[DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS.]

1. ([Frontispiece].) Great Seals of King Richard Cœur-de-Lion.The first of these (with the rounded helmet) has been drawnfrom impressions appended to Harleian Charters, 43, C. 27;43, C. 29; and 43, C. 30; and Carlton Ride Seals, i. 19. Inthis, as in other cases, more seals have been examined, but itseems unnecessary to supply references to any but the bestexamples. The king wears the hauberk of chain-mail withcontinuous coif, over a tunic of unusual length. Thechausses are also of chain-mail, and there is an appearanceof a chausson at the knee, but the prominence of the seal atthis part has caused so much obliteration, that the existenceof this garment may be doubted. The helmet is rounded atthe top, and appears to be strengthened by bands passinground the brow and over the crown. The shield is bowed,and the portion in sight ensigned with a Lion: it is armedwith a spike in front, and suspended over the shoulders bythe usual guige. Other points of this figure will be noticedat a later page.
Second Great Seal of Richard I. Drawn from impressionsin the British Museum: Harl. Charter, 43, C. 31, and SelectSeals, xvi. 1; and Carlton Ride Seals, H. 17. The armour,though differently expressed from that of the first seal, isprobably intended to represent the same fabric; namely, interlinkedchain-mail. The tunic is still of a length whichseems curiously ill-adapted to the adroit movements of animble warrior. The shield of the monarch is one of themost striking monuments of the Herald's art: the vagueornament of Richard's earlier shield has given place to theThree Lions Passant Gardant so familiar to us all in theroyal arms of the present day. The king wears the plaingoad spur, and is armed with the great double-edged sword,characteristic of the period. The helmet is described atpage [141]. The saddle is an excellent example of the War-saddleof this date.
Page
Vignette.—Knightly monument combined with an Altar-drain,in the Church of Long Wittenham, Berkshire: of the closeof the thirteenth century. The whole is of small proportions,the statue of the knight not exceeding two feet and aquarter.[xxv]
2. Spear-heads of iron.—Fig. 1. From the Faussett collection:found in the parish of Ash, near Sandwich: length,18 inches. Figs. 2 and 3. In Mr. Rolfe's collection atSandwich, found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Ozingell,near Ramsgate. Fig. 4. In the Faussett collection, foundat Ash, near Sandwich. Figs. 5, 6 and 7. From Ozingell:No. 6 has the bronze ferule which bound the spear-head tothe shaft. Fig. 8. From Mr. Wylie's collection: found inthe Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford, Gloucestershire. Figs.9 to 12. From the Faussett collection: fig. 11 was found onKingston Down, Kent; the others at Ash-by-Sandwich:fig. 10 is two feet long.[22]
3. Spear-heads of iron.—Fig. 13. In the British Museum:found in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Battle Edge, Oxfordshire.Fig. 14. Found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Fairford.Figs. 15 and 16. Found near Bredon Hill, Worcestershire,and preserved in the Museum of the Worcestershire Societyof Natural History. Fig. 17. Barbed spear, or Angon, foundin a grave on Sibertswold Down, Kent: eleven inches long.In the Faussett collection. Fig. 18. Four-sided spear-head,found by Mr. Wylie, in the "Fairford Graves:" length,16½ inches. Figs. 19, 20, 21. Found in Ireland: from Mr.Wakeman's paper in the third volume of the CollectaneaAntiqua. Fig. 22. A Livonian example, from Dr. Bähr'scollection. The original is in the British Museum. Fig.23. A barbed spear, found in a tumulus in Norway: fromMr. Wylie's paper in the thirty-fifth vol. of the Archæologia.[23]
4. Swords.—Fig. 1. Found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery atFairford. It measures upwards of 2 ft. 11 inches, and is oneof the finest examples extant. Fig. 2. In the Hon. Mr.Neville's collection: found in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery atWilbraham, Cambridgeshire. Length of blade, 2 ft. 7 in.It retains the bronze mountings of the sheath, which havebeen gilt. Fig. 3. Same collection and find: a specimen remarkablefor the cross-piece at the hilt. Fig. 4. Ancient-IrishSword of the same period: length, 30 inches. FromMr. Wakeman's paper in vol. iii. of Collectanea Antiqua.Fig. 5. Danish sword with engraved runes: in the CopenhagenMuseum. Fig. 6. Danish: from the Annaler forNordisk Oldkyndighed. Remarkable for the form of itscross-piece.[32]
5. Swords.—Fig. 7. Norwegian Sword. The pommel and cross-pieceare of iron. Figs. 8 to 11. From Livonian graves: theoriginals are in the British Museum. Fig. 10 is single-edged:its pommel and the chape of the scabbard are of bronze.Fig. 11 has its pommel and guard ornamented with silver.[33]
6. Bronze Sheath containing the remains of an iron Sword:found near Flasby, in the West Riding of Yorkshire: exhibitedin the temporary Museum at York, formed by theArchæological Institute in 1846.[44]
7. Axe-heads or iron.—Figs. 1 and 2. From the Anglo-Saxoncemetery at Ozingell: now in Mr. Rolfe's Museum. Figs.3 and 4. Ancient-Irish examples: from Mr. Wakeman'spaper in the Collectanea Antiqua. Figs. 5 and 6. Germanspecimens: from the cemetery at Selzen, in Rhenish Hesse;described by the brothers Lindenschmit. Figs. 7 to 10. FromLivonian graves explored by Dr. Bähr: all four are in theBritish Museum.[46]
8. Anglo-Saxon figures contending with the war-knife and barbedspear: from a Latin and Anglo-Saxon Psalter, formerly belongingto the Duc de Berri, in the Imperial Library atParis.[51]
9. War-knives.—Fig. 1. From the Ozingell cemetery: pommeland cross-piece of iron: length, 16 inches. Fig. 2. Fromthe Faussett collection: found at Ash, near Sandwich. Figs.3 and 4. Ancient-Irish: from Mr. Wakeman's paper. Fig. 3.is 16 inches long: the other, of which the blade is broken,is remarkable for retaining its handle, which is of carvedwood. Fig. 5 is from the Selzen cemetery, and curious fromthe ring at the end of the tang. Length, 2 feet.[52]
10. Arrow-heads.—Figs. 1 and 2. From the Faussett collection:the first, 3 inches in length, was found in the parish ofAsh-by-Sandwich, the second on Kingston Down: both havetangs. Figs. 3 and 4. Arrow-heads with sockets: found onChatham Lines. From Douglas's "Nenia." Figs. 5 and 6.From the German graves at Selzen. Figs. 7 and 8. FromLivonian tombs: they are now in the British Museum.[56]
11. Sprinkle or Hand-flail of bronze: from the Museum ofMitau in Courland. Given in Dr. Bähr's work, Die Gräberder Liven.[58]
12. Anglo-Saxon Slinger: from an Anglo-Saxon Psalter of thetenth or eleventh century at Boulogne. The figure is thatof David.[59]
13. Group from Cottonian MS., Claudius, B. iv., folio 24:Ælfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of the Pentateuch, &c.Date about 1000. The crowned figure in the centre appearsto be armed in a coat of chain-mail.[60]
14. Figure of an Anglo-Saxon warrior, from Cotton MS., Cleopatra,C. viii.; a copy of the Psychomachia of Prudentius.Date, early in the eleventh century. The body-armour appearsto be of hide, with the fur turned outwards. Thecharacteristic leg-bands of the Anglo-Saxons are carefullyexpressed.[64]
15. Anglo-Saxon spearmen, from the fine manuscript of Prudentiusin the Tenison Library. Date, the beginning of theeleventh century. The drawings are in pen-and-ink only,but very carefully executed: the later subjects by a freshhand, but all Anglo-Saxon work.[65]
16. Another group from Cotton MS., Claudius, B. iv. Thisvolume contains a great number of drawings, many of whichillustrate the subject on which we are engaged.[66]
17. Figure of Goliath, from a Latin Psalter of the tenth centuryin the British Museum: Additional MS., No. 18,043. Thehauberk is coloured blue in the original, apparently indicatingchain-mail. The curious combed helmet is of thesame hue, clearly implying a defence of iron.[67]
18. Supposed frame-helmet of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is ofbronze, and was found upon the skull of an entombed warriordiscovered at Leckhampton Hill, near Cheltenham, in 1844.[69]
19. Bosses of Shields: of iron.—Fig. 1. Anglo-Saxon: fromthe Faussett collection: found on Chartham Downs, nearCanterbury. Figs. 2 and 3. From the Anglo-Saxon cemeteryat Fairford. The last measures nearly five inches across.The rest on this plate are to the same scale. Figs. 4 and 6.In Mr. Rolfe's collection: from the Ozingell cemetery. Fig.5. Anglo-Saxon: found at Streetway Hill, Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire:now in the British Museum.[73]
20. Bosses of Shields.—Fig. 7. From the Anglo-Saxon cemeteryat Ozingell. Fig. 8. From the Faussett collection:found at Chartham Downs. Fig. 9. Found at RodmeadDown, Wilts. From Sir Richard Hoare's "Ancient Wilts."Fig. 10. From the Wilbraham cemetery. This specimen isespecially valuable from its retaining the handle still fixed byits rivets to the edge of the boss. Fig. 11. Scottish example:found in a grave in the county of Moray. From Dr. Wilson's"Archæology of Scotland." Fig. 12. German: from thecemetery at Selzen. Fig. 13. A Danish example: from theCopenhagen Museum. All these are of iron.[75]
21. From the same MS. as No. 14 (Cleop. C. viii.). The figureis one of a group, all similarly equipped, and carrying theirshields at their back.[77]
22. Snaffle-bit, of iron, from an Anglo-Saxon barrow in BournePark, near Canterbury. In the collection of the Earl ofLondesborough.[80]
23. Spur with lozenge goad: from the bronze monument ofRudolph von Schwaben, a.d. 1080, in the Cathedral of Merseburg.From Hefner's Trachten.[81]
24. Figure from folio 30 of Harleian MS. 603, a Latin Psalter ofthe close of the eleventh century. See p. [29] for its description.This subject, an illustration of Mr. Akerman's paperin vol. xxxiv. of the Archæologia, "On some of the Weaponsof the Celtic and Teutonic Races," has been kindly lent bythe author of that essay.[90]
25. Great Seal of King William the Conqueror: from the fineimpression appended to a charter preserved at the HôtelSoubise in Paris. The charter is a grant to the Abbey ofSt. Denis of land at Teynton, in England. The king wearsthe hauberk of chain-mail over a tunic. The hemisphericalhelmet is surmounted by a small knob, and has laces to fastenit under the chin. The legs do not appear to have anyarmour: the spur has disappeared. A lance with streamerand a large kite-shield complete the warrior's equipment.The legend is ✠ Hoc Normannorum Willelmum noscepatronum si(gno).[92]
26. Great Seal of King William II., 1087-1100. From an impressionpreserved at Durham. The hauberk appears to beof chain-mail, though expressed in a somewhat differentmanner from the preceding seal of William the Conqueror,and from others which will follow. The conical helmet seemsto have had a nasal. The spur is of the goad form. If theleg has had armour, the marks of it have been obliterated bythe softening of the wax. The king is armed with lance,sword, and kite-shield.[102]
27. Seal of Alexander I., king of Scotland: 1107-1124. Thefigure is armed in hauberk with continuous coif, apparentlyof chain-mail; worn over a tunic or gambeson, seen at thewrist and skirt. Conical nasal helmet, lance with streamer,kite-shield, and goad-spur, are the other items of the equipment.The leg does not shew any armour, though the softeningof the wax may have obliterated markings which originallyindicated a defensive provision at this part. The ornamentsof the poitrail are usual at this period.[107]
28. Great Seal of King Henry I., circa 1100. From Cotton Charter,ii. 2 (in British Museum). The instrument is a confirmationof the gift of Newton by "Radulfus filius Godrici," and iswitnessed by Queen Matilda and others. See Tanner's Notitia,p. 339, Norwich. The material of the hauberk is representedby that honeycomb-work so often observed in seals of thisperiod, and which appears to be one of the many modes in useto imitate the web of interlinked chain-mail. The leg doesnot shew any markings as of armour, but these may havedisappeared from the softening of the wax, and the prominenceof the seal at this part. The helmet is a plain conicalcap of steel, without nasal: the spur a simple goad. Thelance-flag terminating in three points, is ensigned with aCross. The shield is of the kite-form, shewing the rivets bywhich the wood and leather portions of it were held together.The peytrel of the horse has the usual pendent ornaments ofthe time.[119]
29. The various modes of expressing the armour in the BayeuxTapestry.[121]
30. Great Seal of King Stephen. Drawn from an impressionamong the Select Seals in the British Museum, and fromthat appended to Harleian Charter, 43, C. 13. The helmetseems to have had a nasal, but the seals at this part are soimperfect that it cannot be clearly traced. Behind is seena portion of the lace which fastened the coif or the casque.The body-armour is noticed at page [122]. Compare woodcut,No. [42].[122]
31. Various modes of representing chain-mail on medieval monuments.[124]
32. From Harleian Roll, Y. 6. The Life of Saint Guthlac.Date, about the close of the twelfth century. The figureswear the tunic, hauberk of chain-mail, and square-toppedhelmets, of which one only has the nasal. The triangularshields are suspended round the neck by the guige: theirornaments are mere fanciful patterns, not heraldic. Noarmour appears to be provided for the lower part of thefigures. This Roll is further curious from having, at theback of it, drawings of about a century later date.[127]
33. From Harleian MS. 603: a Latin Psalter of the close ofthe eleventh century. The figure is a pen-drawing, and representsGoliath. Compare the crowned figure in woodcut[13], from Cotton MS., Claudius, B. iv., and the warriorsin the Bayeux Tapestry. The hauberk appears to be ofchain-mail. This manuscript has many drawings of militarycostume and of weapons.[129]
34. From Cotton MS., Nero, C. iv. French art. Date, about1125. The figure is one of a group representing the Massacreof the Innocents: a subject, with those of the Conflictof David and Goliath, the Soldiers at the Holy Sepulchre,and the Martyrdom of Thomas à Becket, very fertile inillustrations of ancient military equipment.[130]
35. From fragment of a vellum-painting, of the close of theeleventh century, figured in Hefner's Trachten. The body-armourappears to be of scale-work, and is silvered in theoriginal. The chausses of the figures in the rear are colouredred.[132]
36. Another figure from Harl. MS. 603. (See description ofwoodcut, No. [33].) The costume is described at page [133].This is the only instance in the book, which contains somehundreds of figures, where the dress of scale-work appears.[133]
37. David and Goliath: from an initial letter of a Latin Biblewritten in Germany, for the use of the PremonstratensianMonastery of S. Maria de Parco, near Louvain. AdditionalMS. 14,789, fol. 10. This MS. has a particular value fromits being dated; it was written in 1148. See the rubric onfol. 197 of vol. i., and the Colophon. The costumes are describedat page [134].[135]
38. Figure of Goliath: from a Latin Bible written about 1170."Hic liber pertinet ad Ecclesiam Beatæ Mariæ Virginis inSuburbio Wormatiensis." Harl. MS. 2,803. Goliath isarmed in the nasal helmet and hauberk of chain-mail. Thechausses are of an unusual pattern, and do not appear to beof a defensive character.[136]
39. Sculpture of St. George, from the tympanum of a door inthe church of Ruardean, Gloucestershire. Date, the firsthalf of the twelfth century. The body-armour of the knightis not now indicated, but may have been formerly expressedby painting. The helmet is of the well-known Phrygianform. A mantle streaming in many folds behind the championshews the impetuosity of his attack. A brooch securesthe mantle in front. The heel is furnished with a goad spur.[137]
40. Group representing Abraham receiving bread and wine fromMelchisedech: an enamel of the close of the twelfth century,preserved in the Louvre collection. The patriarchwears the hauberk of chain-mail over a tunic; the coif of thehauberk being surmounted by a conical nasal helmet. Overthe armour is worn a cloak, fastening at the right shoulder.We borrow this illustration from Mr. Way's excellent paperon the Enamels of the Middle-ages, in the second volume ofthe "Archæological Journal".[138]
41. Seal of Conan, duke of Britanny and earl of Richmond:1165-71. From Harleian Charter, 48, G. 40. See Nicholas'"Synopsis of the Peerage," vol. ii. p. 534, for the history ofthis duke. He wears the hauberk with continuous coif surmountedby the conical steel casque. The triangular shieldis of large proportions. The saddle-cloth is of an unusualfashion.[140]
42. Great Seal of King Stephen. The armour consists ofhauberk with continuous coif, surmounted by a helmet ofPhrygian form. Behind the head are seen the ties whichfastened the coif or the casque. The bowed kite-shield iscurious from the spiked projection in front. Compare woodcut,No. [30].[144]
43. Great Seal of King Henry II. The body-armour, consistingof hauberk and chausses, appears to be of chain-mail. Thehelmet has a nasal, and the kite-shield, seen in the inside,shews very distinctly the manner of fixing the straps formingthe enarme and the guige.[151]
44. Another Great Seal of King Henry II. Drawn from impressionsattached to Cotton Charter, ii. 5; and Harl. Charters,43, C. 20; 43, C. 22; and 43, C. 25. This seal ischiefly remarkable from the capacious and highly enrichedsaddle-cloth. The body-armour of the king appears to be ofthe usual chain-mail. The conical nasal helmet has beenalready seen in previous monuments.[170]
45. The Keep of Porchester Castle, Hampshire. Built about1150. It exhibits the type of a Norman stronghold: windowssmall below, but larger in the higher stories; walls ofgreat thickness near the base, and of reduced proportionsabove. An excellent essay on Military Architecture in thefirst volume of the "Archæological Journal" will afford agood insight into the arrangements of a castle of the Normanperiod. See also the Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Age, byM. Viollet-le-Duc. The Winchester Volume of the ArchæologicalInstitute will supply a particular description of PorchesterCastle.[189]
46. Knightly effigy from Haseley Church, Oxfordshire. Thesculpture appears to be of the middle of the thirteenth century,and affords an excellent type of the military costume ofthis age. The knight wears the hauberk of chain-mail overa gambeson (seen at the skirt), with chausses of chain-mail.The sleeveless surcoat is girt at the waist by a narrow belt,from which the sword-carriage is suspended. To equip thewarrior for battle, would still be wanting the helm of plateto fix over his mail-coif. His shield—a very unusual arrangement—isplaced under his head, in lieu of the secondpillow generally found in knightly monuments.[192]
47. Mounted Archer, from Roy. MS. 20, D. i. fol. 127: HistoireUniverselle, and other tracts. French art. The drawingsare all coloured, and in great number. It is one of thefinest manuscripts in the world for the illustration of ancientarmour and military usages of all kinds. See note onpage [196].[195]
48. Group of bowmen from folio 307 of the same MS. Thefighters in both examples wear the hauberk of banded-mailwith surcoat, and the "sugar-loaf" helm. The mountedfigure is distinguished by having chausses also of banded-mail.The helm at his feet shews the laces by which it wasfastened.[199]
49. Cross-bowman and Archer from Add. MS. 15,268, fol. 101:Histoire de l'ancien monde. Date, about the close of thethirteenth century. The armour of the arbalester is probablymeant for chain-mail: that of the archer is very vague,but seems to express some kind of pourpointing. The artisthas carefully distinguished the barbed head of the arrow andthe pile of the crossbow-bolt.[201]
50. Group of soldiers from Harl. MS. 4,751, fol. 8: a LatinBestiarium of the commencement of the thirteenth century.The variety of weapons in this little subject is very remarkable:they will be noticed under their separate heads. The"castle" on the elephant's back is, in the original, full offighters, all wearing the flat-topped helm, and having theirshields fixed in a row in front of the car, as we see themhanging over the edge of a vessel in sea-pictures. The"pick-pointed hammer" in the hand of the swordsman israther an engineering tool than a weapon, and in othermanuscripts is given to those who are employed in breachinga wall.[205]
51. Group of soldiers armed with the staff-sling, axe, spear, andbow with lime-phial: from Strutt's Horda, vol. i. Plate xxxi.His authority is the MS. of the "History" of Matthew Parisin Benet College Library, Cambridge: C. 5, xvi. It has beensuggested, but with no great probability, that the manuscriptin question is the work of Matthew Paris himself.[206]
52. Great Seal of King John: drawn from impressions attachedto Harl. Charter, 84, C. 7, and Cotton Charter, viii. 25;and Carlton Ride Seal, H. 18. The helmet in this figureis of unusual form; and here, for the first time, the militarysurcoat appears in a royal seal of England. The mailinghas been obliterated at the skirt of the hauberk, from theprominence of the seal at that part. The ornamental"peytrel" of the horse is well defined in this monument,and the fashion of the saddle is very distinctly seen.[228]
53. The three knights, from a picture of the Martyrdom ofThomas à Becket, in Harl. MS. 5, 102, fol. 32. The volumeis a Latin Psalter, written in the beginning of the thirteenthcentury, and containing many illuminations. Fitzurse isconspicuous from the figure of the Bear on his shield. Theheads of the knights present a curious variety of arming:one wearing the flat-topped helmet, another the roundedcasque, and the third having no further defence than hiscoif of mail. The tunic is seen passing beyond the edgeof the hauberk. The legs of the foremost figures are colouredred.[230]
54. Sculptured effigy of William Longespée, earl of Salisbury,from his monument in Salisbury Cathedral. His death andburial (in 1226) are recorded in the curious cotemporarymanuscript of William de Wanda, the dean; which is stillpreserved in the Bishop's Records at Sarum. See Dodsworth'sHistory of the Cathedral, pp. 121 and 201. Thestatue more fully illustrates various points of the knightlyequipment at this early period than any other that couldbe named. These details will be separately noticed in theirparticular places. The figure still retains much of its ancientpainting. The chain-mail is of a brown hue, a singularitynot hitherto satisfactorily explained. The spurshave yet sparkles of gold. The Lions on the shield are inrelief; gold on a blue field. This device has been repeated,by painting, on the surcoat. The statue, which is of free-stone,has every appearance of having been sculptured at thetime of the death of Earl William; and, as it is so clearlyidentified by the carved device of the shield, becomes one ofthe most valuable examples for archæological reference.[232]
55. Monumental Brass of "Sire Johan D'Aubernoun, Chivaler,"in the church of Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey. This is themost ancient sepulchral brass yet observed, whether in Englandor on the continent: its date, about 1277. Till latelyit was partly hidden beneath the altar-rails, but is now fullydisclosed. On the shield, the tincture of the field (blue) isrepresented by enamel; the copper lining being plainly discerniblein the narrow edge that borders the colour. Theheraldic bearing is repeated on the lance-flag and on theescutcheon above the effigy. The armour of the knight willbe described as the various parts of it come to be examinedin detail.[237]
56. From Willemin's Monumens Inédits, vol. i., Plate cii.The original is a drawing in the Album of Wilars de Honnecort,an artist of the thirteenth century. The chain-mailchausses of the knight are drawn together behind the legand under the foot by lacing. The coif of the hauberkthrown back on the shoulders, discloses the under-coif, wornby the men-at-arms to protect the head from the rough contactof the iron garment. The figure is further curious fromthe "cotte à mancherons déchiquetés."[238]
57. Chess-knight of ivory, preserved in the Ashmolean Museum:seen in two views. The knight wears the hauberk of chain-mail,and the cylindrical helm of its earliest form. Thegamboised chausson is seen overlying the mail chausses.The triangular bowed shield is very exactly represented, andthe draping of the surcoat has more freedom than is usuallyfound at this early period. The date appears to be the beginningof the thirteenth century.[243]
58. From a marble bas-relief in a cloister of the AnnunziataConvent at Florence, 1289. After a drawing in the KerrichCollection, Add. MSS., No. 6,728. The knight, GulielmusBalnis, among several singularities of equipment, presentsus with a very unusual pattern of leg-armour: the wholesuit will be duly examined at a future page. The compositionconveys no very exalted idea of Italian art in 1289; and,in the drapery, the sculptor might well take a lesson fromthe humble chess-piece carver of the days of Magna Charta,whose handiwork was the subject of our last notice.[244]
59. Knightly effigy, of free-stone, in the church of Ash, nearSandwich. Date, the close of the thirteenth century. Thechain-mail has been expressed in stucco, and painted of ared-brown colour. Traces of gilding are found on thegenouillères and other parts of the monument. The knightwears the quilted gambeson; hauberk, hood, and chaussesof chain-mail; genouillères of plate or cuir-bouilli, and longsurcoat. Ailettes are at the shoulders: of the shield, littleis left but the strap that sustained it: the cord looped tothe waist-belt held a dagger, now wanting: the spurs, of asingle goad, have been gilt.[247]
60. A mounted knight clothed in banded-mail, and having armoriedailettes. The shield is carried by allowing the enarmesto slip over the wrist. A fortified bridge, with flankingtowers, "bretèche," gates, and portcullis, is in face.The miniature appears on fol 58vo. of Add. MS. 10,293: acollection of Romances, dated 1316.[250]
61. Mounted knight armed in banded-mail and visored bassinet,and having ailettes of a lozenge form: from Roy. MS. 14 E. iii.fol. 94vo.; a volume of Romances, written and illuminatedin the first half of the fourteenth century. A fine book forarmour subjects: the drawings clear, richly coloured andgilt, and the details well made out. This volume passed intothe possession of King Richard III., whose autograph appearson the second folio.[250]
62. Knightly figure of the close of the thirteenth century:from Roy. MS. 2, A. xxii. fol. 219. The drawing shewsvery clearly the manner in which the mail-coif was drawnover the chin, and tied above the ear on the left side of thehead. An opening at the palm permitted the knight to disengagehis hand from the hauberk at pleasure. The armourof the legs consists of a chausson of chain-mail, and chausseslacing behind, which appear to be formed of studs rivettedon cloth or leather. The helm is of a more enriched characterthan is usually found at this period. Other minutepoints of this equipment will be noticed in the order of theirexamination.[254]
63. Group of Soldiers, from a Latin Service-book of the end ofthe thirteenth century: Add. MS. 17,687: German art:the drawings richly coloured and gilt, large and well detailed.The armour fabrics in the subject before us are of threekinds: banded-mail, plain quilting, and pourpointerie withstuds. The diversity of arrangement of these defences in sosmall a group of soldiers strikingly shews how little wasthought of a uniformity of costume. As in other cases, particularpoints of equipment will be noticed in the body ofthe work.[257]
64. Effigy in free-stone of a knight of the De Sulney family, fromthe church of Newton Solney, Derbyshire. The manor washeld by this house under the Earls of Chester (see "ArchæologicalJournal," vol. vii. page 368), and the church containsseveral early and interesting monumental statues of the successivelords. The figure before us appears to be of theclose of the thirteenth century: it is armed in hauberk andchausses of banded-mail: the sleeveless surcoat is slit up infront for convenience of riding: the shield has been triangular,and is slightly bowed: the pommel of the sword is cinquefoiled,its cross-piece curved towards the blade: the spurs areof a single goad. In lieu of the usual lion or dragon at thefeet, the statue is terminated by clusters of foliage of EarlyEnglish character; from which we may learn that the particularpurpose of the carving beneath the feet of these oldsculptures was, not symbolic or heraldic decoration, but theprovision of a strong block of stonework, to prevent theslender and prominent feet from being broken away by thefirst act of carelessness.[261]
65. A portion of banded-mail from the above-named monument,of the natural size. The lower figure gives the profile view.[263]
66. Group from the "Romance of King Meliadus," Add. MS.12,228, fol. 79. This is a manuscript of the fourteenth century(circa 1360); used here to illustrate the subject ofbanded-mail.[264]
67. Coif of banded-mail, from a MS. of the beginning of thefourteenth century. The subject is given in full in No. 7of Count Bastard's Peintures des Manuscrits, the originalmonument being an illuminated Bible. Other figures fromthis Bible shew the same mode of tightening the coif.[266]
68. Soldiers armed in Banded-mail: from a volume illuminatedat Metz about 1280, and now preserved in-the public libraryof that city. The figures here given have been engraved inHefner's Trachten, Part i. Plate lxxvii.; from which admirablework we have transferred them to our pages. Itwill be observed that no two of these warriors are equippedexactly alike.[268]
69. Chess-piece (a Warder) of walrus-tusk, of the early part ofthe thirteenth century. It was presented to the Society ofAntiquaries of Scotland by Lord Macdonald; and exhibitedin the Museum formed at York on the visit of the ArchæologicalInstitute to that city in 1846. (See "ArchæologicalJournal," vol. iii. p. 241.) The armour appears to be chain-mail,rudely expressed by a series of lines and punctures.The shields are remarkable from having a blunt terminationbelow, instead of the usual pointed form.[269]
70. Monumental statue of an unknown knight in Norton Church,Durham: from the figure by Blore and Le Keux in Surtees'History of Durham, vol. iii. p. 155. Date, about 1300. Thehauberk has the hood (or coif?) thrown off the head andlying on the shoulders: straps tighten it at the wrists.Over the chausses appear the knee-pieces, which probablyterminated a chausson of gamboised work. The surcoatdiffers from the earlier fashion of this garment, in havingsleeves. The sword is of an enriched character, the pommelbeing ornamented with an escutcheon, which was no doubtonce ensigned with the bearings of the knight. Similarescutcheons appear on the genouillères. The hair, short overthe forehead, and gathered into large curls over the ears,is characteristic of this period. The arming of the figure isalmost identical with that of Brian Fitz Alan, at Bedale,Yorkshire (See Blore's Monuments, and Hollis's Effigies,Part iv.).[275]
71. Series of Helms of the thirteenth century.—Fig. 1.From the effigy of Hugo Fitz Eudo, in Kirkstead Chapel,Lincolnshire. A drawing of the whole figure will be foundin Powell's Collections in the British Museum: Add. MS.17,462, fol. 71. Fig. 2. From a carving in an arcade of thePresbytery, Worcester Cathedral. Fig. 3. From a sculpturein the Cathedral of Constance: the entire figure is given inHefner's Costumes, Part i. Plate iv. Fig. 4. From theSeal of Hugo de Vere, fourth earl of Oxford: 1221-63.Fig. 5. From a knightly figure on folio 27 of Harleian MS.32,44: circa 1250. Fig. 6. From the Great Seal of AlexanderII., king of Scotland: 1214-49: from an impression appendedto Cotton Charter, xix. 2. Fig. 7. From Seal ofRobert Fitz Walter, Lord of Wodeham and Castellan ofLondon: circa 1298. See page [334]. Fig. 8. From a glass-paintingin Chartres Cathedral, representing Ferdinand, kingof Castille: circa 1250. Fig. 9. A helm of iron in the Towercollection. Fig. 10. From a miniature on Cotton Roll, xv. 7.Fig. 11. From the Seal of Louis of Savoy: circa 1294. Thewhole figure is given by Cibrario in the Sigilli de' Principidi Savoia, Plate xxx. Fig. 12. An example of the so-calledSugar-loaf helm: from Royal MS. 20. D. i. Comparethat on the brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, which issomewhat more ornate (woodcut, No. [73]).[278]
72. Combat of knights, from Roy. MS. 20, D. i.; a volumealready used for our illustrations numbered 47 and 48. Bothfigures are armed from head to foot in banded-mail, and havethe characteristic helm of the period: of "sugar-loaf" form,and brought so low as to rest on the shoulders. The warrioron the left hand wears a crown over his helm, and has thefurther decoration of a fan-crest of ungainly size. Theshields are of the old kite shape, but much reduced in theirdimensions from their Neustrian prototypes. The crownedcombatant has a dagger at his right side: an early instanceof an arrangement which afterwards became very common.The caparison of the horses does not appear to be of a defensiveconstruction; but an under-housing of gamboiserieor chain-work may perhaps in such cases be implied.[283]
73. Monumental brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, executedabout 1290, and still occupying its old position in the parishchurch

"At Trompington, not fer fro Cantebrigge[1]."


The knight is armed in hauberk, chausses and hood ofchain-mail; with a chausson, of which the knee-pieces seemto be of iron plate. Ailettes are at the shoulders, and forpillow the warrior has his helm; from the lower edge ofwhich a chain passes to the belt of the surcoat, in order toprevent its being lost in battle. The triangular, bowedshield is sustained by the usual guige; and here, as well ason the ailettes and the escutcheons of the sword-sheath, areseen the Trumpets forming, in allusion to his name, theheraldic bearings of our knight.		[285]
74. Incised slab to the memory of the knight, Johan le Botiler,in the church of St. Bride's, Glamorganshire. Date, about1300. As in the preceding example, the heraldic figures(borne in this instance on the shield and cervellière) areallusive to the name of the bearer, Butler. The sword,with its trefoil pommel and narrow, curved cross-piece, hasquite the character of the Anglo-Saxon weapon of theeleventh century. In the rowel spur, however, we recognisethe spirit of progress; and the cervellière of plate, worn, ashere, in conjunction with the coif of chain-mail, is an earlyexample of that arrangement in a monumental effigy.[287]
75. Figure of Goliath, from Add. MS. 11,639, fol. 520: a Hebrewcopy of the Pentateuch and Forms of Prayer, writtenin Germany about the close of the thirteenth century. Thegiant has hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, with knee-piecesof plate, and the broad-rimmed chapel-de-fer. Theshield retains the boss and strengthening bands which wehave seen in examples from the Anglo-Saxon and Frankishgraves. The round mark at the temple is the stone hurledfrom the sling of David.[290]
76. Part of a figure from the wall-pictures of the Painted Chamberat Westminster: to shew the form of the pointed,nasal helmet. Date, the second half of the thirteenthcentury.[291]
77. Glass-painting in the window of the north transept of OxfordCathedral. The tracery formerly belonging to it nolonger appears, and it is now mixed up with glass of a laterperiod. It is scarcely necessary to say that the martyr'shead is a "restoration." The knights are armed in suits ofbanded-mail, with knee-pieces of plate. The uplifted swordis of the falchion kind. Fitz-Urse has on his shield threeBears' heads on a diapered field, in lieu of the usual figureof a single Bear. Compare woodcut, No. [53]. The date ofthis glass appears to be about the close of the thirteenthcentury.[296]
78. Iron spur found in the churchyard of Chesterford, Cambridgeshire,and now preserved in the Museum of the Hon.R. C. Neville, at Audley End. The plain goad, straightneck, and curved shanks are all characteristic of the knightlyspur of the thirteenth century.[298]
79. Great Seal of King Henry III.; drawn from impressionsattached to Harleian Charter, 43, C. 38; Wolley Charter,5, xxi.; and Topham Charter, No. 8. The king wears thehauberk of chain-mail, with a helm somewhat rounded attop, and having a moveable ventail with clefts for sightand breathing. The mailing has been obliterated from thechausses, if any ever were there. The surcoat is still of greatlength. The bowed shield exhibits the usual three Lions.But a novelty appears in the spurs of this figure, whichare rowelled. No earlier instance of the rowel spur hasbeen observed, and indeed it seldom appears again duringthe whole century. Usually on the alert to adopt anynovelty of military equipment, the knights appear to haverejected with particular obstinacy the innovation of thewheeled spur, though to us it appears so strongly recommendedby the greater humanity of its contrivance. Comparewoodcut, No. [81]: the second Great Seal of Hen. III.[299]
80. From Cotton MS., Nero, D. i.; the "Lives of the twoOffas," by Matthew Paris. This group, which occurs onfolio 7 of the manuscript, represents the Mercian king,Offa I., combating in behalf of the king of Northumberland,and defeating the Scottish army. The drawings of thiscurious volume, all of which have been copied by Strutt inhis Horda, appear to be of the close of the thirteenthcentury. The body-armour is for the most part banded-mail.King Offa has the distinction of greaves and knee-pieces:the mailing of a portion of his coif differs from therest of the suits, probably from carelessness of the artistonly. The horse of the king is also discriminated from theother steeds by having a housing. The head-defence, composedof a mask of steel placed over the coif of banded-mail,is very remarkable. In the adjoining figure we again seean example of the aperture left at the palm, for the convenienceof liberating the hand occasionally from its case ofmail. Compare woodcut, No. [62].[303]
81. Second Great Seal of King Henry III. From impressionsat Carlton Hide (R. i. 34), and select seals in Brit. Museum(xxxiv. 4). The armour consists of hauberk and chausses ofchain-mail, helm with moveable visor, shield and sword.The surcoat, of diminished length, is without heraldic decoration.As a work of art, this seal shews a great advancebeyond the previous royal seals: the horse is drawn withmuch truth and spirit, while the figure of the king is just inits proportions and natural in its position. Compare woodcut,No. [79].[307]
82. Group from the Painted Chamber. Vetusta Monumenta,vol. vi. Plate xxxvi. We have here many noticeable particulars:the falchion, the archer with his long-bow and cloth-yardshaft, armed with its barbed head, the ornamentedhelmet of the mounted knight, the conical nasal helmet ofthe figure behind, the triangular and the round shields, andthe curiously-formed brow-band of the horse. All these willbe duly examined under their respective heads.[313]
83. Incised slab of red sandstone, the memorial of a knight ofthe Brougham family, in the church of Brougham, Westmoreland.The stone is nearly 7 feet long, by 3 ft. 5 in.wide, and is traditionally known as "The Crusader's Tomb."The "Crusader" himself was disinterred in 1846, in consequenceof some repairs within the chancel of the church,and found to have been buried cross-legged. For a particularaccount of this curious discovery, see the "ArchæologicalJournal," vol. iv. p. 59.[317]
84. Military Flail: from Strutt's Horda, vol. i. Plate xxxii.From the same MS. as our No. [51]. (Benet Coll. Lib., C. 5.xvi.) Compare the flail on woodcut [11].[327]
85. Great Seal of King Edward I. Drawn from impression atCarlton Ride marked H. 20; and Harl. Charter, 43, C. 52.The king is armed in hauberk and chausses of chain-mail,with helm having moveable visor; and he wears the shortersurcoat without armorial decoration. The shield presentsno new feature. The mountings of the sword are of an unusualpattern: the fleur-de-lis ornament at the extremity isagain seen at the hinge of the visor. This is the first Englishroyal seal in which the housing of the steed is heraldicallyensigned.[339]
86. Horse in housing of chain-mail: from the Painted Chamber[2].Representations of the mailed steed are extremelyrare, though the descriptions of them are frequent. Theknight has here an armoried surcoat, and wears the usual"barrel helm" of the time.[342]
87. Seal and counter-seal of Roger de Quinci, second earl ofWinchester, 1219-64. The arming of both figures is exactlythe same: hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, cylindricalhelm, triangular bowed shield, and two-edged sword. Thewyvern which seems to form a crest to the helm in thecounter-seal, is in fact only an ornament used to fill up thespace left after the word "scocie" in the legend. Theflower in the same seal, and the similar wyvern in the obverse,are employed with a like view of enriching the compositionwith ornament. De Quinci was Lord High Stewardof Scotland by right of his wife, and on the reverse-seal beforeus, where he is described as "Constabularius Scocie," wehave the figure of the Scottish Lion: the seeming combatbetween the two being an ingenious fancy of the artist.Compare Winchester Volume of Archæological Institute,p. 103, and Laing's Ancient Scottish Seals, p. 113.[346]
88. Wager of Battle between Walter Blowberme and Hamon leStare, from the original roll in the Tower. The document isnoticed in Madox's History of the Exchequer, with an engraving,p. 383. He describes the incident as "a pretty remarkableCase of a Duell that was fought in the reign ofK. Henry III.... A Duell was struck. And Hamon beingvanquished in the Combat, was adjudged to be hanged".[375]
89. Caerphilly Castle, Glamorganshire. Built about 1275. Wehave here the type of the "Edwardian Castle;" differingfrom the Norman stronghold essentially in this: that, whilethe Norman fortress was a massive building surrounded bya court, the Edwardian arrangement was a court surroundedby strong buildings. The buildings themselves differed inmany particulars, not only from their Norman predecessors,but from each other; and it would require a volume to examineat large the many curious devices for offence and defencethat are exhibited in the various examples left to ourtimes. We must again refer the student to the admirable workof M. Viollet-le-Duc, Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Âge,and to the able paper on the same subject in the first volumeof the "Archæological Journal." And, for a complete accountof the works at Caerphilly, see the Archæologia Cambrensis,vol. i., N. S. The engraving before us is from a drawing byMr. G. T. Clark, in which some portion of the lost buildingshas been supplied from the indications afforded by a carefulsurvey of those remaining. Conspicuous in front is the GreatHall, with its louvre. Below is a water-gate, leading fromthe moat into the interior of the castle. Various outworksare connected with the main structure by means of drawbridges,and at the right-hand corner is a mill, turned by thestream which supplies the moat.[377]

[ANCIENT ARMOUR,]

&c.