| Platinum | 20.98 |
| Gold | 19.26 to 19.3 and 19.64 |
| Mercury | 13.57 |
| Lead | 11.35 |
| Silver | 10.47 to 10.5 |
| Bismuth | 9.82 |
| Copper | 8.89 |
| Iron | 7.79 |
| Tin | 7.29 |
| Zinc | 6.5 to 7.4 |
The simple rule already explained may be applied to all metals of any size or weight, and when the mass is of an irregular shape, having various cavities on the surface, there may be some difficulty in taking the specific gravity, in consequence of the adhesion of air-bubbles; but this may be obviated either by brushing them away with a feather, or, what is frequently much better, by dipping the metal or mineral first into alcohol, and then into water, before placing it in the vessel of water, by which the actual specific gravity is to be taken.
The mode of taking the specific gravity of liquids is very simple, and is usually performed in the laboratory by means of a thin globular bottle which holds exactly 1000 grains of pure distilled water at 60° Fahrenheit. A little counterpoise of lead is made of the exact weight of the dry globular bottle, and the liquid under examination is poured into the bottle and up to the graduated mark in the neck; the bottle is then placed in one scale-pan, the counterpoise and the 1000-grain weight in the other; if the liquid (such as oil of vitriol) is heavier than water, then more weight will be required—viz., 845 grains—and these figures added to the 1000 would indicate at once that the specific gravity of oil of vitriol was 1.845 as compared with water, which is 1.000. When the liquid, such as alcohol, is lighter than water, the 1000-grain weight will be found too much, and grain weights must be added to the same scale-pan in which the bottle is standing, until the two are exactly balanced. If ordinary alcohol is being examined, it will be found necessary to place 180 grains with the bottle, and these figures deducted from the 1000 grains in the other scale-pan, leave 820, which, marked with a dot before the first figure (sic .820), indicates the specific gravity of alcohol to be less than that of water.
The difference in the gravities of various liquids is displayed in a very pleasing manner by an experiment devised by Professor Griffiths, to whom chemical lecturers are especially indebted for some of the most ingenious and beautiful illustrations which have ever been devised. The experiment consists in the arrangement of five distinct liquids of various densities and colours, the one resting on the other, and distinguished not only by the optical line of demarcation, but by little balls of wax, which are adjusted by leaden shot inside, so as to sink through the upper strata of liquids, and rest only upon the one that it is intended to indicate.
The manipulation for this experiment is somewhat troublesome, and is commenced by procuring some pure bright quicksilver, upon which an iron bullet (black-leaded, or painted of any colour) is placed, or one of those pretty glass balls which are sold in such quantities at the Crystal Palace.
Secondly. Put as much white vitriol (sulphate of zinc) into a half pint of boiling water as it will dissolve, and, when cold, pour off the clear liquid, make up a ball of coloured wax (say red), and adjust it by placing little shot inside, until it sinks in a solution of sulphate of copper and floats on that of the white vitriol.
Thirdly. Make a solution of sulphate of copper in precisely the same manner, and adjust another wax ball to sink in water, and float on this solution.
Fourthly. Some clear distilled water must be provided.
Fifthly. A little cochineal is to be dissolved in some common spirits of wine (alcohol), and a ball of cork painted white provided.
Finally. A long cylindrical glass, at least eighteen inches high, and two and a half or three inches diameter, must be made to receive these five liquids, which are arranged in their proper order of specific gravity by means of a long tube and funnel.