Greek history (pp. [57-58]), their civilisation and monuments (pp. [59-61]); the Urartians and Cimmerians (p. [62]). Lydia (pp. [63-64]); Greek colonies (pp. [65, 66]). Persian rule (p. [67]). Alexander and Hellenising influences (pp. [67, 68]). Roman period: Seleucids, kings of Pontus, Cilicians; organisation (pp. [69-70]); monuments (p. [71]). The Saracen (Arab) conquests (p. [72]); the Seljûk Turks (p. [73]).
III.MONUMENTS OF THE HITTITES,[74-195]
Preliminary: method of study (pp. [74-76]), chronology (pp. [77-79]), classification (pp. [80-82]), disposition (pp. [84-91]).
Section a.—Monuments of the north of Syria: Hamath, Restan, Aleppo (pp. [93-97]); Kurts-oghlu, Sinjerli, Kara-burshlu, Sakje-Geuzi (pp. [98-106]); Aintab, Killiz, Marash (pp. [107-122]); Jerablus (Carchemish), Tell-Ahmar, Samsat, Rum-Kale (pp. [123-131]).
Section b.—Monuments in the Taurus and Anti-Taurus: Malatia, Derendeh, Palanga, Gurun (pp. [132-144]); Arslan Tash, Albistan (pp. [132-146]); Kuru-Bel (p. [147]); Ekrek, Tashji, Fraktin (pp. [148-151]).
Section c.—Monuments of the Halys Basin: Asarjik, Suasa (pp. [152, 153]); Karaburna, Bogche, Yamoola (pp. [154-157]); Boghaz-Keui, Denek Maden (pp. [158-160]).
Section d.—Monuments of the West: Angora, Giaour-Kalesi, Yarre (Chesme Keupru), Doghanlu, Bey-Keui (pp. [161-167]); Sipylus, Kara-Bel (pp. [168-172]); Kölit-oghlu, Eflatoun-Bunar, Fassiler (pp. [173-176]).
Section e.—Monuments of the South-East: Kara Dagh, Kizil Dagh (pp. [177-182]); Emir-Ghazi, Ardistama (pp. [183, 184]); Tyana, Bor, Nigdeh, Andaval (pp. [185-189]); Bulghar-Madên (p. [190]); Ivrîz (pp. [191-195]).
IV.THE NORTHERN CAPITAL: A Description of the Ancient City at Boghaz-Keui and the Sculptures called Iasily Kaya,[196-241]
Part i.—Identity with Pteria (p. [197]); history, economy, and situation (pp. [198-200]); the acropolis ramparts, gateways and defences (pp. [201-205]), Nishan Tash and other monuments (p. [206]); the Lower Palace (pp. [207, 208]); chronological evidences (pp. [209-211]).
Part ii.—The Rock-sculptures called Iasily Kaya: Situation, description of sanctuary and decorative scheme (pp. [211, 213]); leading figures of gods (pp. [214-216]); a priest-figure (p. [217]); procession of male figures (pp. [218-220]); plan and schedule (p. [221]); the leading goddesses, etc. (pp. [222, 223]), procession of females (p. [224]), the Priest-king (p. [225]); ceremonial feast and monsters (p. [226]). The Inner Gallery: the moving figures (p. [227]); Dirk-deity (p. [228]). General survey (pp. [230-232]); historical considerations (pp. [233-234]); the divine triad (pp. [235-241]).
V.WALLED TOWNS AND PALACES,[242-314]
Part i.—The Palace and Sculptures of Eyuk (pp. [242-269]). Researches (pp. [242, 243]): the site (pp. [244-245]); the Sphinx-gate (pp. [246-248]); buildings and masonry (pp. [249-252]). The Sculptures: sphinxes, bull-god, priest and priestess, masons, musicians (pp. [253-262]); the mother-goddess, lion corner-stone, groups (pp. [263-266]); oblation scene, double eagle (pp. [267-270]).
Part ii.—The Town and Sculptures of Sinjerli (pp. [270-298]). Excavations, summary of results (pp. [270-273]); reliefs from city gate, eagle-headed deities, horse-riders, winged monsters, male figures, bowman, hare and stag (pp. [274-276]); citadel gate (pp. [277-278]); reliefs—(i) charioteer and victim, (ii) warrior, (iii) lion, (iv) God of Chase, (v, vi) lion and monster (pp. [279-283]); (vii) man bearing kid, (viii) Ceremonial Feast, (ix, x) three male figures, (xi) archer, (xii-xiii) stag and kid, (xiv) winged lion rampant, (xv-xvi) figures with double hammer (pp. [284-288]); (xvii) warrior and sphinx, (xviii) monster, (xix) figure of woman (pp. [289-291]); (xxiv, xxv) bull and horse-rider, (xxvi-xxvii) bull and man with clubs (pp. [292-294]); (xxviii-xxix) pair of deer, (xxx) winged lion, (xxxi) warrior, (xxxii) hunter, (xxxiii) dog, (xxxiv) musician, (xxxv) male figure, (xxxv, xxxvii) pair of goats (pp. [295-296]); reconstruction of gateway, lion corner-stones, two peculiar busts, the sphinx-bases (pp. [297-298]).
Part iii.—The Mounds and Palace-portico of Sakje-Geuzi (pp. [298-314]). Local history and research, walled citadel (pp. [298-300]); palace entrance, decorations, lion corner-stones (pp. [301-302]); reliefs, eagle-headed deity, fertilising tree, sphinx, king-priest, attendants (pp. [303-308]); sphinx-base (pp. [309-311]); historical results, stratification, pottery, foreign relations (pp. [312-314]).
VI.THE STORY OF THE HITTITES,[315-391]
The Authorities (pp. [315-316]). The Hittites, their coming and settlement, early culture, earliest historical allusions (pp. [317-325]). The Hatti rulers; conquests of Subbi-luliuma, treaties with Mitanni, the Amorites, and with Egypt (pp. [326-336]). Empire of Subbi-luliuma, reign of Mursil; Mutallu and the battle of Kadesh (pp. [337-343]); Hattusil, the Egyptian treaty and foreign politics; his successors (pp. [346-352]). Survey of Hittite civilisation under the Hatti; the position of women, religion, organisation, the army, roads and cities, sculptures, and architecture (pp. [353-367]). The European migrations, disruption of the Hittite empire, the Muski, the Assyrians, Carchemish (pp. [368-371]). The great revival, the ‘Cilician’ empire, disposition of the Hittite kingdoms, with map, the balance of power (pp. [372-377]). Changes in decorative and religious art; Semitic influence in Syria (pp. [377-380]). Oncoming of Assyria, coalitions of Hittite states, battle of the Qarqar, fall of Tarsus (pp. [381-384]). The Vannic kings, conquests in Syria, decisive battle with Assyria; supremacy of Assyria in Syria; fall of Carchemish, Marash and the Tabal (pp. [385-390]). Epochs in Hittite history (pp. [390-391]).
Appendix A.—Bibliography of Hittite Archæology,[392-394]
Appendix B.—Index to Hittite Monuments, with a Bibliography,[395-401]
Author Index, Classical and Biblical References,[402-403]
General Index,[404-416]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PHOTOGRAPHS
PlateTo face page
I.Bulghar-Madên: Approaching the Taurus Mountains,[Frontispiece]
II.(i) A Valley in the Taurus,[4]
(ii) Headwaters of the Halys near Sivas,
III.Aleppo: View of the city from the citadel,[6]
IV.Karakul: A Kurd family at home,[8]
V.Kartal:(i) Verandah of a house,[12]
(ii) Group of Turkoman women,
VI.Bogche: A chief pass over the Amanus Mountains,[14]
VII.Beilan: Summit of the pass,[16]
VIII.Woodland on the south slopes of Taurus,[18]
IX.Cæsarea: Cloister of a school, and citadel,[22]
X.Injesu: Mosque and town,[24]
XI.Halys River, between Chok Geuz and Bir Geuz,[26]
XII.Yeni-Han, near Sekkili: Nomad encampment,[28]
XIII.(i) Chesme Keupru: Interior of the han,[30]
(ii) Sekkili (near): Yuruk encampment,
XIV.(i) Nefez-Keui: Women drawing water at the Spring,[32]
(ii) Tyana: Turkish women and child,
XV.(i) Yuzgat: Dervish and vagabonds,[34]
(ii) Kulakly Keui: Types of inhabitants,
XVI.Angora: Old houses on the outskirts,[36]
XVII.Nefez-Keui; Carpet-weaving,[38]
XVIII.(i) Nefez-Keui: Minaret of the village mosque,[40]
(ii) Anatolian Horses: Noonday halt,
XIX.Bor: Bridge over the Kizilja-Su,[42]
XX.Approaching the Cilician Gates,[44]
XXI.Entrance of the Cilician Gates,[46]
XXII.(i) Going south through the Cilician Gates,[48]
(ii) Tarsus: The gardens and the town,
XXIII.Tarsus:(i) The walls of Dunuk Tash,[50]
(ii) Sacred stone at an Arab shrine,
XXIV.(i) Bey-Keui: The Royal Road,[56]
(ii) Dimerli: A fallen Lion,
XXV.(i) Dimerli: The Lion tomb,[60]
(ii) Ayazîn: Tomb with Lions,
(iii) Tyana: Phrygian inscription of Midas,
XXVI.View near Sardis: Valley of the Pactolus,[64]
XXVII.Cilicia: Roman aqueducts over the Eastern plain,[68]
XXVIII.Kyrrhus:(i) Roman Tomb, and[70]
(ii) Ruined Bridge,
XXIX.Baalbek: Sculpture and Temple Ruins,[72]
XXX.Ephesus: The Library of Celsus,[74]
XXXI.Angora: Temple of Rome and Augustus,[76]
XXXII.Nigdeh: Portal of the White-Midresseh, 1223 A.D.,[78]
XXXIII.Nigdeh: Tomb of the Seljûk period,[80]
XXXIV.(i) Ephesus: Mediæval fortress with Seljûk Remains,[82]
(ii) Konia; Zazadîn Han, of Seljûk work,
XXXV.Rowanduz Kaleh; Mediæval fortress,[84]
XXXVI.Cæsarea: Old Turkish cemetery,[88]
XXXVII.Hamath: Inscription in Hittite hieroglyphs,[94]
XXXVIII.Aleppo: Fortress on the Acropolis,[98]
XXXIX.Sakje-Geuzi: Royal hunting scene,[104]
XL.(i) Killiz: Bronze figures,[106]
(ii) Denek Maden; Ivory seal,
XLI.Aintab: Inscription on sculptured corner-stone,[108]
XLII.Marash: Architectural Lion corner-stone inscribed,[110]
XLIII.Rowanduz: Camp scene in the Qurt Dagh,[122]
XLIV.Malatia:(i) Priest offering to lightning-god on bull,[138]
(ii) Priestess offering to winged deity,
XLV.Palanga: Inscribed columnar statue,[142]
XLVI.Ekrek: Hittite inscription with Christian emblems,[148]
XLVII.Fraktin: The rock-sculptures,[150]
XLVIII.Bogche: Hittite inscription on round-topped stone,[154]
XLIX.Yamoola: Giant eagle standing upon lions,[156]
L.Angora: The acropolis,[162]
LI.Ayazîn: Rock-hewn tombs and church,[164]
LII.” Roof of the church with dome,[166]
LIII.Sipylus: Image of the Mother-goddess,[168]
LIV.Kara-Bel: The Hittite God of Arms,[172]
LV.Tyana: Ruined Roman aqueducts,[184]
LVI.Bor: Hittite inscription and relief,[186]
LVII.Ivrîz: Giant sculptures on the rock,[192]
LVIII.Boghaz-Keui: Site of Pteria,[200]
LIX.” Gorge of the Beuyuk Kayanin Daresi,[202]
LX.” The Lion Gate,[204]
LXI.” (i) The Fortress called Yenije-Kaleh,[206]
(ii) Remains of the Lower Palace,
LXII.” Bird’s-eye View of the Lower Palace,[208]
LXIII.” (i) Camp at the foot of Beuyuk Kaleh,[210]
(ii) Iasily Kaya: Sculptures on the left,
LXIV.” General view of Iasily Kaya,[212]
LXV.” Central sculptures at,[214]
LXVI.” Group of two monstrous figures,[218]
LXVII.” One of the female figures,[222]
LXVIII.” The King-Priest at Iasily Kaya,[224]
LXIX.” (i) The Small Gallery: view,[226]
(ii) Hittite portraits, three figures,
LXX.” The dirk-deity,[228]
LXXI.” Hittite God embracing the priest,[232]
LXXII.Eyuk: Sculptures decorating frontage of palace,[252]
LXXIII.” (i) Shrine of the Mother-goddess,[260]
(ii) Musicians with bagpipe and guitar,
LXXIV.Coast Route round the Gulf of Issus,[270]
LXXV.Sinjerli:(i) Ceremonial Feast,[280]
(ii) Warrior with spear,
LXXVI.” Sculptures of gateway in situ,[286]
LXXVII.” (i) Hittite God of the Skies,[292]
(ii) God of the Double Axe,
LXXVIII.Sakje-Geuzi: Entrance to Palace,[300]
LXXIX.” Lion corner-stone (left),[302]
LXXX.” Lion and adjoining sculptures (right),[304]
LXXXI.”(i) Sculptures of left flanking wall,[306]
(ii) Continuation of the series,
LXXXII.” Sphinx-pedestal to central column,[310]
LXXXIII.Hittite Allies:(i) Mongoloid,[318]
(ii) Proto-Greek,
LXXXIV.Surviving Types:(i) Amorite[320]
(ii) Hittite,
LXXXV.Nomads passing into Asia Minor,[322]
LXXXVI.Cæsarea: Types of Semitic settlers,[334]
LXXXVII.Yeni-Han: Group of nomad women,[340]
LXXXVIII.Battle of Kadesh: Hittite chariotry charging,[344]
PLANS
Boghaz-Keui: Plan of the Rock Sanctuary called Iasily Kaya,[221]
Eyuk: Plan of the Sphinx-Gate,[247]
Sinjerli: Sketch Plan of Gateway,[278]
MAPS
Hittite States after the Revival of the Tenth Century B.C.,[375]
Submergence of the Hittite States (Eighth Century B.C.),[385]
Map of Hittite Sites in Asia Minor and Northern Syria,[To face 390]

I
A CHAPTER OF GEOGRAPHY

At the outset of our undertaking we are faced by a considerable perplexity, in that the land we are setting forth to examine is practically undefined. We are guided indeed by vague and scanty historical references towards the north of Syria and the east of Asia Minor, but for a wider and surer delimitation, however incomplete, we must rely on the evidence afforded by the disposition of the Hittite monuments themselves. These cannot fix for us any certain boundaries, nor does the area throughout which they have as yet been found coincide with any great natural landmarks such as are wont to form the frontiers of nations. On the other hand, their curious disposition, and the very disunity of the tract they indicate, awaken our interest by a suggestion of unusual circumstances that could weld together, in political unity, peoples whose conditions of life so differed. And though mostly in the heart of a peninsula washed by the blue waves of two great inland seas, no part of the long coast-line can be included, upon present evidence, in our territory. Maybe the cause is only that the conditions there are not favourable to the preservation or recovery of monuments; but none the less it is to be noted that no trace of Hittite handiwork has yet been found around the coast, whether along the wooded shores of the Black Sea in the north, on the fertile inlets of the west,[1] or on the rocky passes of the Syrian seaboard; nor has any clear connection yet been shown between the Hittite confederated peoples and those sea-rovers who, from their harbours under the southern shelter of the Taurus, made piratical descents upon the Egyptian Delta in the thirteenth century B.C.[2]

Thus we see the Hittites as a purely inland people, not taking to the sea more kindly at any rate than do the Turkish peoples of to-day. The centre of their monuments is the mountainous region of the Taurus and Anti-Taurus systems, whence on the one hand they lead us down to the hot plains that lie between the right bank of the Euphrates and Mount Amanus (the Giaour Dagh), with a continuation to the south by the valley of the Orontes as far as its sources in the Lebanon; and on the other hand widen out to embrace not only the northern fringe of the Taurus Mountains, and the basin of the Halys River, but practically the whole broad tableland of Central Asia Minor, with one finger pointing down the Hermus valley past Sardis to the west. The inference to be derived from these preliminary considerations will receive confirmation as we proceed with our inquiry, when we shall find reason to believe that the peoples whose land we are trying to map out were of mountain origin. The problem of their settlement, however, remains obscure; we must await the results of further investigations to determine whether it was a combined movement of peoples, bringing with them the elements of their civilisation, like the Turks in modern history, or whether for ages they endured the rigours of mountain life before they became strong enough to descend upon the hospitable plains below.

The wilder mountains of Greater Armenia, east of the head-waters of the Euphrates, show no definite sign of Hittite settlement;[3] but they form a distinctive boundary to our region, being the culmination of the system of which the Taurus are a part. Here too is the centre of mountain-ranges which, like the rivers rising in their heights, descend in several directions. To the north the towering peak of Ararat, seventeen thousand feet in height, looks down upon the green upland valleys of the Caucasus. Towards the east, the range which skirts the Caspian Sea connects beyond with the systems of Central Asia. Towards the south, another chain holds up as it were the highlands of Asia, on the one hand, giving way on the other to the basins of the Euphrates and the Tigris, and touching eventually the eastern waters of the Persian Gulf.