In conclusion, we have only to add, that these pages have not been written in a controversial spirit; because in our opinion little or nothing is ever to be gained by writing history in a spirit of controversy, which tends rather to obscure than to make known the truth. It is better from every point of view to let the facts speak for themselves; and hence not only in quoting authorities, but also in narrating events, we have, as far as possible, reproduced the language of the original authorities.

A few of the papers here published have appeared in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, but they are now presented in a more popular form.

✠ JOHN HEALY, D.D.

Palmerston House, Portumna,
May, 1890.

“May the tongue of Sage and Saint be lasting.”

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

[CHAPTER I.]PAGE
STATE OF LEARNING IN IRELAND BEFORE ST. PATRICK.
I.—The Druids[1]
Learning of the Druids[1]
Religious Worship[2]
Sacrifice of Human Victims[3]
Worship of the Elements[3]
Enchantments[4]
Acquaintance with Letters[4]
Sun-Worship[5]
II.—The Bards[7]
The Files[7]
The Ollamh-Poet[7]
Historic Poet[8]
Neidhe[9]
Ollioll Olum[10]
Ossian[10]
III.—The Brehons[11]
Office of Brehon thrown open to all possessing necessary qualifications[11]
Morann[12]
Their Course of Instruction[12]
IV.—The Ogham Alphabet[13]
Inscribed Stones[13]
Invention of the Ogham[14]
Letters of the Ogham Alphabet[15]
[CHAPTER II.]
IRISH SCHOLARS BEFORE ST. PATRICK.
I.—Cormac Mac Art[16]
Battle of Magh Mucruimhe[17]
Fenian Militia[18]
Finn Mac Cumhail[19]
Feis of Tara[19]
The Teach Miodhchuarta[21]
Writings ascribed to Cormac[23]
Saltair of Tara[23]
Schools at Tara[23]
Book of Aicill[25]
Death of Cormac[26]
Torna Eigas[28]
II.—Sedulius[29]
Evidence of Irish Birth[29]
Religious Training[32]
Writings of Sedulius[35]
Carmen Paschale[36]
Elegiac Poems[37]
III.—Caelestius and Pelagius[39]
Caelestius not an Irishman[39]
Pelagius of British Birth, but of Scottish Origin[40]
No evidence to show that Caelestius was either a Briton or Scot—His Character[41]
[CHAPTER III.]
LEARNING IN IRELAND IN THE TIME OF ST. PATRICK.
I.—St. Patrick’s Education[43]
Life at Marmoutier[44]
St. Germanus of Auxerre[46]
Patrick accompanied Germanus on his journey to Britain, A.D. 429[48]
St. Patrick in the Island of Lerins[49]
St. Patrick commissioned by St. Celestine to Preach the Gospel in Ireland[50]
II.—St. Patrick’s Literary Labour in Ireland[50]
Arrival in Ireland[50]
He lights the Paschal Fire[51]
Miraculous Destruction of the two Chief Druids of Erin[51]
Patrick burns the idolatrous books at Tara and overturns the idols in Leitrim[52]
III.—St. Patrick Reforms the Brehon Laws[52]
The Senchus Mor[52]
Commission of Nine[53]
Benignus[54]
Church Organization[55]
Friendly Alliance with the Bards[57]
Church Music[58]
St. Patrick accompanied by Bishops and Priests in his Mission to Ireland[59]
Synod of Patrick, Auxilius and Iserninus[60]
Holy See Supreme Judge of Controversies[60]
Duties of Ecclesiastical Judges and Kings[61]
Oral Instruction communicated by St. Patrick to his Disciples during Missionary Journeys[62]
Books used by St. Patrick[63]
Elements, or “Alphabets” of Christian Doctrine[63]
Equipment of the young Priest beginning his Missionary Work[64]
Patrick’s Household[65]
Patrick’s Artificers[66]
[CHAPTER IV.]
THE WRITINGS OF SAINT PATRICK AND OF HIS DISCIPLES.
I.—St. Patrick’s Confession[67]
Evidence in favour of its authenticity[68]
The Saint’s motive in writing it[69]
Patrick’s parents in Britain[71]
Patrick met opposition in preaching the Gospel in Ireland[72]
II.—The Epistle to Coroticus[73]
III.—The Lorica, or the Deer’s Cry[75]
IV.—Sechnall’s Hymn of St. Patrick[77]
Secundinus[77]
Sechnall, son of Patrick’s sister, Darerca[79]
Sechnall’s father[79]
V.—The Hymn Sancti Venite[80]
St. Sechnall the first Christian Poet in Erin[81]
VI.—St. Fiacc of Sletty[81]
Fiacc receives grade or orders[83]
He founds two Churches[83]
Fiacc’s Metrical Life of St. Patrick[85]
VII.—The Sayings of Saint Patrick[87]
VIII.—The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick[88]
Its date and authorship[89]
[CHAPTER V.]
IRISH MONASTIC SCHOOLS IN GENERAL.
I.—General View of an Irish Monastery[91]
Monasticism always existed and always will exist in the Church[92]
St. Martin of Tours, the Father of Monasticism in Gaul[93]
II.—The Buildings[94]
Cells of the Monks[95]
Monastic Hospitality[96]
III.—Discipline[97]
The Abbot[98]
The Monastic Family[99]
The Rule[99]
Food[101]
Ordinary Dress[102]
IV.—The Daily Labour of the Monastery[102]
Religious Exercises[103]
Study[103]
Writing[104]
Manual Labour[104]
Church Furniture[105]
V.—The Three Orders of Irish Saints[106]
[CHAPTER VI.]
SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.
I.—The Schools of Armagh[110]
Emania[111]
Daire[111]
Patrick founds Armagh[112]
Ecclesiastical Buildings at Armagh[113]
St. Benignus[114]
Death of Benignus[116]
The Book of Rights attributed to Benignus[116]
The School of Armagh, primarily a great Theological Seminary[117]
The Moralia of St. Gregory the Great[117]
Gildas the Wise[118]
His Destruction of Britain[119]
English Students at Armagh[119]
Churches and Schools of Armagh burned and plundered between A.D. 670 and 1179[120]
Imar O’Hagan[121]
The Book of Armagh[122]
The Mac Moyres[124]
II.—The School of Kildare[125]
St. Brigid[125]
St. Mathona[126]
St. Ita[127]
St. Brigid born at Faughart[128]
Events of her marvellous history[129]
Brigid’s religious vows[130]
Brigid founds Kildare[130]
Brigid the “Mary of Ireland”[131]
Monastery of Men at Kildare[132]
St. Conlaeth[132]
St. Ninnidhius[132]
Great Church of Kildare[133]
Six Lives of St. Brigid[133]
St. Brogan Cloen[134]
Cogitosus[135]
Round Tower of Kildare[138]
Perpetual fire of Kildare[138]
Art of Illumination in the Monastic Schools of Kildare[139]
The Book of Leinster[140]
[CHAPTER VII.]
MINOR MONASTIC SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.
I.—The School of Noendrum[141]
St. Mochae[141]
St. Colman of Dromore[143]
Mochae of Noendrum enchanted for 150 years by the song of a Blackbird[144]
II.—The School of Louth[145]
St. Mochta[145]
School founded[147]
The Druid Hoam[147]
Book of Cuana[149]
III.—The School of Emly[149]
St. Ailbe[149]
Pre-Patrician Bishops in Ireland[150]
Life of St. Ailbe of Emly[151]
Ailbe preached the Gospel in Connaught[152]
Life of St. Declan[153]
Sts. Ciaran, Ailbe, Declan, and Ibar yield subjection and supremacy to Patrick[153]
Difficulties against the authenticity of the Lives of St. Ciaran, St. Declan, and St. Ailbe[155]
IV.—St. Ibar[155]
Beg-Eri[156]
School of Beg-Eri[157]
Beg-Eri no longer an Island[158]
V.—Early Schools in the West of Ireland[159]
College at Cluainfois[160]
School of St. Asicus of Elphin[161]
[CHAPTER VIII.]
SCHOOLS OF THE SIXTH CENTURY.
THE MONASTIC SCHOOL OF ST. ENDA OF ARAN.
I.—Life of St. Enda of Aran[163]
Monastic Character of the Early Irish Church[163]
Family of St. Enda[164]
His Sister, St. Fanchea[165]
He goes to Candida Casa[167]
Goes to Aran[169]
II.—The Isles of Aran[169]
Aran Mor[170]
III.—Pagan Remains in the Isles of Aran[172]
Dun Ængusa[173]
Dun Conchobhair[175]
These Islands in ancient times the stronghold of a Warrior Race[176]
IV.—Christian Aran of St. Enda[177]
The Curragh Stone[177]
Enda founded his First Monastery at Killeany[177]
Scholars of St. Enda[178]
Columba and Ciaran at Aran[179]
The Life of Enda and his Monks, simple and austere[180]
V.—Ancient Churches in Aran[181]
Churches in Townland of Killeany[181]
Telagh-Enda[182]
The “Seven Churches”[182]
The Tomb of St. Brecan[183]
The Septem Romani[184]
Ruins at Kilmurvey[185]
Tempull na-Cheathair-Aluinn[186]
[CHAPTER IX.]
THE SCHOOL OF ST. FINNIAN OF CLONARD.
I.—Preliminary Sketch of Christian Schools[188]
The First Christian Schools[188]
Schools of the Pagans[189]
Episcopal Schools[190]
School founded by John Cassian near Marseilles[190]
Monastery of Lerins[192]
II.—St. Finnian of Clonard[193]
Finnian’s birth[194]
Goes to Britain[195]
Dubricius[196]
St. David[196]
Cathmael[197]
Finnian returns to Erin[198]
III.—The School of Clonard[199]
Scholars of Clonard[201]
Instruction altogether oral[202]
Knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures[203]
“Tutor of the Saints of Ireland”[203]
Remains at Clonard[205]
St. Aileran the Wise[206]
[CHAPTER X.]
THE SCHOOL OF CLONFERT.
I.—St. Brendan of Clonfert[209]
Fostered by St. Ita[211]
Brendan’s progress in learning under St. Erc[211]
Seminary at Cluainfois[212]
Brendan’s Rule[213]
St. Brendan’s Oratory on the summit of Brandon Hill[214]
Brendan’s Voyages[215]
He goes to Britain[217]
The Cursing of Tara[218]
He founds the Monastery of Inchiquin[219]
Founds Clonfert[220]
Death of Brendan[221]
II.—St. Moinenn[222]
St. Fintan[224]
The Abbot Seanach Garbh[225]
St. Fursey[226]
Birth of Fursey[227]
III.—St. Cummian the Tall, Bishop of Clonfert[228]
Birth of Cummian[229]
Pupil of St. Finbar[230]
Cummian and King Domhnall[232]
Paschal Controversy[233]
The Irish Usage[234]
Main charge brought against the Irish[235]
A National Synod at Magh Lene[236]
Cummian’s Paschal Epistle[237]
He appeals to the authority of the Church[238]
Quotes the Synodical Decrees of St. Patrick[239]
The Liber de Mensura Poenitentiarum[240]
IV.—Subsequent History of Clonfert[242]
Turgesius and the Danes[242]
Old Cathedral of Clonfert[243]
[CHAPTER XI.]
THE SCHOOL OF MOVILLE.
I.—St. Finnian of Moville[245]
His Boyhood and Education[246]
Candida Casa[246]
Finnian at Candida Casa[247]
He goes to Rome[248]
Returns to Ireland and founds a School at Moville[249]
Columcille’s Copy of St. Finnian’s Psaltery[251]
The Cathach[252]
St. Finnian’s Rule[253]
His Death[254]
The Hymn of St. Colman[255]
II.—Marianus Scotus[256]
[CHAPTER XII.]
THE SCHOOL OF CLONMACNOISE.
I.—St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise[258]
Clonmacnoise[258]
St. Ciaran at the School of Clonard[259]
He goes to Aran[260]
Visits St. Senan at Scattery[261]
Founds Churches at Isell Ciaran and Hare Island, and the Monastery at Clonmacnoise[261]
Origin of the Diocese of Clonmacnoise[262]
Death of St. Ciaran[263]
Festival of St. Ciaran[264]
The Eclais Beg[265]
II.—The Ruined Churches at Clonmacnoise[266]
Round Tower[267]
O’Rourke’s Tower[268]
De Lacy’s Castle[269]
Inscribed Tombstones[269]
III.—The Scholars of Clonmacnoise[270]
Grants to the School of Clonmacnoise[271]
Colgan, or Colgu the Wise[272]
Alcuin[272]
The Ferleginds[273]
The Prayer of St. Colgu[273]
Scuap Chrabhaigh[274]
Plundered by the Danes[274]
Felim Mac Criffan[275]
IV.—Annalists of Clonmacnoise[276]
Tighernach[276]
Chronicon Scotorum[278]
Gilla-Christ O’Maeileon[279]
Annals of Clonmacnoise[279]
V.—The “Leabhar-na-h-Uidhre”[280]
Conn-na-m-Bocht[280]
VI.—Dicuil, the Geographer[281]
The De Mensura Orbis Terrarum[281]
His Learning[284]
Irish Pilgrimage to Jerusalem[285]
The “Barns of Joseph”[286]
Dicuil’s reference to Iceland[287]
Love of the Ancient Irish Monks for island solitudes[288]
Iceland and the Faroe Isles occupied by Irish Monks prior to discovery of these islands by the Danes[289]
Dicuil’s testimony that Sedulius was an Irishman[290]
[CHAPTER XIII.]
THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND.
I.—St. Columba’s Education[291]
St. Columba, a typical Celt[291]
Early History[292]
Goes to the School of St. Finnian at Moville[294]
Columba at the School of Clonard[295]
Columba at Glasnevin[296]
He returns to his native territory[297]
II.—Columba founds Derry[298]
Columcille’s original Church[298]
Personal description of Columba[299]
III.—The Schools of Durrow and Kells[301]
Columba founded the Monastery of Durrow[301]
Interesting incidents[302]
Cormac Ua Liathain[303]
The Book of Durrow[304]
Ancient remains at Durrow[305]
Assassination of De Lacy[306]
IV.—The Foundation of Kells[306]
King Diarmait[306]
St. Columba’s House[308]
Round Tower of Kells[309]
Book of Kells[309]
This MS. caused the Battle of Cuil-Dreimhne[310]
Columba’s departure from Derry[312]
Port-a-Churraich[314]
[CHAPTER XIV.]
THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOL IN ALBA.
I.—Iona[315]
Columba settles in Iona[316]
Reilig Odhran[317]
Columba’s Monasteries[318]
Scribes in Iona[319]
Rule in Iona[319]
II.—Columba Protects the Bards[320]
Threatened destruction of the Bards[320]
Convention of Drumceat[321]
Columba’s defence of the Bards[322]
The Bardic Schools[323]
III.—Death of Columba[324]
IV.—Writings of Columba[326]
The Altus Prosator[327]
In te Christe[328]
Noli Pater[328]
Irish Poems attributed to Columcille[329]
Columba’s Prophecies[329]
V.—Lives of Columcille[330]
VI.—Other Scholars of Iona[331]
Baithen[331]
Death of Baithen[333]
Laisren[333]
Seghine[333]
Suibhne[334]
Cuimine the Fair[334]
VII.—Adamnan, Ninth Abbot of Hy[335]
Greek Tongue taught in the School of Hy 1170 years ago[336]
Adamnan’s Birth[336]
His Parentage[337]
King Finnachta[337]
Adamnan goes to Iona[338]
Vita Columbae[339]
Adamnan introduces the new Paschal observance into Ireland[341]
Dispute between Adamnan and Finnachta[342]
Canon of Adamnan[342]
Death of Adamnan—relics transferred to Ireland[343]
Adamnan’s writings[344]
De Locis Sanctis[344]
Expulsion of the Columbian Monks by the Pictish King Nectan[345]
The “Gentiles” make their first descent on the Hebrides[346]
Martyrdom of St. Blaithmac[347]
The Rule of Columba[347]
[CHAPTER XV.]
THE LATER COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND.
I.—Kells Head of the Columbian Houses[348]
Kells pillaged by the Danes[348]
The Cathach[348]
II.—Marianus Scotus[349]
Commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul[351]
III.—The Later School of Derry[352]
The Ua Brolchain[352]
St. Maelisa O’Brolchain[353]
Flaithbhertach O’Brolchain[354]
The Abbot of Derry resolves to renovate his monastery and collects funds for the purpose[355]
Synod of the Clergy of Ireland convened at Bri Mac Taidgh in Laeghaire[356]
See of Derry established[357]
IV.—Gelasius[358]
His name of Mac Liag[358]
Gelasius becomes Abbot of Derry,[359]
He reforms the morals of clergy and people[359]
Synod of Kells[360]
Synod of Mellifont[361]
Synod of Brigh Mac-Taidgh[361]
Synod of Clane[362]
Gelasius consecrates St. Laurence O’Toole[362]
Death of Gelasius[363]
[CHAPTER XVI.]
THE SCHOOL OF BANGOR.
I.—St. Comgall of Bangor[364]
Birth and parentage[365]
Comgall enters the Monastery of Fintan[366]
He visits Clonmacnoise, and receives the priesthood[367]
Description of Bangor[367]
St. Columba visits Comgall at Bangor[368]
The fame of Comgall attracts crowds to Bangor[369]
Death of Comgall[370]
II.—St. Columbanus[370]
His early life[371]
Goes to Cluaninis and places himself under the care of Sinell[372]
He enters Bangor[372]
Preaches the Gospel in Gaul[373]
He buries himself in the depths of the forest[373]
Increase of Disciples[374]
Founds a monastery at Luxeuil[375]
Columbanus and his Irish Monks banished from Luxeuil[376]
They establish themselves at Bregentz[376]
He founds the Monastic Church of Bobbio[378]
Death of Columbanus[378]
His writings[379]
The Bobbio Missal[380]
The Antiphonarium Benchorense[381]
III.—Dungal[381]
Theologian, astronomer and poet[381]
Dungal was an Irishman[382]
Probably educated in the School of Bangor[382]
Dungal goes to France[382]
His Letter to Charlemagne on the two solar eclipses said to have taken place in A.D. 810[383]
He opens a school at Pavia[385]
The last struggle of Western Iconoclasm[385]
The Libri Carolini[386]
Synod of Frankfort[386]
The Council of Nice[387]
The Paris Conference[388]
Claudius of Turin[389]
Dungali Responsa contra perversas Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias[390]
Character of Dungal’s writings[391]
His death[392]
IV.—St. Malachy[393]
Sketch of his life[393]
He rebuilds the monastery at Bangor[394]
Becomes Bishop of Connor[394]
Founds the Monasterium Ibracense[395]
Malachy transferred to the Primatial See[395]
Difficulties in Armagh[395]
Malachy honoured at Rome by Pope Innocent III.[396]
Death at Clairvaux[397]
[CHAPTER XVII.]
THE SCHOOL OF CLONENAGH.
I.—St. Fintan[398]
Churches founded round the base of the Slieve Bloom mountains[398]
Clonenagh[398]
Fintan’s Rule[401]
St. Comgall a pupil of the School of Clonenagh[402]
Miracles of St. Fintan[403]
Fintan, “Father of the Irish Monks”[404]
II.—St. Ængus[404]
A Ceile De[405]
He leads a solitary life[405]
Dysert-Enos[406]
Penitential Exercises[407]
Ængus arrives at Tallagh[407]
Martyrology of Tallagh[408]
The Felire[409]
Fothadh-na-Canoine[410]
Invocation of the Saints[411]
The Saltair-na-Rann[412]
Opinions of Dr. Stokes with regard to the writings of Ængus[412]
Death of Ængus[413]
[CHAPTER XVIII.]
THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH.
I.—St. Kevin[414]
Sketch of his Life[414]
Kevin is placed under the care of St. Petroc[415]
He goes to Glendalough[416]
Description of Glendalough[417]
St. Kevin’s Bed[418]
Tempull-na-Skellig[419]
Glendalough, a Seminary of Saints and Scholars[420]
Kevin meets Columba, Comgall and Canice at the hill of Uisnech[421]
Death of Kevin[421]
Writings attributed to Kevin[422]
II.—Ruins at Glendalough[422]
The Cathedral[423]
St. Kevin’s Kitchen[423]
Our Lady’s Church[424]
Trinity Church[424]
Kevin’s Yew Tree[425]
III.—St. Moling[425]
St. Moling[426]
Teach Moling[426]
Moling becomes Bishop of Ferns[427]
Remission of the Cow-Tax[428]
Writings attributed to St. Moling[429]
Glendalough ravaged by the Danes[429]
“Gilla-na-naomh Laighen”[430]
[CHAPTER XVIII.—(continued).]
THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH.
St. Laurence O’Toole[432]
His Parentage[433]
He goes to Glendalough[434]
Lorcan as a Student[435]
He is placed at the head of St. Kevin’s Great Establishment[436]
Consecrated Archbishop of Dublin[437]
Synod of the Irish Prelates at Clane[437]
He reforms the Clergy[437]
His Spirit of Mortification and Prayer[438]
Dermott McMurrough and Maurice Fitzgerald attack Dublin[440]
He stimulates the slothful king, Rory O’Connor, to action[441]
Laurence O’Toole attends a General Council in Rome, and secures many privileges for the Church in Ireland[443]
He travels to England in the interests of Rory O’Connor the discrowned king[444]
Detained a prisoner in the monastery of Abingdon[444]
His death[445]
Canonization[446]
[CHAPTER XIX.]
SCHOOLS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY.
I.—The School of Lismore, St. Carthach[447]
He visits the School of Bangor[448]
He founds a monastery at Rahan[449]
“Effugatio” of Carthach from Rahan[450]
He founds Lismore[453]
Retires from community life to prepare for death[454]
Miracles[454]
Rule of Carthach[455]
II.—St. Cathaldus of Tarentum[457]
The Life of St. Cathaldus[457]
His Birth-place[458]
A Student at Lismore[460]
He becomes a bishop[461]
See of Rachau[462]
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem[462]
Taranto[463]
Cathaldus endeavours to reform the licentious inhabitants of Taranto[463]
His death at Taranto[464]
Invention of the Saint’s Relics[464]
III.—Other Scholars of Lismore[465]
St. Cuanna[465]
St. Colman O’Leathain[467]
Aldfrid, King of Northumbria[468]
IV.—Subsequent History of Lismore[466]
Lismore ravaged by the Danes[469]
Scenery at Lismore[471]
Inscribed stones[472]
The Crozier of Lismore[472]
The Book of Lismore[473]
[CHAPTER XX.]
THE SCHOOLS OF DESMOND.
I.—The School of Cork[475]
St. Finbarr[476]
Gougane Barra[478]
Cork in A.D. 1600[480]
Death of St. Finbarr[482]
His character[483]
Assassination of Mahoun[484]
Giolla Aedha O’Muidhin[486]
II.—St. Colman Mac Ua Cluasaigh[487]
Pestilence in Ireland[487]
St. Colman’s Hymn[488]
III.—The School of Ross[490]
St. Fachtna[490]
Geographical Poem of Mac Cosse[494]
IV.—The School of Innisfallen[495]
St. Finan the Leper[496]
St. Finan Cam[497]
V.—The Annals of Innisfallen[500]
Maelsuthain O’Cearbhail[500]
Curious anecdote of Maelsuthain[502]
Annals of Innisfallen[503]
Description of Innisfallen[505]
[CHAPTER XXI.]
THE SCHOOLS OF THOMOND.
I.—The School of Mungret[506]
St. Nessan[507]
St. Munchin[508]
Mungret plundered by the Danes[510]
“The Learning of the Women of Mungret”[511]
II.—The School of Iniscaltra[513]
Island of Iniscaltra[513]
St. Columba of Terryglass[513]
Death of St. Columba[515]
St. Caimin[517]
Round Tower of Iniscaltra[519]
St. Caimin’s Church[519]
Sculptured stones[520]
Iniscaltra ravaged by the Danes[521]
III.—Other Monastic Schools of Thomond[522]
St. Brendan of Birr[522]
St. Cronan of Roscrea[523]
Book of Dimma[524]
[CHAPTER XXII.]
LATER SCHOOLS OF THE WEST.
I.—St. Colman’s School of Mayo[527]
The Easter Controversy[527]
Inisboffin[531]
Death of Colman[533]
II.—St. Gerald of Mayo[534]
Life of St. Gerald[534]
Adamnan promulgates the celebrated “Lex Innocentiae”[537]
Date of St. Gerald’s Death[537]
III.—Subsequent History of the School of Mayo[538]
Cele O’Duffy[539]
IV.—The School of Tuam[540]
St. Jarlath[541]
“Meadow of Retreat”[542]
St. Brendan visits St. Jarlath’s School at Cluainfois[543]
St. Jarlath founds Tuam[544]
[CHAPTER XXII.—(continued).]
CELTIC ART IN THE WESTERN MONASTERIES DURING THE REIGN OF TURLOUGH O’CONNOR.
I.—The O’Duffys[547]
II.—Celtic Art at Clonmacnoise[550]
The Ollamh-builder[551]
Gobban Saer[551]
Religh-na-Cailleach[552]
Crosses and Architectural Ornaments in Sculpture at Tuam and Cong[554]
Turlough rebuilds the Cathedral of Tuam[557]
The Abbey of Cong[558]
The Cross of Cong[560]
The Chalice of Ardagh[562]
The Shrine of St. Manchan[564]
[CHAPTER XXIII.]
IRISH SCHOLARS ABROAD
I.—St. Virgilius, Archbishop of Salzburg[566]
Country of St. Virgilius[566]
Accusations against Virgilius[569]
Doctrine of the Antipodes[570]
Virgilius, the Apostle of Carinthia[572]
Discovery of the Tomb of Virgilius[573]
II.—Sedulius, Commentator on Scripture[574]
Writings of Sedulius[574]
III.—John Scotus Erigena[576]
Born in Ireland[576]
Patronised by Charles the Bald[579]
His Liber de Prædestinatione[581]
Alleged Errors about the Real Presence[583]
His Translation of the Pseudo-Dionysius[584]
His Treatise De Divisione Naturae[586]
This Book condemned A.D. 1225[587]
His Death[588]
IV.—Foreign Scholars in Ireland[589]
College of Slane[590]
Dagobert, a Pupil of Slane[590]
Egbert in Ireland[591]
Studies in Connaught[592]
St. Chad in Connaught[593]
St. Willibrord in Ireland[594]
Agilbert, Bishop of Paris, in Ireland[595]
[CHAPTER XXIV.]
GAEDHLIC SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS OF ANCIENT ERIN.
I.—Organization of the Gaedhlic Professional Schools[597]
The Learned Professions in Erin[598]
Degrees in Poetry, in Law, in History[600]
II.—School of Tuaim Drecain[602]
Three Schools at Tuaim Drecain[602]
Cennfaeladh, Professor in all the Faculties[604]
III.—Cormac Mac Cullinan[605]
Disert-Diarmada[605]
Cormac, King of Cashel[607]
Not Bishop of Cashel[609]
Cashel then a Royal Dun[610]
Battle of Ballaghmoon[611]
IV.—Writings of Cormac Mac Cullinan[612]
Psalter of Caiseal[613]
Cormac’s Glossary[612]
[CHAPTER XXIV.—(continued).]
I.—Gaedhlic Scholars of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries[614]
Amergin Mac Awley[615]
Dallan Forgaill[616]
II.—Gaedhlic scholars of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries[617]
Maelmura of Fathan[617]
Flann Mac Lonan[618]
Eochaid O’Flinn[619]
III.—Gaedhlic Scholars of the Eleventh Century[620]
Mac Liag[620]
His writings[623]
Cuan O’Lochain[624]
The Monastery of Buite[625]
IV.—Discipline of the Lay Colleges[628]
Relations between pupils and Teachers laid down in the Senchus Mor[629]
Corporal punishment sometimes inflicted[630]