Ancient and Modern Furniture and Woodwork

by John Hungerford Pollen

Much early eighteenth century furniture was bombé, or rolled about in curious curves or undulations of surface, partly to display the skill of the cabinet-makers, and partly to show off the marquetry, which formed its only decoration. Another step was the introduction of mechanical applications and contrivances. The tops of tables lift off, and the action causes other portions to rise, to open, and so on. It is to be remembered that bedrooms were often used as boudoirs or studies, and that furniture which could shut private papers up without requiring that they should be put away into drawers was convenient in such rooms. As the century advanced, it became customary to form a sort of alcove at the end of bedrooms in France. The centre portion contained the bed, hidden by curtains, the spaces between it and the two walls were shut in with doors, and formed dressing closets, which could be used while the rest of the room was shut off. The bedroom then became a reception room and was thrown open with other receiving rooms of the house. Bureaux or mechanically shutting tables, writing desks, and the like, under this arrangement were a necessity for small rooms.

A school of painters arose in the reign of Louis the fifteenth who devoted themselves to the decoration of room woodwork and ceilings; Charles Delafosse, Antoine Coypel, Jean Restout, and many pupils. We must associate the names of these artists with those of the Le Pautre family. Jean died before the end of the seventeenth century, but Pierre took part in the later works of the Louvre and of Versailles under Jules Hardouin Mansard, "surintendant des bastiments." Juste Aurèle Meissonnier did still more to make this showy work popular. He designed all sorts of room furniture and woodwork. It is amongst the published works of these artists that we must seek the eighteenth century designs of French fashion. Painted panels were inserted into the wood ceilings, over the tops of looking-glasses, and dessus-portes or the short panels between the tops of doors and the line of cornice. These are generally in chiaro scuro, or light and shade only, and represent families of cupids. Nymphs and fauns, shepherdesses, and the supposed inhabitants of a fanciful Arcadia, formed the general subjects of room decorations.

A process belonging to the same reign should be noticed, called after the inventor, Vernis-Martin, a carriage painter, born about the year 1706. By carriage painter we must understand a painter of heraldic ornaments, flower borders, &c. His varnish is a fine transparent lac polish, probably derived from Japan through missionaries, who had resided there before the occurrence of the great massacres which closed Japan to all but the Dutch traders. The work which we commonly associate with his name is generally found on furniture such as tables or book cases, as well as on needle cases, snuff boxes, fans, and étuis, on a gold ground. The gold is waved or striated by some of those ingenious processes still in use amongst the Japanese, by which the paste or preparation on which their gold is laid is worked over while still soft. One or two carriages beautifully painted in vernis-martin are kept in the hotel de Cluny at Paris. Although it is popularly held that Martin declared his secret should die with him, and that he kept his word, yet it is certain that he left imitators and pupils who painted and enamelled in his manner furniture of various kinds. In Sir R. Wallace's collection there are two pieces, coloured green and varnished, one a table and the other a cabinet or bookcase, of vernis-martin work. There is on these no ornament excepting the varnish and the gold mounts that are added at the edges. The most beautiful objects that bear his name are the small wares, such as fans, needle books, or snuff boxes.

Later in the century we meet with other French names, Riesener, David, and Gouthière, who gained great reputation, the two first as makers of marquetry, and the latter as a founder and chaser of metal furniture mounts, such as edgings and lock scutcheons.

The history of French furniture is in general the history of that of other nations. The art of wood carving was still maintained in Italy and applied, as in the instance of this distaff, to utensils of all kinds. In England we had, about the middle of the century, a school of carvers, gilders, and ornamenters following the extravagant style of the French. The most prominent name is that of Thomas Chippendale, who worked from the middle till towards the end of the century. He was descended from a family of carvers, and inherited the skill which had been general in his craft since the days of Gibbons. We find much rococo carving on bed testers, round fireplaces, over doors, &c., in our English houses built during the reign of Anne and the two first Georges. Other pieces of furniture, such as carved tables, wardrobe cabinets, chair backs or dinner trays, go by Chippendale's name. They are in mahogany, and follow the architectural moulding lines often seen in the works of Sir William Chambers and the brothers Adam.

Among the room decorations of the century we may notice the shelves for holding Chinese porcelain and imitations of Chinese designs in delft pottery, a taste imported by William the third and the members of his court who had lived in Holland. The chimney pieces at Hampton court and elsewhere are provided with woodwork to hold these ornaments. Hogarth paints them in his interiors, and the rage for purchasing such objects at sales became a popular subject of ridicule.

To the early eighteenth century belongs a class of furniture of which the decorations consisted of panels of old Chinese and Japanese lac work; fitted, as the marquetry of the day was, with rich gilt metal mounts. In England it was the fashion to imitate the Japan work, and such old furniture is occasionally met with: black, with raised figure decorations of Chinese character done in gold dust.

A great change is observable in the French furniture, panel carving and such decorations from the period of Louis the sixteenth. Several causes at the time combined to give art of this kind a new as well as a healthier direction. Amongst these we may mention the discoveries made at Herculaneum and Pompeii. It is needless to say that the peculiar cause of the destruction of both those towns had preserved in them perfect memorials, in many forms, of the social life of antiquity. Decorations, utensils and furniture of all kinds that were made of metal, and had resisted the action of damp and time, were recovered in fair condition. One result, both in France and England, was a return to a better feeling for classical style.

Room decorations and furniture soon reached the highest point of elegance which French renaissance art of a sumptuous kind has touched since the sixteenth century. The panelling of rooms, usually in oak and painted white, was designed in severe lines with straight mouldings and pilasters. The pilasters were decorated with well-designed carved work, small, close, and splendidly gilt. The quills that fill the fluted columns still seen round so many interiors were cut into beads or other subdivisions with much care. Fine arabesque work in the style of the "loggie" of Raphael was partly carved in relief, partly drawn and painted, or gilt, with gold of a yellow or of a green hue; the green being largely alloyed with silver. An example of the best work of this kind may be referred to in the beautiful room brought from Paris and now preserved, reconstructed, at South Kensington. The houses built for members of the brilliant court of queen Marie Antoinette were filled with admirable work in this manner, or in the severer but still delicate carved panelling in wood plainly painted. The royal factories of the Gobelins and of Sèvres turned out also their most beautiful productions to decorate rooms, furniture, and table service. In the former of these, tapestries were made for wall hangings, for chair backs, seats, and sofas. Rich silks from the looms of Lyons, and from those of Lucca, Genoa, and Venice were also employed for this kind of furniture both in France and Flanders, Germany, Italy, and Spain, as well as in our own country. In all these matters France led the fashions.