England and the Orléans Monarchy

by John Hall

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
[LOUIS PHILIPPE]
	PAGES
The Revolution of July, 1880—Louis Philippe—Louis Philippe and the
military democratic party—First communications with the
Sovereigns	1-13
CHAPTER II
[THE POWERS AND THE CITIZEN KING]
Effect of the Revolution of July in England—Character and system
of Metternich—The chiffon de Carlsbad—Metternich’s policy
towards the Germanic Confederation and Prussia—Hostility of Tsar
Nicholas to the new régime in France—Revolution at Brussels—Talleyrand
in London—France proclaims the principle of non-intervention—The
Duchesse de Dino and the Comte de Montrond—Great
Britain proposes that the Belgian question be submitted
to a conference—Molé and Talleyrand—Change of government in
France and England	14-39
CHAPTER III
[THE CREATION OF BELGIUM]
The Whigs in office—Talleyrand insists upon the necessity of
establishing a good understanding with England—Palmerston’s
distrust of the French Liberals—State of Europe—Revolution at
Warsaw—“The Frenchmen of the North”—Belgium declared
independent and neutral—Candidates for the Belgian throne—Bresson
and Ponsonby at Brussels—British government will treat
as a case for war the enthronement of a French prince—Flahaut
in London—Lawoëstine at Brussels—The Duc de Nemours elected
King of the Belgians—Critical situation—Louis Philippe declines
the throne for his son—Proceedings of Bresson—Anger of
Talleyrand—Casimir Périer forms a government—War in Poland
and insurrection in the Papal States—The Austrians at Bologna—Leopold
of Saxe-Coburg—Dissatisfaction of the Belgians—Reluctance
of French government to see coercion applied to the
Belgians—The protocol of 18 articles accepted by Belgium,
refused by Holland—Leopold enthroned—Roussin at Lisbon—The
Dutch invade Belgium—French army enters Belgium—Palmerston’s
suspicions of Talleyrand—Stockmar’s suspicions of
Palmerston—Excitement in London—Talleyrand’s warning—Why
the French army remained in Belgium—King Leopold’s
dilemma—The French evacuate Belgium—Londonderry attacks
Talleyrand in the House of Lords—“l’ordre règne à Varsovie”—Palmerston’s
despatch on the Polish question—The treaty of the
24 articles—The Fortress Convention—Talleyrand’s advice—French
threaten King Leopold—Palmerston stands firm—Casimir
Périer gives way—Austrians re-occupy Bologna—The
French at Ancona—Palmerston exerts himself to avert a
rupture—Solution of the difficulty—Orloff’s mission to the Hague—Lamb
furnishes Palmerston with a copy of Orloff’s secret instructions—Austria
and Prussia ratify—Orloff in London—Russia
ratifies with certain reservations	40-117
CHAPTER IV
[THE COERCION OF HOLLAND]
The Reform Bill and the House of Lords—Death of Casimir Périer—A
Republican insurrection in Paris and a Royalist rebellion in
La Vendée—Death of the Duc de Reichstadt—The Belgian treaty—Durham
at St. Petersburg—Palmerston’s proposals to the Court of
the Hague—Stockmar’s advice to Leopold—France and England
resolved to coerce the King of the Netherlands—The absolute
Courts—London Conference breaks up—Scene between Louis
Philippe and M. Dupin—The Doctrinaires—Broglie’s conditions—The
position in England—The Tories—King William IV.—Granville’s
warning—Attitude of the Northern Courts—The Convention
of October 22nd, 1832—Claim put forward by French
minister at Brussels—Siege of Antwerp—Sympathies of the
Tories with the Dutch—Proposal made to Prussia by France and
England—Capitulation of Antwerp—Convention of May 21, 1833—Palmerston’s
skilful conduct of the negotiations—Talleyrand	118-144
CHAPTER V
[MEHEMET ALI]
The Sultan Mahmud II.—The Greek insurrection—Sultan invokes the
aid of Mehemet Ali—Intervention of the Christian Powers—Navarino—Russo-Turkish
War—Mehemet Ali—Ibrahim Pasha lays
siege to Acre—Mahmud resolves to crush his rebellious vassal—Defeat
of Hussein Pasha—Stratford Canning at Constantinople—Mahmud
appeals to England for help—Battle of Konieh—Muravieff
at Constantinople—Russia offers help—The policy of
Russia towards Turkey—Ibrahim advancing—Sultan accepts the
aid of Russia—Mehemet Ali rejects the Sultan’s terms—Russian
fleet in the Bosphorus—Roussin at Constantinople—Ultimatum
of the Pasha—The Convention of Kiutayeh—Anger of Nicholas—Why
Mahmud surrendered Adana—Ponsonby and Orloff at Constantinople—Treaty
of Unkiar-Skelessi—Great Britain and
France protest—Meeting of the two Emperors at Münchengrätz—Treaty
of October 15, 1833—Secret treaty of September 18, 1833—Palmerston
and Broglie vainly endeavour to arouse the fears of
Metternich	145-170
CHAPTER VI
[TWO QUEENS AND TWO PRETENDERS]
Dom Miguel usurps the throne of Portugal—Dom Pedro prepares to
reconquer his daughter’s kingdom—Ferdinand VII. marries
Maria Christina—The Salic Law of Spain repealed—Birth of
Isabella—Stratford Canning at Madrid—Napier destroys the
Miguelite fleet—Great Britain recognizes Maria II. as Queen of
Portugal—Death of Ferdinand VII.—France and England acknowledge
the sovereignty of Isabella—Don Carlos and Dom Miguel—Negotiations
in London—Quadruple Treaty—Capitulation of the
two Pretenders—Don Carlos returns to Spain—Scope of Quadruple
Treaty enlarged—Palmerston’s policy in the Spanish question—Views
and secret leanings of Louis Philippe—Zumalacárregui—The
Whigs dismissed—Wellington at the Foreign Office—Eliot
sent to Spain—Louis Philippe refuses to take part in the negotiation—Palmerston
again at the Foreign Office—The Queen Regent
appeals to France for help—The Spanish legion—The Decree of
Durango—Louis Philippe refuses to protest—French intrigues at
Lisbon—The Moderados and the Progressistas—Advice given to
Christina by Mr. Villiers—No vigilance maintained on the French
frontier—Mendizabal and the British minister—The secret
divulged—Threatening language of the Duc de Broglie—British
government declines Mendizabal’s proposal—Palmerston’s
counter-proposal—Plans of M. Thiers—Talleyrand and England—Death
of Zumalacárregui—Palmerston proposes that the French
should enter Spain—Mendizabal dismissed—Military revolution
in Spain—Scene at the Palace of La Granja—Resignation of
Thiers—The “No mention” incident—Why Don Carlos retreated
from before Madrid—Dissensions among the Carlists fomented by
Villiers—Palmerston’s suspicions of Louis Philippe—Muñagorri—Reasons
which compelled Maroto to bring the war to an end—Soult—The
Convention of Bergara—Don Carlos driven across the
frontier—Cabrera and España—The Municipal Bill—Espartero—Christina
and Espartero—Abdication of Christina	171-218
CHAPTER VII
[SULTAN AND PASHA]
Efforts to prevent a renewal of the struggle between the Sultan and
the Pasha—Strained relations between Great Britain and Russia—Wellington
and the Dardanelles—Ponsonby at Constantinople—Durham
at St. Petersburg—M. Thiers—M. de Lesseps—Secret
negotiations—General Chrzanowski—The Pasha’s monopolies—Ponsonby
negotiates a commercial treaty—Indian government
occupies Aden—Importance of the victories of Mehemet Ali over
the Wahabites—The Pasha announces his intention of declaring
his independence—Russia and the Court of Teheran—The Shah
lays siege to Herat—Palmerston protests—Disavowal of
Simonitch and Witkewitch—The general situation in the East—Mahmud
resolves on war—Policy of Lord Palmerston—French
government obtains a credit of 10 millions of francs—Harmony
of French and British relations—Self-restraint of Mehemet Ali—Ibrahim
defeats the Turks at Nezib—Death of Mahmud and
suspension of hostilities—The Turkish fleet treacherously
surrendered to Mehemet Ali—Strange conduct of the French
admiral—France seeks to isolate Russia—The Collective Note of
July 27, 1839—Satisfaction of Palmerston and uneasiness of the
French government—Conversation between Bulwer and Louis
Philippe—Palmerston does not share in the general illusion
respecting the military strength of the Pasha—Brunnow’s mission
to London—The Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi—France scouts the
Russian proposal—The French party in the English Cabinet—Return
of Brunnow—Palmerston’s letter to Sébastiani—Guizot
in London—Thiers, President of the Council and Minister for
Foreign Affairs—Guizot’s despatches—Thiers mediates in the
sulphur dispute—Remains of the Emperor to be removed to
France—Proceedings of “Bear” Ellice—Metternich alarmed—Palmerston
accepts the Austrian proposal—Attitude of M. Thiers—M.
Coste and the French agents at Constantinople and Cairo—Princess
Lieven in London—Palmerston tenders his resignation—Insurrection
in Syria—The Quadrilateral Treaty of July 15,
1840—Palmerston informs Guizot of the treaty	219-278
CHAPTER VIII
[THE ISOLATION OF FRANCE]
Language of M. Thiers and Louis Philippe on learning of the
conclusion of the treaty—Warlike declamations of the French
press—Attitude of different parties in England—Thiers’ instructions
to Guizot—The conference at the Château d’Eu—Louis
Philippe seeks to alarm Queen Victoria—Louis Napoleon at
Boulogne—Guizot at Windsor Castle—Leopold’s proposals—Ibrahim
suppresses the insurrection in Syria—Palmerston’s
despatch of August 31—The Sultan’s ultimatum—Movements
of the British fleet—Threatening language of M. de Pontois—The
French armaments—Warlike language of Louis Philippe
and M. Thiers—Mehemet Ali invokes the protection of France—Interview
at Auteuil between Thiers and Bulwer—Intrigues
against Palmerston in London—A Cabinet crisis impending—Why
Lord John Russell “disappointed” Greville—Meeting of the
Cabinet of October 1—Bombardment of Beyrout—Warlike excitement
in Paris—Henry Reeve—Lord John Russell calls a Cabinet
for October 10—Two despatches from Thiers—A Cabinet crisis
averted—French government reported to have designs upon
the Balearic Islands—Melbourne writes to King Leopold—Louis
Philippe and M. Thiers—Resignation of M. Thiers—Thiers’
proceedings reviewed—M. Guizot’s plans—Palmerston’s communications
with Guizot—Successful progress of the operations
in Syria—Proposals to Mehemet Ali—Napier’s convention and his
disavowal—Mehemet Ali submits—The firman of February 13,
1841—M. Guizot manœuvres to bring back France into the Concert
of Europe—Nicholas’ proposal—Palmerston’s reply—Policy of
M. Guizot—Bourqueney and Palmerston—The Convention of the
Straits drafted and initialed—Mehemet Ali refuses to accept the
firman of heredity—Ponsonby’s advice to the Porte—Procrastinations
of the Porte—Mehemet Ali accepts the amended firman—Convention
of the Straits signed—Unsatisfactory character of the
criticisms passed upon Palmerston	279-330
CHAPTER IX
[THE CORDIAL UNDERSTANDING]
Aberdeen and Palmerston contrasted—Why Guizot would not conclude
the right of search treaty with Palmerston—The Chamber refuses
to ratify the slave trade treaty of November 20, 1841—Conspiracies
in Paris against Espartero—The question of Isabella’s
marriage—Designs imputed to Louis Philippe by Bulwer—Insurrections
in Spain—The Spanish government demands the
expulsion of Christina from France—The Salvandy affair—Pageot’s
mission—Count Toreno and Lord Cowley—Louis
Philippe connives at the Spanish plots—Insurrection at Barcelona—Conduct
of M. de Lesseps—Military revolution in Spain—Fall
of Espartero—Aberdeen alarmed—Queen Victoria at the
Château d’Eu—“The cordial understanding”—The Duc de
Bordeaux in Belgrave Square—Admiral Dupetit-Thouars in the
Pacific—France proclaims a protectorate over Tahiti—Mr. Pritchard—Queen
Pomare deposed and Tahiti annexed—Dupetit-Thouars
disavowed—The Prince de Joinville’s pamphlet—The Tsar
Nicholas in London—France quarrels with Morocco—Imprisonment
and expulsion of Mr. Pritchard—Excitement in London—Guizot
and Aberdeen—Bombardment of Tangier—Violence of the
press in both countries—The Comte de Jarnac—The Pritchard
affair settled—France concludes peace with the Emperor of
Morocco—Louis Philippe at Windsor Castle—Condition of Spain—The
descendants of Philip V.—Bulwer and Bresson at Madrid—Montpensier
to marry the Infanta—Queen Victoria’s second visit
to Eu—The compact with Louis Philippe—State of affairs at
Madrid—The Memorandum of February 27, 1846—Christina and
Narvaez—The Queen-Mother entrusts to Bulwer her proposal to
the Duke of Saxe-Coburg—Aberdeen reprimands Bulwer and
informs M. Guizot of the negotiation—The Whigs once more in
office	331-380
CHAPTER X
[THE SPANISH MARRIAGES]
Lord Palmerston in Paris—Louis Philippe and M. Guizot disconcerted
by Christina’s proposal to the Coburgs—Palmerston’s despatch of
July 19, 1846—Bresson’s letter to Guizot of July 12—Anger of
Louis Philippe—Bulwer implores Palmerston to promote the
Coburg marriage—Palmerston puts forward Don Enrique—Effect
at Madrid of the despatch of July 19—The double marriage
announced—Correspondence between the French Queen and
Queen Victoria—Guizot’s letter to Lord John Russell—Louis
Philippe’s letter to his daughter—Queen Victoria’s reply—Palmerston’s
protest founded upon the renunciations at Utrecht—Attitude
of the Northern Courts—Palmerston’s despatches of
October 31, 1846, and January 8, 1847—Debates in the French
Chamber and the British Parliament—Christina’s conduct
reviewed—Louis Philippe’s Bourbon policy—Why Louis Philippe
broke the compact of Eu—Palmerston’s Spanish policy from 1834
to 1846—Weakness of Aberdeen	381-405
CHAPTER XI
[PALMERSTON AND THE REVOLUTION OF ’48]
Annexation of Cracow—Political unrest in Europe—Charles Albert
and Pius IX.—Enthusiasm in Italy—Attitude of French government—Revival
of French and British rivalry—Guizot sends a
secret agent to Vienna—Metternich realizes the danger in Italy—The
Roman plot and occupation of Ferrara—Palmerston’s
despatch of September 11, 1847—Minto’s mission—Prince
Consort’s Memorandum—The situation in Switzerland—Sympathies
of the absolute Courts with the Sonderbund—Palmerston’s
attitude—Probable reason of Morier’s recall—Palmerston’s
despatch of October 29, 1847—The French proposal—Palmerston’s
counter-proposal—Palmerston master of the situation—Battle
of Lucerne and dissolution of the Sonderbund—Crafty designs
imputed to Palmerston—Policy of the Swiss Radicals—Stratford
Canning at Berne—The absolute Courts and France present the
identic note—Haughty reply of the Swiss Diet—Alarm of the
absolute Courts—Coloredo and Radowitz in Paris—Revolution in
Paris, Berlin and Vienna—Charles Albert in Lombardy—Une
revolution de mépris—Why the rupture of “the cordial understanding”
displeased the French middle-classes—Effect of M.
Guizot’s rapprochement with Austria—Palmerston and Thiers—Palmerston’s
policy substantially the same as Aberdeen’s—Why
“the cordial understanding” failed to justify expectations	406-444
[ Index]	445-452

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ENGLAND AND THE ORLEANS
MONARCHY

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[CHAPTER I]

LOUIS PHILIPPE

The spontaneous rising of the French people to expel their King, Charles X., who had ventured to infringe the Constitution, aroused the enthusiasm of Liberals all over Europe. But the real character of the movement which brought about the downfall of the elder branch of the Bourbons was, at the time, very imperfectly understood. It was not a determination to preserve at all costs the parliamentary system which animated the combatants in the “glorious days of July.” “Long live the Charter” was the watchword of the peaceful bourgeois. “Down with the Bourbons” was the war cry of the men of the barricades.