[5] Norm. Conq., iii. 444.
[6] Ibid., p. 757.
[7] Mr Archer writes: 'Pel is literally "stake", and originally, of course, represented the upright or horizontal stakes which go to make a palisade' (English Historical Review, ix. 6).
[8] Ibid., p. 10. The word which Mr Freeman (and others) rendered 'ash' is rendered 'windows of farm dwellings' by Mr Archer (see below, p. 308).
[9] Mr Archer would have us believe that 'Mr Freeman really had in his mind ... a real wall of real shields and stakes' (English Historical Review, 16), and that the English would 'strap up their shields to the stakes', would combine 'their shields and poles', and so forth (20).
[10] This is Mr Oman's third and (up to now) final explanation (Academy, June 9, 1894).
[11] English Historical Review, ix. 232.
[12] Ibid., ix. 232-3, 237-8, 240.
[13] The difficulty of hauling timber even a short distance over broken and hilly ground 'in an October of those days' (N.C., iii. 446) must not be forgotten.
[14] The italics are Mr Freeman's own.