Iūlus, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. See: [Ascanius].——A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 271.——A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. See: [Antonius Julius].
Jūnia lex, Sacrata, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune.——Another, A.U.C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens.
Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.——Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.
Junius Blæsus, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 35.——Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 42.——Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 24.——Brutus. See: [Brutus].
Jūno, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter. See: [Saturnus]. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. See: [Dædala]. This reconciliation, however cordial [♦]it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, often called Junonia avis [See: [Argus]], were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, lactea via. As Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived either from the function or things over which she presided, or from the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 2, &c.—Apollodorus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Argon.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, &c.; Fasti, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 13.—Athenæus, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 34.
[♦] ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’
Junonālia and Junonia, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heræa of the Greeks. See: [Heræa]. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 37.
Junōnes, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honour. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Seneca, ltr. 110.
Junōnia, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.——A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it.
Junonigĕna, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 173.