The Guardians of the Columbia / Mount Hood, Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens

by John H. Williams

Looking up the Columbia at Lyle, Washington.

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CONTENTS

I.	THE RIVER.
	Dawn at Cloud Cap Inn—The geological dawn—Cascade-Sierra uptilt—Rise of the snow-peaks—An age of vulcanism—Origin of the great Columbia gorge—Dawn in Indian legend—The "Bridge of the Gods"—Victory of Young Chinook—Dawn of modern history—The pioneers and the state builders	[15]
II.	THE MOUNTAINS.
	Portland's snowy sentinels—Ruskin on the mountains—Cascades vs. Alps—Mount Hood and its retreating glaciers—The Mazamas—A shattered crater—Mount Adams—Lava and ice caves—Mount St. Helens—The struggle of the forest on the lava beds—Adventures of the climbers—The Mazamas in peril—An heroic rescue	[57]
III.	THE FORESTS, by HAROLD DOUGLAS LANGILLE.
	Outposts at timber line—The alpine parks—Zone of the great trees—Douglas fir—From snow-line to ocean beach—Conservation and reforestation	[123]
NOTES		[140]

ILLUSTRATIONS

The * indicates engravings from copyrighted photographs. See notice under the illustration.

THREE-COLOR HALFTONES.
Title	Photographer	Page
*Dawn on Spirit Lake, north side of Mount St. Helens	Dr. U. M. Lauman	[Frontispiece]
*St. Peter's Dome, with the Columbia and Mount Adams	G. M. Weister	[20]
*Nightfall on the Columbia	Kiser Photo Co.	[37]
*Columbia River and Mount Hood, from White Salmon, Washington	Kiser Photo Co.	[56]
*Mount Hood, with crevasses of Eliot glacier	G. M. Weister	[73]
*Ice Castle and crevasse, Eliot glacier	G. M. Weister	[92]
*Columbia River and Mount Adams, from Hood River, Oregon.	Benj. A. Gifford	[109]
An Island of Color—Rhododendrons and Squaw Grass	Asahel Curtis	[127]
ONE-COLOR HALFTONES.
Title	Photographer	Page
*Climbing to summit of Mount Hood from Cooper Spur	G. M. Weister	[6]
Willamette River and Portland Harbor	G. M. Weister	[7]
Mount Adams, from south slope of Mount St. Helens	G. M. Weister	[8]
Columbia River at Lyle	William R. King	[9]
Mount Hood, seen from the Columbia at Vancouver	L. C. Henrichsen	[14]
Trout Lake and Mount Adams	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[15]
Mount St. Helens, seen from the Columbia, with railway bridge	C. S. Reeves	[15]
*View up the Columbia, opposite Astoria	G. M. Weister	[16]
Astoria in 1813	From an old print	[16]
*View north from Eliot glacier	G. M. Weister	[17]
Columbia Slough, near mouth of the Willamette	George F. Holman	[18]
*Cape Horn	Kiser Photo Co.	[19]
Mount Hood, seen from Columbia Slough	L. C. Henrichsen	[21]
*Campfire of Yakima Indians at Astoria Centennial	Frank Woodfield	[21]
Sunset at mouth of the Columbia	Frank Woodfield	[22]
Portland, the Willamette, and Mounts Hood, Adams and St. Helens Angelus Photo Co.		[22]
"The Coming of the White Man"	L. C. Henrichsen	[23]
"Sacajawea"	G. M. Weister	[23]
Sunset on Vancouver Lake	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[24]
Fort Vancouver in 1852	From an old lithograph	[24]
*Rooster Rock	G. M. Weister	[25]
Seining for Salmon on the lower Columbia	Frank Woodfield	[25]
*The Columbia near Butler, looking across to Multnomah Falls	Kiser Photo Co.	[26]
Captain Som-kin, chief of Indian police	Lee Moorehouse	[26]
*Multnomah Falls in Summer and Winter (2)	Kiser Photo Co.	[27]
*View from the cliffs at Multnomah Falls	Kiser Photo Co.	[28]
*The broad Columbia, seen from Lone Rock	Kiser Photo Co.	[29]
Castle Rock, seen from Mosquito Island	Kiser Photo Co.	[29]
*The Columbia opposite Oneonta Gorge and Horsetail Falls	Kiser Photo Co.	[30]
An Original American	C. C. Hutchins	[30]
*View from elevation west of St. Peter's Dome	Kiser Photo Co.	[31]
*Oneonta Gorge	G. M. Weister	[32]
Looking up the Columbia, near Bonneville	H. J. Thorne	[33]
Salmon trying to jump the Falls of the Willamette	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[33]
*In the Columbia Canyon at Cascade	Kiser Photo Co.	[34]
*The Cascades of the Columbia	G. M. Weister	[35]
*Fishwheel below the Cascades, with Table Mountain	G. M. Weister	[36]
*Sunrise on the Columbia, from top of Table Mountain	Kiser Photo Co.	[36]
Looking down the Columbia below the Cascades	L. J. Hicks	[38]
*Wind Mountain and submerged forest	G. M. Weister	[39]
Steamboat entering Cascades Locks	G. M. Weister	[39]
Moonlight on the Columbia, with clouds on Wind Mountain	C. S. Reeves	[40]
*White Salmon River and its Gorge (2)	Kiser Photo Co.	[41]
Looking down the Columbia Canyon from White Salmon, Washington	S. C. Reeves	[42]
An Oregon Trout Stream	L. C. Henrichsen	[42]
Looking up the Columbia from Hood River, Oregon	F. C. Howell	[43]
*Hood River, fed by the glaciers of Mount Hood	Benj. A. Gifford	[43]
A Late Winter Afternoon; the Columbia from White Salmon	C. C. Hutchins	[44]
*Memaloose Island	G. M. Weister	[44]
"Gateway to the Inland Empire;" the Columbia at Lyle	Kiser Photo Co.	[45]
"Grant Castle" and Palisades of the Columbia below The Dalles	G. M. Weister	[46]
*The Dalles of the Columbia, lower channel	G. M. Weister	[47]
Cabbage Rock	Lee Moorehouse	[47]
A True Fish Story of the Columbia	Frank Woodfield	[48]
The Zigzag River in Winter	T. Brook White	[48]
*The Dalles, below Celilo	G. M. Weister	[49]
The "Witch's Head," an Indian picture rock	Lee Moorehouse	[50]
Village of Indian tepees, Umatilla Reservation	Lee Moorehouse	[50]
Mount Adams, seen from Eagle Peak	Asahel Curtis	[51]
A Clearing in the Forest; Mount Hood from Sandy, Oregon	L. C. Henrichsen	[51]
An Indian Madonna and Child	Lee Moorehouse	[52]
Finished portion of Canal at Celilo	Ed. Ledgerwood	[52]
*Sentinels of "the Wallula Gateway"	G. M. Weister	[53]
*Tumwater, the falls of the Columbia at Celilo	Kiser Photo Co.	[54]
*Summit of Mount Hood, from west end of ridge	G. M. Weister	[55]
North side of Mount Hood, from ridge west of Cloud Cap Inn	George R. Miller	[57]
Winter on Mount Hood	Rodney L. Glisan	[57]
*Watching the Climbers, from Cloud Cap Inn	G. M. Weister	[58]
Lower end of Eliot glacier, seen from Cooper Spur	E. D. Jorgensen	[59]
Snout of Eliot glacier	Prof. W. D. Lyman	[59]
Cone of Mount Hood, seen from Cooper Spur	F. W. Freeborn	[60]
Cloud Cap Inn	George R. Miller	[60]
*Portland's White Sentinel, Mount Hood	G. M. Weister	[61]
*Ice Cascade on Eliot glacier, Mount Hood	G. M. Weister	[62]
Portland Snow-shoe Club members on Eliot glacier in Winter	Rodney L. Glisan	[62]
*Snow-bridge over great crevasse, Eliot glacier	G. M. Weister	[63]
*Coasting down east side of Mount Hood, above Cooper Spur.	G. M. Weister	[63]
*Mount Hood, from hills south of The Dalles	G. M. Weister	[64]
*Mount Hood, from Larch Mountain	L. J. Hicks	[65]
Butterfly on summit of Mount Hood	Shoji Endow	[66]
Portland Snow-shoe Club and Club House (2)	Rodney L. Glisan	[66]
Fumarole, or gas vent, near Crater Rock	L. J. Hicks	[66]
Looking across the head of Eliot glacier	Shoji Endow	[67]
Mount Hood at night, from Cloud Cap Inn	William M. Ladd	[67]
Climbing Mount Hood; the rope anchor (2)	George R. Miller and Shoji Endow	[68]
North side of Mount Hood, from moraine of Coe glacier	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[69]
*Looking west on summit, with Mazama Rock below	G. M. Weister	[70]
Summit of Mount Hood, from Mazama Rock	F. W. Freeborn	[70]
Mount Hood, from Sandy Canyon	L. J. Hicks	[71]
Crevasses of Coe glacier (2)	Mary C. Voorhees	[72]
*Crevasse and Ice Pinnacles on Eliot glacier	G. M. Weister	[74]
Mount Hood, seen from the top of Barret Spur	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[75]
Ice Cascade, south side of Mount Hood	Prof. J. N. LeConte	[75]
Little Sandy or Reid glacier, west side of Mount Hood	Elisha Coalman	[76]
Portland Y. M. C. A. party starting for the summit	A. M. Grilley	[76]
Crater of Mount Hood, seen from south side	L. J. Hicks	[77]
South side of Mount Hood, from Tom-Dick-and-Harry Ridge	L. E. Anderson	[78]
Crag on which above view was taken	H. J. Thorne	[78]
Part of the "bergschrund" above Crater Rock	G. M. Weister	[79]
Prof. Reid and party exploring Zigzag glacier	Asahel Curtis	[79]
Mazamas near Crater Rock (2)	Asahel Curtis	[80]
Portland Ski Club on south side of Mount Hood	E. D. Jorgensen	[81]
Mount Hood Lily	William L. Finley	[81]
Mazama party exploring White River glacier (2)	Asahel Curtis	[82]
Newton Clark glacier, seen from Cooper Spur	Shoji Endow	[83]
Looking from Mount Jefferson to Mount Hood	L. J. Hicks	[83]
*Shadow of Mount Hood	G. M. Weister	[84]
Snout of Newton Clark glacier	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[84]
*Mount Hood and Hood River	Benj. A. Gifford	[85]
Lava Flume near Trout Lake	Ray M. Filloon	[86]
Y. M. C. A. party from North Yakima at Red Butte	Eugene Bradbury	[86]
Ice Cave in lava bed near Trout Lake	Ray M. Filloon	[87]
*Mount Adams, from northeast side of Mount St. Helens	G. M. Weister	[88]
Mount Adams, from Trout Creek at Guler	L. J. Hicks	[89]
Climbers on South Butte	Ray M. Filloon	[89]
Dawn on Mount Adams, telephotographed from Guler at 4 a.m.	L. J. Hicks	[90]
Foraging in the Snow	Crissie Cameron	[90]
*Steel's Cliff, southeast side of Mount Hood	G. M. Weister	[91]
Mazamas Climbing Mount Adams	Asahel Curtis	[93]
Mount Adams from lake, with hotel site above	Ed. Hess	[93]
Climbing from South Peak to Middle Peak	L. J. Hicks	[94]
Mount Adams, seen from Happy Valley	Asahel Curtis	[94]
Mount Adams, from Snow-plow Mountain	Ed. Hess	[95]
*Wind-whittled Ice near summit of Mount Adams	S. C. Smith	[95]
Mazama glacier and Hellroaring Canyon (2)	William R. King	[96]
Nearing the Summit of Mount Adams, south side	Shoji Endow	[97]
Ice Cascade, above Klickitat glacier	Ray M. Filloon	[97]
An Upland Park	H. O. Stabler	[97]
Mount Adams and Klickitat glacier	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[98]
Storm on Klickitat glacier, seen from the Ridge of Wonders	Prof. W. D. Lyman	[99]
Snow Cornice and Crevasse, head of Klickitat glacier (2)	H. V. Abel and Ray M. Filloon	[100]
Mount Adams, from the Northeast	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[101]
*Mount Adams, from Sunnyside, Washington	Asahel Curtis	[102]
Crevasse in Lava glacier	Eugene Bradbury	[102]
North Peak, with the Mountaineers starting for the summit	W. M. Gorham	[103]
Snow-bridge over Killing Creek	W. H. Gorham	[103]
Route up the Cleaver, north side of Mount Adams	Eugene Bradbury	[104]
Looking across Adams glacier	Carlyle Ellis	[104]
"The Mountain that was 'God'" seen from Mount Adams	Asahel Curtis	[105]
Northwest slope of Mount Adams	Prof. Harry Fielding Reid	[106]
Mount Adams from the southwest	Prof. W. D. Lyman	[107]
Scenes in the Lewis River Canyon (3)	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[108]
*Mount Adams from Trout Lake	Kiser Photo Co.	[110]
Scenes on Lava Bed, south of Mount St. Helens (3)	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[111]
Lava Flume, south of Mount St. Helens	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[112]
Entrance to Lava Flume	Rodney L. Glisan	[112]
Mount St. Helens, seen from Portland	L. C. Henrichsen	[113]
*Mount St. Helens, from Chelatchie Prairie	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[114]
Mount St. Helens, seen from Twin Buttes	Ray M. Filloon	[115]
Canyons of South Toutle River	U. S. Forest Service	[116]
Lower Toutle Canyon	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[116]
Northeast side of Mount St. Helens	Dr. U. M. Lauman	[117]
Mazamas on summit of Mt. St. Helens shortly before sunset	Marion Randall Parsons	[117]
Mount St. Helens in Winter	Dr. U. M. Lauman	[118]
Mount St. Helens, north side, from near the snow line	Dr. U. M. Lauman	[119]
Glacier Scenes, east of the "Lizard." (2)	Dr. U. M. Lauman	[120]
*Finest of the St. Helens glaciers	G. M. Weister	[121]
*Road among the Douglas Firs	Asahel Curtis	[122]
Ships loading lumber at one of Portland's mills	The Timberman	[123]
Outposts of the Forest	Shoji Endow	[123]
Alpine Hemlocks at the timber line	Ray M. Filloon	[124]
Mazamas at the foot of Mount St. Helens	E. S. Curtis	[124]
A Lowland Ravine	E. S. Curtis	[125]
*The Noble Fir	Kiser Photo Co.	[125]
Dense Hemlock Forest	G. M. Weister	[126]
Mount Hood, from Ghost-tree Ridge	George R. Miller	[126]
*A Group of Red Cedars	Asahel Curtis	[128]
Road to Government Camp	A. M. Grilley	[129]
Firs and Hemlocks, in Clarke County, Washington	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[130]
*Where Man is a Pigmy	G. M. Weister	[130]
Hemlock growing on Cedar log	Asahel Curtis	[131]
Tideland Spruce	Frank Woodfield	[131]
Sugar Pine, Douglas Fir and Yellow Pine	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[132]
Yellow Cedar, with young Silver Fir	H. D. Norton	[133]
*One of the Kings of Treeland	Benj. A. Gifford	[133]
*Firs and Vine Maples	Jas. Waggener, Jr.	[134]
Log Raft	Benj. A. Gifford	[134]
A "Burn" on Mount Hood, overgrown with Squaw Grass	Asahel Curtis	[135]
*A Noble Fir	Benj. A. Gifford	[136]
Western White Pine	Unknown	[136]
A Clatsop Forest	H. D. Langille	[137]
Carpet of Firs	J. E. Ford	[137]
Winter in the Forest, near Mount Hood	E. D. Jorgensen	[138]
Rangers' Pony Trail	A. P. Cronk	[138]
Forest Fire on East Fork of Hood River	William M. Ladd	[139]
Reforestation; three generations of young growth	H. D. Langille	[139]
Klickitat River Canyon	William R. King	[144]
MAPS.
The Scenic Northwest	[13]
Mount Hood	[58]
Mount Adams	[87]
Mount St. Helens	[107]