CONTENTS OF THE AQUEDUCTS.

PAGE
Preface [iii]
Introduction—Frontinus [1]
I. Aqua Appia.
Passages from Frontinus [3]
Sources in the Lucullan fields [4]
—— near the old Via Prænestina [5]
The course underground [6]
It entered Rome at the north-east end of the Sessorium [ib.]
—— passed along the Cœlian Hill [ib.]
Reservoir in the garden of the Villa Cœlimontana, now the Arch of Dolabella [7]
It crossed the valley to the Aventine on an ancient earthwork, near the Porta Capena [8]
to the Piscina Publica [9]
Under the Aventine the Specus is visible in a stone quarry nearly under S. Sabba [ib.]
Wells to descend into it [ib.]
The branch added by Augustus entered Rome in the garden of the Sessorium [11]
—— near the Gemelli [ib.]
Torquatian and Pallantian gardens [ib.]
II. Anio Vetus.
Passages from Frontinus [13]
Sources—a branch from the river Anio [ib.]
Specus in the cliff of the valley [14]
—— visible in the “Valley of the Arches” above Tivoli [ib.]
—— and in the promenade of Carciano below it [15]
—— Its course underground [16]
Piscinæ at the fourth, and at the second, mile from Rome, on the Via Latina [ib.]
Crossing of the Aqueducts at the Torre Fiscale [17]
Castellum Aquæ near the Porta Furba, two miles from Rome [18]
—— near the Via Appia Nova [ib.]
The Specus faced with Opus Reticulatum [19]
Specus, or spes (?) vetus, on the high banks [ib.]
Another branch on the bank near the Wall of Rome [20]
And another branch along the Cœlian, and passing near the Port Capena, to the Aventine [21]
Appendix, Spē or Spc̄, Spes (?) or Specus (?) [22]
—— Facsimile from MS. at Monte Cassino [26]
Passages relating to the word Specus [27-31]
III. Aqua Marcia.
Passages from Frontinus [32]
The Piscinæ [34]
Source of the Marcia [ib.]
Specus carried along the valley of the Anio [35]
Principal source in the Acqua Serena [ib.]
Old Specus under water, discovered in 1869 [36]
—— It crossed the river at S. Cosimato [ib.]
—— and again in the Valley of the Arches, above Tivoli, on a bridge [ib.]
Specus and reservoir in the Promenade of Carciano, below Tivoli [ib.]
Reservoir faced with Cyclopean Masonry there [37]
Specus passes near Ponte di S. Antonio [ib.]
After reaching the City it is divided into several branches [ib.]
One along the Cœlian and over the Porta Capena to the Aventine [38]
Another upon the old agger, and over the Porta Tiburtina to the Prætorian Camp [ib.]
Excellent qualities of the Aqua Marcia [ib.]
IV. Tepula.
Sources near Grotta Ferrata [39]
Specus joins the Marcia at the Piscinæ [40]
—— is carried into Rome on the Marcian arcade [ib.]
Castellum Aquæ for it near the Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) [ib.]
V. Julia.
Sources on Mons Algidus (near Tusculum), Frascati, and Grotta Ferrata [41]
Specus passed near the Pagus Lemonius [42]
—— on an arcade of rough stone [ib.]
—— then through a tunnel in the valley [ib.]
The Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius were hung, was not for the Aqua Julia, though usually called so. It is at too high a level for that, and was for the Claudia and Anio Novus united [43]
Cippi of the three Aqueducts, found in 1869, near the railway station [45]
Remains of a reservoir near the Porta Chiusa, found in 1869 [ib.]
VI. Virgo (Aqua di Trevi).
Passages from Frontinus [46]
Sources on the Via Collatina [ib.]
Specus subterranean, but easily traced by the line of respirators [47]
—— It follows the old road towards the Porta Maggiore [48]
—— but turns to the north and enters Rome through the Pincian Hill, under the Villa Medici [ib.]
—— It supplies the lower town and the fountain of Trevi [ib.]
—— Original termination in front of the Septa, near the Pantheon [ib.]
VII. Alsietina.
Passages from Frontinus [50]
Lacus Alsietina, Lago di Martignano [ib.]
Aqua Paola [51]
Lacus Sabatina [ib.]
Junction of two specus at the Cariæ (Osteria Nuova) [52]
Casale Bianca, additional springs [ib.]
In Tunnels to Rome [53]
VIII. Claudia. IX. Anio Novus.
Passages from Frontinus [54]
River Anio [56]
Cascades at Valle-Pietra [57]
Bridge of Communacchio [ib.]
Sacro Speco [ib.]
Monasteries of S. Benedict and S. Scholastica [ib.]
Subiaco [ib.]
Lacus—Lakes or Lochs of Nero [58]
Villa Sublacensis [ib.]
Great dam at Piè-di-lago [ib.]
Bridge of S. Mauro [ib.]
Specus of the Anio Novus, cut in the rock of the cliff [ib.]
Ruins of piscinæ [59]
Lowest loch circular [60]
Piscina Limaria, forty-two miles on the Via Sublacensis [ib.]
Specus of Claudia [61]
Bridges at Vicovaro and in the Valley of the Arches, two miles above Tivoli [ib.]
Cascade at Tivoli [ib.]
Promenade of Carciano [ib.]
Bridge of S. Antonio and Ponte Lupo [62]
—— near the road to Poli [ib.]
The Piscinæ [63]
Specus of the Claudia of stone, of the Anio Novus of brick over it, on a stone arcade [ib.]
Piscina at the Porta Furba [64]
Other reservoirs [ib.]
The Neronian Arches [ib.]
Porta Maggiore, inscriptions on [65]
Architect of the Claudia [66]
Arcade on the Cœlian [ib.]
Reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella [67]
Three branches from that high reservoir: 1. to the Claudium and the Colosseum; 2. to the Palatine and Capitol; 3. to the Aventine, over the Porta Capena [ib.]
Smaller reservoirs for subdividing [68]
Rebuildings by Frontinus under Trajan [ib.]
Springs called Cæruleus and Curtius [69]
The Piscinæ [70]
Appendix—The Nine Aqueducts of Frontinus [71]
Tables of Dates, Names, Levels, Length of Channel, Supply, Distribution [73, 74]
Calculations [74-79]
The Curator Aquarum [80]
Repairs by the Popes [ib.]
Popular notions erroneous [81]
These stone specus necessary for the main stream, and leaden pipes for distribution [82]
Brass cocks and leaden pipes often stolen, as mentioned in a letter of King Theodoric [ib.]
X. Sabatina, Trajana, A.D. 110, and Paola, A.D. 1540.
Lacus Sabatina, di Bracciano, or Anguillara [83]
This aqueduct connected with the Alsietina (VII.) [ib.]
The line traced backwards by the respirators from the terminus on the Janiculum [ib.]
Procopius amazed at the quantity of water brought by this aqueduct in the sixth century [ib.]
Restorations of the Popes [84]
Inscriptions of Paul V. [ib.]
Cascade on the Janiculum, turns the wheels of the flour-mills [ib.]
Specus in the wall of the garden of the Villa Pamphili-Doria [85]
—— but chiefly underground, traced by the respirators [ib.]
XI. Trajana (?), Hadriana (?), Alexandrina (?).
Passage from Frontinus [86]
Sources near Gabii and Labicum, now La Colonna [ib.]
Several springs were collected in a central reservoir, on which an inscription of Hadrian was found by E. Q. Visconti [ib.]
One of these springs had petrifying qualities [ib.]
Singular effects of the petrifying stream [87]
Specus choked up with stalactite, and cascades petrified [ib.]
The same water used for the Aqua Felice, but the petrifying stream excluded [88]
A fine arcade for miles, from the source to Cento-Celle [ib.]
Part of it of the first century, other part of the third. Alexandrina (?) [ib.]
Aqueduct of Hadrian mentioned by Spartianus, but not in the Regionary Catalogue [89]
Branch from the great aqueducts to the Mausoleum of S. Helena (Torre Pignattara) and to the Villa of the Gordiani (Torre de’ Scavi) [90]
—— not connected with this aqueduct [ib.]
—— but also has piscinæ of the first and third centuries [ib.]
Branch of Trajan to the Aventine from the Cœlian [ib.]
XII. Aurelia, A.D. 185. XIII. Severiana, A.D. 190.
The Aurelia made by Marcus Aurelius [92]
—— to convey water to the Villa de Quintilii [ib.]
—— continued by Commodus and Septimius Severus to their thermæ in Regio I. [ib.]
Remains of piscinæ outside of the Porta Latina [ib.]
Remains of the thermæ inside of that gate [ib.]
Sources on the hill of Marino [93]
Specus partly underground, part on arcade at the Torre di Mezza, Via di Albano [ib.]
Large reservoir at the Villa de Quintilii [ib.]
Others on the Via Appia, between that Villa and Rome [ib.]
—— at the Circus of Romulus [ib.]
—— at S. Urbano [ib.]
—— at the Nymphæum in the valley of the Caffarella (miscalled the Fountain of Egeria) [ib.]
Specus visible in the cliff of that valley, near the Dio Ridicolo [94]
Remains of the thermæ in the Monte d’Oro [ib.]
XIV. Antoniniana, A.D. 215.
This aqueduct enters Rome at the south-east corner [95]
—— passes over the arch of Drusus [ib.]
—— along the inner side of the great bank on which the Wall of Aurelian is built [ib.]
—— to the piscina of the Thermæ of the Antonines or of Caracalla [ib.]
Fine piscina and castellum on the edge of the hill overlooking the valley of the Caffarella [ib.]
Remains of others on the Via Latina [96]
—— and one near the Porta Furba, at two miles from Rome, at the foot of the great aqueduct [ib.]
A branch of the Anio Vetus (?) [ib.]
XV. Alexandrina.
This aqueduct mentioned by Lampridius [97]
—— Made to bring water to the Thermæ of Alexander Severus, near the Pantheon [ib.]
—— Probably a branch from the great aqueducts near the Porta Maggiore [ib.]
An inscription found near that point [ib.]
Remains of arcade of this period between that gate and the Minerva Medica [98]
Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius were hung [99]
Nymphæum, a hall of the Thermæ for women; Pantheum, a similar hall for men [ib.]
Wall of Aurelian built against this tall arcade [ib.]
XVI. Algentiana.
This aqueduct made to supply water to the Thermæ of Diocletian [100]
Remains of a large piscina were found on the site of the railway station [ib.]
The water is said to have been brought by a branch from the Marcia at the Porta di S. Lorenzo [ib.]
Others say it came from Mons Algidus, near Tusculum, and was brought underground, with reservoirs on the tops of hills in the Campagna, supplied by syphons [ib.]
XVII. Aqua Crabra and Marrana.
These streams united are brought into Rome in the bed of the River Almo [101]
Sources of the Aqua Crabra, near Rocca di Papa [ib.]
Those of the Marrana near Marino [ib.]
The two united at the foot of the hill of Marino [102]
Piscina in the valley under Marino [ib.]
Specus traced in the same valley near the quarries of peperino or lapis Albanus [ib.]
—— passes under the sources of the Aqua Julia [ib.]
The two streams united near a bridge on the road to Grotta Ferrata, ten miles from Rome [ib.]
Part of the united water runs into the river Anio [ib.]
Another part is brought through the tunnel of the Aqua Julia (V.) [ib.]
—— then in a cutting to the bed of the small river Almo [ib.]
It is carried alternately in that deep bed when the ground is high, and in a bank of clay when the ground is low [103]
The stream is divided at a loch between Roma Vecchia and the Torre Fiscale [ib.]
One branch follows the line of the great aqueducts towards Rome, in the bed of the Almo [ib.]
It enters Rome in that bed, under the bridge on which the Porta Metronia stands [ib.]
It then passes the Garden of Crassipes, now the Orto Botanico [104]
—— turning to the north, under the Aventine, to the Piscina Publica [ib.]
—— passes through the Circus Maximus, and under several mills [ib.]
—— to the mouth of the river Almo in the Tiber, through an opening left for it in the Pulchrum Littus [ib.]
This Aqueduct was made under Pope Calixtus II. in A.D. 1124 [ib.]
Another branch of it is carried by the side of the other branch of the river Almo, in the valley of the Caffarella, and the other specus, which is open on the top, has lochs in it there [105]
XVIII. Aqua Felice, A.D. 1587.
So called after Pope Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti) [106]
Source under La Colonna [ib.]
Reservoir made under Gregory XIII., A.D. 1572-1585 [ib.]
The arcade and specus were made under Sixtus V., but other reservoirs were not completed until Urban VIII., A.D. 1623-44 [ib.]
The fistula Urbana of marble [ib.]
The piers and foundation of the old arcade used [ib.]
The specus enters Rome near the Porta Maggiore [107]
The water is then divided into different branches [ib.]
Junction of this arcade with the old one of the Claudia [108]
From the Porta Maggiore the main line is carried upon the same high bank as the old Aqueducts [ib.]
It turns at the Porta di S. Lorenzo [109]
—— and is carried on an arcade to the great agger on the Viminal, and to the fountain of the Termini, called that of Moses [ib.]
Summary.
Frontinus mentions nine Aqueducts [110]
The Regionary Catalogue of the fourth century enumerates nineteen Aquæ in Rome [ib.]
Some of these were natural watercourses [111]
Procopius in the sixth century mentions fourteen only [112]
Levels of the Aqueducts [113]

AQUEDUCTS.—LIST OF PLATES.

[PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS.]
PLATE
[I.] Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry of the time of the Kings, on the bank of the river Anio.
[II.] Source of another Spring of the Aqua Appia in another ancient Stone-quarry, (near to the former).
[III.] 1. The Aqueducts above Subiaco.
2. —— River Anio, the Upper Lochs.
—— —— the third Loch and the Bridge over it.
[IV.] 1. —— Anio Novus, the third Loch.
2. —— —— The Specus.
[V.] —— Anio Novus—a Castellum Aquæ, and Line of the Specus cut in the cliff.
[VI.] The Claudia, Anio Vetus, and Novus, and Marcia, in the Valley of the Arches below Subiaco and above Tivoli.
[VII.] Two other Views of the Ruins of the Arcades of the Claudia and Anio Novus (in the Valley of the Arches above Tivoli).
[VIII.] Aqueducts at Tivoli—Cascades of the Anio, with the Round Temple of the Sibyl at the top.
[IX.] Aqueducts below Tivoli—The Marcia—a great Castellum Aquæ on the Via di Carciano, B.C. 145.
[X.] Aqueducts below Tivoli—Aqua Marcia—Reservoir, or Castellum Aquæ. Views of the two chambers.
[XI.] Aqueducts below Tivoli—
1. Anio Novus—Castellum.
2. Marcia—Castellum rebuilt by Trajan.
[XII.] The Claudia and Anio Novus in the Campagna of Rome, near Roma Vecchia, over the fine arcade, four miles from Rome.
[XIII.] The Claudia and Anio Novus passing over the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, at the Tor Fiscale, and view near the Porta Furba.
[XIV.] 1. The Marcia on the bank within the wall of Aurelian, at the Porta Tiburtina.
2. Claudia and Anio Novus at the angle of the Sessorium.
[XV.] Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore—
1. Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, entering Rome, passing through the Wall.
2. Marcia, &c., within the Wall.
[XVI.] 1. Claudia and Anio Novus over the Porta Maggiore.
2. Anio Novus on the Cœlian, over the arch of Dolabella.
[XVII.] 1. Arches of Nero within the Porta Maggiore, crossing the great inner fosse of the Sessorium on a double arcade.
2. Aqua Marcia within the Porta Maggiore, as shewn in an excavation in 1871.
[XVIII.] 1. The Claudia and Anio Novus, in the North Wall of the Gardens of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce.
2. Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the trophies of Marius were hung.
[XIX.] Great Reservoir on the Arches of Nero over the Arch of Dolabella, on the Cœlian.
[PLANS AND DIAGRAMS.]
PLATE
[I.] Plan of the Sources of the Appia and Virgo, in the meadows of Lucullus, on the bank of the river Anio.
[II.] The Appia at the Porta Capena, the specus passing through one of the towers of the Porta Capena, now a gardener’s cottage.
[III.] The Appia under S. Sabba. The specus in an old stone quarry on the Pseudo-Aventine.
[IV.] Mouth of the Appia under the Aventine, and at the Porta Trigemina, now in a Cave under S. Alexio and the Priorato.
[V.] Aqua Appia—Reservoir in Garden of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce, called the Thermæ of S. Helena.
[VI.] Anio Vetus.—Reservoir near the Porta Furba.
[VII.] Loch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called the Sette Bassi.
[VIII.] Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba.
[IX.] The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale. Plan and Section.
[X.] Piscina of the Anio Novus, entering Rome through a tower in the wall of Aurelian in the garden of the Sessorium.
[XI.] The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the Porta Tiburtina. Plan and Section.
[XII.] Nymphæum, where the Trophies of Marius were hung. Plan and Section.
[XIII.] River Almo—Division into two Branches, now a Loch of the Marrana.
[XIV.] River Almo, now the Marrana.—Entrance into Rome under the Porta Metronia.
[XV.] River Almo—Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. View.
[XVI.] —— Plan.
[XVII.] Sources of the Aqua Appia, near the bank of the river Anio, in a very ancient stone quarry.
[XVIII.] Aqua Appia, or Appian Aqueduct, crossing the valley from the Cœlian to the Aventine upon the short Agger of Servius Tullius, and over the Porta Capena.
[XIX.] Plan and Sections of the Aqueducts in a Cave in the Aventine, under S. Sabba, with the Excavations made in 1875 and 1876.
[XX.] Plan and Section of the Aqueducts, from the great Reservoirs on the Cœlian Hill, near the Arch of Dolabella and the Claudium, to the Colosseum, and to the Drain under the road from the Arch of Constantine to the Clivus Scauri.
[XXI.] Sections of the Specus or Conduits of fifteen different Aqueducts.
[Plan of the Aqueducts] on parts of the Cœlian and the Esquiline Hills, from the great Reservoirs and Piscinæ called Sette Sale, on the Esquiline, to the Colosseum; and the Three Branches from the great Reservoir on the Cœlian, and over the Arch of Dolabella, and the Piazza della Navicella, to the Aventine, the Palatine, and the Colosseum.
[Map of the Aqueducts on the Eastern side of Rome], from their Sources above Subiaco, and on the bank of the river Anio, to Rome, and their mouths in the Tiber.
[—— Western side of Rome], from their Sources in the lakes on the hills, called Alseatina and Sabatina, or Anguillara.

CHAPTER IV. PART I.
THE AQUEDUCTS.

In treating of the Aqueducts we have a trustworthy guide in a writer who flourished in the time of the Emperors Nerva and Trajan, namely, Sextus Julius Frontinus[2]. While he informs us of what improvements he made during the time he had the charge of these important public works, he also gives in his treatise a historical account of the several changes which had been from time to time made in the means of supply of water to the Imperial City, which kept pace with the growing wealth and population of Rome. When he died they had probably reached perfection, and were justly the admiration and surprise of all travellers[3].