Caesar Borgia: A Study of the Renaissance

by John Leslie Garner

[21] Jean d’Auton, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834.

[22] Varsari, “Vite de’ più, Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori et Architetti,” Bologna, 1647. “Vita di Pietro di Cosimo.”

[23] Auton, Jean d’, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834, Pt. III., vii.

[24] Alvisi, “Cesare Borgia,” Document 40.

[25] Gregorovius, “Storia della Città di Roma,” Venice, 1875, Bk. 13, Chap. V., sec. 4.

[26] Burchard’s statement is incorrect: the last named was spared, but was assassinated August 28, 1504.

[27] Guillaume Brissonet of Tours, Bishop of San Malo, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana; Luigi d’Aragona, Cardinal-Deacon of the title of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.

INDEX

• Æneas Sylvius, see [Pius II.]
• Agapito, see [Gerardino, Agapito]
• Agramont, Count of, [300]
• Agrigentum, Bishop of, [101]
• Alain, Cardinal of Santa Prassede, [31]
• Albret, Alain d’, [131]
• Albret, Charlotte d’, [71], [131];
• marries Caesar Borgia, [132], [137];
• her death, [310]
• Albret, Jean d’, [131], [284], [291], [300], [301], [305]
• Aleson, Padre, [306]
• Alexander VI., Pope, [38];
• nepotism of, [47], [48];
• election of, [51];
• his dissolute life, [51];
• a temporal prince, [53], [64], [69], [70], [72], [78], [83], [86];
• meets Alfonso of Naples, [88];
• removes to Castle St. Angelo, [93];
• treaty with Charles VIII., [93], [94];
• avoids the King, [96];
• goes to Perugia, [97];
• his letter to the people of Orvieto, [98];
• the Romagnol barons, [100];
• creation of cardinals, [101];
• declares the Orsini rebels, [101];
• receives Giuffre and Sancia, [104];
• grief for murder of Gandia, [109];
• reform of the Church, [114];
• goes to Ostia, [118];
• alliance with Louis XII., [123], [124], [133], [149];
• confiscates estates of the Riario, [151];
• appoints Caesar gonfalonier, [151];
• confers the Golden Rose on him, [153], [160];
• Faenza banned, [163];
• creates twelve cardinals, [164], [171];
• threatens Bologna, [172], [177];
• receives French officers, [179], [182];
• places the ban on the Colonna and the Savelli, [186];
• his son Giovanni, [187];
• relations with Ferrara, [188], [189], [190];
• his opinion of Caesar, [191];
• goes to Piombino, [192];
• to Elba, [193], [196];
• seizes the Orsini, [221], [222], [229];
• threatens Caesar, [230];
• seizes the towns of the Savelli, [232];
• watches Naples, [234];
• stricken by the plague, [235];
• death and rumours of poison, [236], [238];
• obsequies, [248], [261]
• Alexius, Attilius, [41]
• Alfonso of Naples, Duke of Bisceglia, [73], [121];
• murder of, [157–9], [161]
• Allegre, Yves d’, [92], [138], [144], [146], [147];
• in Rome, [179]
• Alviano, Bartolomeo d’, declared a rebel, [101];
• active about Rome, [103], [202], [257], [260]
• Alvisi, E., [232]
• Amananti, Jacopo, Cardinal of Pavia, [39]
• Amboise, Georges d’, Cardinal of Rouen, [123], [129], [245], [246];
• in Rome, [247], [249];
• defends Caesar, [261], [274]
• Anastasius, Pope, [28]
• Angelo, Michael, his “Cupid,” [201]
• Appiano, Giacomo d’, [176]
• Aquilano, Sebastiano, [119]
• Aragona, Luigi d’, comes to Rome, [247], [249]
• Aranda, Pedro de, Bishop of Calahorra, [124], [306], [307]
• Arignano, Domenico d’, [74]
• Aubigny, Count d’, [137]
• Auton, Jean d’, chronicler, [137];
• account of Pope’s reception of French officers, [179–80];
• account of the expedition against Naples, [181];
• the taking of Capua, [182]
• Avignon, the Papal See at, [58]
• Ayala, Pedro de, [287]
• Baglioni, the, join the Pope’s enemies, [103], [257]
• Baglioni, Giampaolo, [164], [212];
• attacks Perugia, [242], [274]
• Balue, Cardinal, [66]
• Barbo, Marco, Cardinal, [41]
• Barbo, Piero, [39]
• Beaumont, Luis de, [300], [301], [302], [305]
• Benavente, Count of, [286–7], [290]
• Benedict XIII., Anti-Pope, [32]
• Bentivoglio, the, [205]
• Bentivoglio, Annibale, [258]
• Bentivoglio, Ercole, [147]
• Bentivoglio, Giovanni, [164], [171], [172], [173];
• his agreement with the Pope, [214], [276]
• Bessarion, Cardinal of Nicæa, [31], [32], [41]
• Bisceglia, Alfonso, Duke of, see [Alfonso of Naples]
• Boccaccio, Gianandrea, [75];
• account of Caesar Borgia, [82]
• Bologna, relations with the Pope, [205]
• Bona of Savoy, regent in Milan, [62], [88]
• Boniface VIII., Pope, [28], [58]
• Books, dedication of, [67]
• Borgia or Borja family, the, [31];
• their character, [52], [68], [70];
• family solidarity, [72];
• their enemies, [242]
• Borgia, Alonzo, Cardinal (see [Calixtus III.], Pope), [31], [68]
• Borgia, Angela, [139]
• Borgia, Catalina, [69], [77]
• Borgia, Caesar, [38], [44], [53], [64], [67], [71], [73];
• his birth, [75–6];
• plans in central Italy, [76], [77];
• student in Pisa, [78];
• his letter to the Counsellors of Pamplona, [79];
• in Spoleto, [81], [82], [83];
• made cardinal, [85], [88], [93];
• hostage of Charles VIII., [93], [94], [95], [96], [97];
• Governor of Orvieto, [98], [99], [100];
• meets the Duke of Gandia, [102–4];
• legate to Naples, [105];
• suspected of the murder of Gandia, [110–12];
• crowns the King of Naples, [117];
• returns to Rome, [118];
• book dedicated to, [119];
• to resign ecclesiastical offices, [123];
• goes to France, [124–5];
• meets Louis XII., [126], [129];
• Duke of Valentinois, [130], [131];
• marries Charlotte d’Albret, [132];
• given Order of St. Michael, [135];
• his daughter Louise, [137];
• first campaign in Romagna, [139];
• takes Forli, [144];
• Vicar of Imola and Forli, [145];
• in Rome, [147–9];
• Vicar of Romagna, [150];
• Governor of Imola, [151];
• Gonfalonier of the Church, [151];
• his oath, [152];
• the Golden Rose, [153];
• a bull-fighter, [154];
• and the artists, [155];
• murders Alfonso of Naples, [158], [159];
• second campaign in Romagna, [164];
• relations with the Gonzaga, [166];
• enters Pesaro, [167];
• his habits, [168];
• returns to Rome, [173];
• Florence, [175];
• and Machiavelli, [175], [176];
• in Rome, [179];
• expedition against Naples, [182];
• Capua, [185];
• affairs in the north, [186], [189], [190], [191];
• goes to Piombino, [192];
• Elba, [193];
• third campaign in Romagna, [194];
• has Manfredi killed, [195], [196];
• goes to Spoleto, [197], [199];
• Duke of Urbino, [201];
• his letter to Lucretia, [203];
• goes to Milan, [204];
• estranged from his captains, [205];
• the conspiracy, [206–7];
• and Machiavelli, [208–10], [211], [212];
• his captains return to him, [215];
• receives delegation from Ancona, [217];
• goes to Sinigaglia [218];
• the trap at Sinigaglia, [219];
• has Oliverotto and Vitelli killed, [220];
• seizes Città di Castello, [223];
• has Paolo and Francesco Orsini strangled, [224], [226];
• his letter to the Balia of Siena, [226–7], [228], [229], [230];
• a power in Central Italy, [230], [231];
• plots with Spain, [223], [234];
• ill of the plague, [235], [237];
• he recovers, [240];
• seizes the Pope’s personal property, [241];
• his domain crumbles, [242];
• and the Sacred College, [243], [244], [245];
• leaves Rome with troops, [246], [248], [251];
• favoured by Pius III., [252];
• deserted by Moncada and Romolino, [253];
• brings his men to Rome, [255], [256];
• his fortunes improve, [257];
• again deserted, [258];
• he escapes but returns to Rome, [259], [260], [261], [265];
• lodged in the Vatican, [267];
• relations with Julius II., [269];
• leaves Rome, [270];
• arrested, [272], [273], [274];
• confined in the Borgia tower, [275];
• goes to Ostia, [276–7];
• goes to Naples, [278], [279];
• arrested by Gonsalvo de Cordova, [280];
• sent to Spain, [284];
• attempts to kill his gaoler, [285], [286], [287];
• escapes from prison, [289];
• the investigation, [291–3];
• informs friends of his escape, [294], [298], [299];
• Captain-General of Navarre, [302];
• is slain, [304];
• his body taken to Viana, [305];
• entombed in Santa Maria, [306];
• news of his death reaches Italy, [308], [309];
• his epitaph, [310], [312]
• Borgia, Francesco, Cardinal of Cosenza, [101], [146];
• flees from Rome, [275]
• Borgia, Francina, [68]
• Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Monreale, dies of the plague, [235]
• Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Santa Susanna, his death, [145]
• Borgia, Giovanni, see [Gandia, Duke of]
• Borgia, Giovanni, Lord of Camerino, [38], [73], [187]
• Borgia, Girolama, [73], [86]
• Borgia, Girolamo, son of Caesar, [311]
• Borgia, Giuffre, Prince of Squillace, [73], [83], [85];
• marries Sancia of Naples, [87];
• enters Rome, [104], [120], [248];
• arrested and released, [281]
• Borgia, Gonzales Gil, [68]
• Borgia, Isabella, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia and wife of Pietro Giovanni Matuzzi, [73]
• Borgia, Isabella de, sister of Calixtus III., [70]
• Borgia, Juan Domingo, [68]
• Borgia, Juana de, wife of P. Guillem Lanzol, [71]
• Borgia, Laura, daughter of Alexander VI., betrothed to Niccolò della Rovere, [282]
• Borgia, Louise de, daughter of Caesar, [137], [310], [311]
• Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Alexander VI., [71], [73];
• her birth, [75];
• under care of Adriana Mila, [77];
• betrothed to Giovanni Sforza, [83];
• married, [84], [104];
• divorced, [120];
• married to Alfonso, Prince of Bisceglia, [121], [158], [161], [187];
• placed in charge of Vatican, [189];
• married to Alfonso d’Este, [192];
• the final estimate of her, [192], [285], [308];
• her death and her descendants, [312]
• Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Caesar, [311]
• Borgia, Ludovico, [145]
• Borgia, Pedro Luis, First Duke of Gandia, [72]
• Borgia, Pier Luigi, [33], [34];
• made cardinal, [164]
• Borgia, Raymon, [68]
• Borgia, Ricardo, [68]
• Borgia, Rodrigo (see [Alexander VI.]), [32], [33], [34], [37];
• made cardinal, [41];
• crowns Sixtus IV., [32], [48], [50], [51];
• a student of canon law, [52];
• Bishop of Valencia, [52];
• Vice-Chancellor, [52], [71], [77], [78];
• elected pope, [80]
• Borgia, Ximenes Garcia, [68]
• Borja, see [Borgia]
• Borja, Rodrigo Gil de, [70]
• Borja, y Doms, Jofre, [70]
• Braccio, Alessandro, [114]
• Brantôme, describes Caesar’s entry into Chinon, [126]
• Bretagne, Anne of, [131]
• Brissonet, Guillaume, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana, comes to Rome, [247]
• Bugliotto, Odoardo, [246]
• Bull-fighting in Rome, [154]
• Burchard, Johann, his account of the murder of the Duke of Gandia, [107–14];
• on the death of Cardinal Orsini, [226]
• Calderon, Pedro, murder of, [119]
• Calixtus III., Pope (Alonzo Borgia), [31], [32], [34], [39], [43], [70], [71], [72], [77]
• Calmeto, Vincenzo, [223]
• Camerino, fall of, [202]
• Canale, Carlo, [74]
• Capello, Paolo, relation of, [114], [116], [119];
• describes Caesar, [155], [158];
• on Alexander VI., [162], [165]
• Capranica, Bartolomeo, [211]
• Capranica, Domenico, Cardinal, [31], [33]
• Capua, capture of, [183]
• Caraffa, Oliviero, Cardinal, [51]
• Caranza, Pedro, [81]
• Cardenas, Bernardino de, [288–9]
• Cardinals, the, their wealth, [64];
• their character, [65]
• Carilli, Alonzo, [302]
• Carlotta of Aragon, [121], [130]
• Carniola, the Bishop of, [239]
• Carvajal, Bernardino, Cardinal, [41], [275]
• Casio, Jeronimo, his epitaph on Caesar, [310]
• Castiglione, Baldessare, [138]
• Catanei, Vanozza de’, [72–3];
• her character, [74];
• her house plundered, [93], [248], [275], [311]
• Catherine, St., [39]
• Cecco d’Ascoli, [27]
• Cesarini, Giuliano, [86]
• Charles VIII., claims Naples, [83];
• prepares to invade Italy, [88];
• his character, [89], [90];
• enters Tuscany, [92];
• enters Naples, [95];
• returns to Rome, [95], [97];
• returns to France, [98], [103];
• his death, [122], [136]
• Chinchilla, Caesar sent to, [284]
• Church, States of the, [43]
• Churches, murders in, [65]
• Cibo, Franceschetto, [48], [49]
• Cibo, Giambatista, elected pope, [48];
• his nepotism and avarice, [49]
• Cibo, Lorenzo, [50], [51]
• Clement VII., Pope, [232]
• Collennuccio, Pandolfo, [167];
• on Caesar’s habits and character, [168]
• Colonna, feud with the Orsini, [60];
• they hold to the Pope, [103];
• banned by the Pope, [186], [203]
• Colonna, Cardinal, [50], [66], [93];
• returns to Rome, [249]
• Colonna, Fabrizio, [84], [103], [182];
• captured, [184]
• Colonna, Prospero, [182];
• returns to Rome, [242], [244], [246], [247]
• Commines, Philippe de, envoy to Venice, [90]
• Communes, the Italian, [56–7]
• Condottieri, the, [59]
• Cordova, Juan de, [211]
• Cordova, see [Gonsalvo de Cordova]
• Corio, Bernardino, [41]
• Corneto, Adriano di, Cardinal, the dinner in his garden, [236]
• Corrella, Michelotto, [158], [173], [211], [260];
• captured, [274];
• examined for crimes, [281]
• Cosimo, Pietro di, [156]
• Costabili, Beltrando, [191];
• on death of Alexander VI., [238]
• Crime during the Renaissance, [115]
• Croce, Giorgio de, [72], [74]
• Dante, his “Convito,” [26]
• Da Vinci, Leonardo, [137], [155], [193], [205]
• Decio, Filippo, [78]
• Dijon, the Bailli of, [138], [146]
• Dolcino di Novara, [27]
• Doms, family arms, [70]
• Doms, Sibilla, [70]
• Doria, Andrea, [223]
• Dracaz, Giacomo, [99]
• Empire, the, [56]
• Enea, Silvio, see [Pius II.]
• Enriquez, Maria, [73], [102], [284]
• Este family, [58];
• arms, [71]
• Este, Alfonso d’, [71], [73];
• marries Lucretia Borgia, [187–8], [192]
• Este, Ercole d’, [188], [191]
• Este, Fernando d’, [191]
• Este, Ippolito d’, [105], [188], [191], [308]
• Este, Isabella d’, [188], [221]
• Estouteville, Cardinal, [104], [187]
• Faenza, invested, [170];
• surrenders, [173]
• Farnese, Alessandro, [64], [84];
• made cardinal, [86]
• Farnese family, [86]
• Farnese, Giulia (La Bella), [38], [64], [73], [77], [81];
• captured by the French, [92]
• Federico, Caesar’s secretary, arrested by Julius, [11], [297]
• Feo, Giacomo, [140]
• Ferdinand II. of Spain, [77], [286];
• goes to Naples, [287], [289], [300–1]
• Ferdinand II. of Naples, [98]
• Ferdinand of Naples, [83]
• Ferrara, [188];
• her orator complains to the pope, [189]
• Ferrer, Luis, [289]
• Ferrerio, Vincenzo, [32]
• Foix, Gaston de, [286]
• Foix, Germaine de, [286]
• Forli surrenders, [143–4]
• Fornovo, battle of, [98]
• Florence, [45], [175]
• Flores, Antonio, [94]
• Flores, Bartolomeo, [83]
• Francesco da Pistoja, [27]
• France, superiority of armies of, [91]
• Frederic II. of Naples, [105], [130];
• declared deprived of Naples, [182];
• goes to France, [185]
• Gaetani, the, robbed by Alexander VI., [164], [167]
• Gandia, Giovanni Borgia, Duke of, [73];
• made Captain-General, [102];
• wounded, [103];
• the murder of, [107–14]
• Gasparino da Verona, [37]
• Gerardino, Agapito, [124], [154], [208], [213], [224];
• deserts Caesar, [272]
• Ghibellines, the, [57]
• Giovanni, Don, Infans Romanus, see [Borgia, Giovanni], Lord of Camerino
• Giovio, Paolo, [184]
• Giulia Bella, see [Farnese, Giulia]
• Giustinian, Antonio, Venetian ambassador, [214], [225], [236], [247], [252], [253], [255], [260];
• his opinion of Julius II., [266], [269], [270], [273], [275], [277], [278], [280]
• Gonsalvo de Cordova, defeats the French, [233], [258], [275];
• victory at the Garigliano, [276], [279], [280], [285];
• sends Caesar to Spain, [282], [287], [288]
• Gonzaga family, [58]
• Gonzaga, Francesco, Cardinal, [41], [74], [97], [165]
• Got, Bertrand, made pope, [58]
• Grammont, French ambassador, [245]
• Grasica, Juanico, Caesar’s equerry, [305];
• goes to Ferrara, [308]
• Gregorovius, Ferdinand, opinion of Caterina Sforza, [140];
• on Letter to Silvio Savelli, [190], [283]
• Guelphs, [57]
• Guevara, Antonio de, [307]
• Guicciardini, Francesco, his opinion of Alexander VI., [52], [184];
• account of Alexander’s death, [238]
• Guilds, [55]
• Gurk, Cardinal (Raymond Perrault), [93]
• Guzman, Gabriel, [284]
• Illegitimacy during the Renaissance, [42], [54–5]
• Infessura, Stefano, his opinion of Sixtus IV., [45];
• his opinion of Innocent VIII., [50], [84]
• Innocent VIII., Pope (Giambatista Cibo), [48], [49];
• death of, [50], [78]
• Investiture, Wars of, [56]
• Isabella of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso of Naples, [89]
• Isabella of Spain, [285]
• Italy, corruption in, [48]
• Jeanne la Folle, [285], [288], [292]
• Jubilee of 1300, [58]
• Julius II., Pope (Giuliano della Rovere), [115], [266];
• statement to Giustinian, [267];
• attitude towards Caesar, [269], [270], [272];
• arrests Caesar, [273], [275], [277], [280], [281], [283], [289]
• La Trémoille, Louis de, [154]
• La Trémoille, Louis II. de, [310]
• League of the Conservation, [95]
• League against France, [95]
• Lenzol, the, family arms, [70], [71]
• Lenzol, Jofre, [69]
• Lenzol, Pedro Luis, [69]
• Lenzol, Rodrigo, [69], [71]
• Lenzol y Borja, Jofre, [71]
• Lenzol y Moncada, [71]
• Ligny, Louis de, [137]
• Lopez, Juan, [81], [97]
• Lorca, Remiro de, [124], [193];
• put to death, [216]
• Louis XII., King of France, [122];
• alliance with Alexander VI., [123], [124], [131];
• his claim to Milan, [136], [137], [171], [176], [177], [178];
• league with Pope against Naples, [182];
• thanks Caesar for his services, [185], [186], [200];
• receives Caesar at Milan, [204], [212], [229];
• restores Pandolfo Petrucci to Siena, [232–3];
• sends troops to the Regno, [234];
• his Prime Minister, [246], [258], [286], [289];
• deprives Caesar of his French fiefs, [299], [300], [310]
• Luna, Pietro de, [103]
• Machiavelli, [76];
• on Giampaolo Baglioni, [115], [175];
• sent to Caesar, [199];
• his opinion of Caesar, [200], [208–10], [216], [219], [232], [261], [271], [272]
• Maillard, Benoit, his description of a banquet given to Caesar, [125]
• Malatesta family, lords of Rimini, [59]
• Malatesta, Pandolfo, [164], [169], [257]
• Mancini, Jeronimo, [191]
• Manfredi family, lords of Faenza, [59]
• Manfredi, Astorre, [163], [168], [169];
• his bravery, [172];
• surrenders, [173];
• murder of, [194], [196]
• Mantua, Marquis of (Gian Francesco Gonzaga), [248]
• Marades, Juan, [81]
• Marches, the Lords of the, [101]
• Marciano, Rinuccio da, [182];
• wounded and captured, [184]
• Mariana, Juan de, historian, [69], [72]
• Marsini, Niccolò, [203]
• Martin V., Pope, [32]
• Martyr, Peter, of Anghiara, [239]
• Matarazzo, [186];
• on Caesar, [231]
• Matilda, Countess, [56]
• Maximilian, his ambassador arrives in Spoleto, [96], [165], [190], [286], [298], [300]
• Medici, the, [45], [58]
• Medici, Giovanni de’, made Cardinal, [49], [51], [64]
• Medici, Giuliano de’, murder of, [45], [65], [174]
• Medici, Lorenzo de’, attempted murder of, [45]
• Medici, Maddalena de’, married to Franceschetto Cibo, [48]
• Medici, Piero de’, [90], [174]
• Medino del Campo, fortress of, [285], [290]
• Mendoza, Diego de, [276]
• Mendoza, Pedro de, his letter, [295–6]
• Mercenaries in Italy, [59]
• Michele, see [Corrella, Michelotto]
• Michelotto, see [Corrella, Michelotto]
• Michiel, Giovanni, Cardinal, [41], [51]
• Middle Ages, [62];
• the Arts during, [63]
• Mila, Adriana, [69], [77]
• Mila, Juan del, Cardinal, [69]
• Mila, Juan, Bishop of Zamora, [32], [69]
• Mila, Juan, Luis de, [32]
• Mila, Perot del, [69]
• Mirandola, Antonio Pico della, suspected of the murder of Gandia, [110]
• Moncada, Juan de, [71]
• Moncada, Ugo, [211], [253]
• Montefeltre, Federico, made Duke of Urbino, [44], [198], [210], [234], [267]
• Montefeltre, Giovanna, [44]
• Montefeltre, Guido, [215]
• Montefeltre, lords of Urbino, [59]
• Montpensier, Gilbert de, Vice-Regent in Naples, [98]
• Moret, the chronicler, [289], [304]
• Moro, Ludovico il, [62], [83], [88], [89], [95], [97], [98], [136], [137], [140], [146];
• returns to Milan, [147];
• defeated by the French, [154]
• Mottino, Admiral, [259], [277], [278]
• Mugnone, Lucchesina, [42]
• Naples, Federico of, [85]
• Naples, Ferdinand of, [45]
• Naples, league against, [83]
• Naples, Sancia of, see [Sancia of Naples]
• Nepotism, [39], [47], [80]
• Nicæa, Cardinal-Bishop of, see [Bessarion]
• Niccolò da Verona, [26]
• Nicholas III., Pope, [28]
• Nicholas V., Pope, [31], [68]
• Oliverotto da Fermo, [202], [213];
• put to death by Caesar Borgia, [220]
• Olivieri, Giovanni, [154]
• Ordelaffi family, lords of Forli, [59]
• Orsini, the, [50];
• their feuds, [60];
• and Charles VIII., [101], [103];
• strongholds in Rome, [116];
• active about Rome, [228];
• return to Rome, [242], [244], [257];
• protest to the Pope against Caesar, [259], [260], [261]
• Orsini, Carlo, declared a rebel, [101];
• captures the Duke of Urbino, [103]
• Orsini, Giambattista, Cardinal, [41];
• made camerlengo, [42];
• arrested by Alexander VI., [221];
• his palace plundered, [222];
• death in prison, [225]
• Orsini, Gian Giordano, declared a rebel, [101], [230]
• Orsini, Giulio, [174], [257]
• Orsini, Ludovico, Lord of Bassanello, [69], [77]
• Orsini, Niccolò, [229]
• Orsini, Paolo, declared a rebel, [101], [164], [174], [211], [213];
• takes Urbino, [215]
• Orsini, Virginio, [50], [84], [85];
• declared a rebel, [101];
• made prisoner, [102]
• Orvieto, [98]
• Oviedo, Pedro de, [198], [274]
• Palavicini, Antoniotto Gentile, Cardinal of Sta Anastasia, [96]
• Panvinio, [69]
• Papacy, the, [28], [42];
• secularisation of, [45–6];
• politics of, [262]
• Paul II., Pope, [37], [40], [41];
• his avarice, [45]
• Pavia, Cardinal of (Francesco Alidosio), [37]
• Pazzi, conspiracy, [45], [47]
• Pepoli, the, lords of Bologna, [59]
• Perugia, Bishop of, see [Romolino, Francesco]
• Pesaro, surrenders, [167]
• Petrarch, [26], [28]
• Petrucci, Pandolfo, [212];
• leaves Siena, [228], [251]
• Philippe le Beau, [285], [287];
• his death, [288]
• Philippe le Bel, [58]
• Piccolomini, the, [51]
• Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, see [Pius II.]
• Piccolomini, Francesco, Cardinal of Siena, elected Pope, [250]
• Pigna, Ferrarese ambassador, [113]
• Pinturicchio, Bernardo, [71]
• Piombino, surrender of, [176], [186]
• Pius II., Pope (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), his letter to Rodrigo Borgia, [34], [35], [39], [43], [54]
• Pius III., Pope (Francesco Piccolomini), compels French troops to withdraw from Romagna, [250];
• death and rumours of poison, [251];
• favours Caesar, [252];
• makes Caesar Gonfalonier, [256], [258];
• his death, [260]
• Plague of 1503, [235]
• Polentani, the, lords of Ravenna, [59]
• Politics, Italian, [166];
• papal, [262]
• Pompilio, Paolo, dedicates a work to Caesar, [67], [77]
• Popes, the character of, [42];
• temporal sovereigns, [46];
• their nephews, [46];
• corruption of, [48]
• Rationalism in Italy, [63]
• Renaissance, the Italian, [23–8], [38];
• illegitimacy during, [42], [54–5], [62];
• murder during, [65];
• palaces of, [66];
• lack of moral sense in, [67];
• politics and rulers of, [77];
• warfare during, [91]
• Requesenz, Caesar’s Majordomo, [285], [299]
• Riario, the, deprived of their domain, [151]
• Riario, Girolamo, [44], [140]
• Riario, Pietro, [41];
• made cardinal, [43]
• Riario, Raffaele, Cardinal, [44], [50], [65];
• returns to Rome, [249]
• Ribera, Juan de, Captain-General of Spain, [300–1]
• Rimini, surrender of, [169]
• Rio, Francesco, [277]
• Roccamura, Francesco de, [243]
• Rodrigo, son of Alfonso of Naples and Lucretia Borgia, [187]
• Romagna, feudal families of, [42];
• lords of, [101];
• Caesar’s first campaign in, [139];
• second campaign in, [164];
• third campaign in, [194];
• remains faithful to Caesar, [213];
• lack of order in, [282]
• Rome, corruption in, [49];
• plague in, [235];
• threatened by civil war, [242], [249]
• Romolino, Francesco, made Cardinal of Perugia, [78], [81], [101];
• deserts Caesar, [253], [272];
• flees from Rome, [275]
• Rouen, Cardinal of, see [Amboise Georges d’]
• Rovere, della, the, [103]
• Rovere, Francesco della, [41], [42]
• Rovere, Giuliano della (Julius II.), made cardinal, [42], [43];
• a skilful campaign manager, [48], [84], [93], [103], [124], [125], [130];
• abandons the Riario, [139], [215];
• returns from France, [249], [250], [251], [254];
• complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, [255], [262];
• elected pope, [266], [268]
• Rovere, Giovanni della, [44], [45]
• Sacred College, treats with Caesar, [243]
• Saluzzo, Marquis of, [234]
• Sancia of Naples, [85];
• marries Giuffre Borgia, [87];
• enters Rome, [104];
• her character, [105], [160], [177], [247]
• San Clemente, Cardinal of, [255]
• Sanctuary, right of, [65]
• Sangallo, Antonio di, [189], [193]
• San Giorgio, Cardinal, complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, [255]
• San Malo, Bishop of, see [Brissonet, Guillaume]
• San Marco, Cardinal of, [39]
• Sannazzaro, Jacopo, [185];
• on Caesar’s death, [309]
• San Niccolò in Carcere Tulliano, Cardinal of, see [Borgia, Rodrigo]
• San Pietro ad Vincola, Cardinal of, see [Rovere, Giuliano della]
• Sant Angelo, Cardinal, [275]
• Santa Croce, Cardinal of, [276];
• releases Caesar, [278]
• Santa Prudenziana, Cardinal, see [Brissonet, Guillaume]
• Santi Quattro Coronati, Cardinal, see [Borgia, Alonzo]
• Sanudo, [119–20], [145]
• Sasseta, Ranieri della, [279]
• Savelli, the, support the Pope, [103];
• banned by the Pope, [186];
• their estates seized, [187]
• Savelli, Giambattista, Cardinal, [51], [66], [93]
• Savelli, Silvio, the letter to, [114], [186], [190];
• joins the Orsini, [228];
• returns to Rome, [242]
• Savonarola, Girolamo, [27], [78]
• Scalla, the, family, [58]
• Scarampo, Ludovico, Cardinal, [33]
• Scipione, Baldassare di, [279], [281]
• Sclafenati, Gian Giacomo, Cardinal, [51], [74]
• Segovia, Bishop of, made cardinal, [101]
• Sforza, Ascanio, made cardinal, [44];
• bribed with office of Vice-Chancellor, [50];
• suspected of murder of Gandia, [110], [116], [246];
• comes to Rome, [247], [249]
• Sforza, Caterina, [44], [140], [142], [144];
• a prisoner, [147]
• Sforza, Francesco, seizes Milan, [61]
• Sforza, Galeazzo, [44], [88]
• Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, [44], [62]
• Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, [62]
• Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, [88];
• his death, [90]
• Sforza, Giovanni, of Pesaro, [73];
• marries Lucretia Borgia, [84];
• meets Gonsalvo, [103], [167]
• Siena, surrenders, [228]
• Sinigaglia, [216];
• captured, [217]
• Sixtus IV., Pope (Francesco della Rovere), [42], [43];
• his nepotism, [44–5];
• a politician, [45], [46], [47], [48], [52], [76–7]
• Soderini, Francesco, sent to Caesar, [199];
• his account of Cardinal Orsini’s funeral, [226]
• Spanocchi, Alessandro, [253]
• Spanocchi, Ambrogio, [39]
• Squillace, Prince of, see [Borgia, Giuffre]
• Squillace, Princess of, see [Sancia of Naples]
• Strozzi, Ercole, his Epicedium on Caesar, [309]
• Stuart, Berault, comes to Rome with the French Army, [179]
• Suere, Marco, [169]
• Toledo, Fabrique de, Duke of Alva, [286]
• Tomasi, Tomaso, his “Duca Valentino,” [69];
• his opinion of Vanozza and Alexander VI., [74]
• Torrella, Gaspare, dedicates a work to Caesar, [119], [124], [203], [240]
• Trans, Baron of, see [Villeneuve, Louis de]
• Trivulzio, Gian Giacopo, [146]
• Tyranny and tyrants, the Italian, [55–7], [58–9], [61], [101], [166]
• Umbria, the lords of, [101]
• Valentino, Valentinois see [Borgia, Caesar]
• Valentinois, Duchess of, see [Albret, Charlotte d’]
• Valgulio, Carlo, [102]
• Vannozza, see [Catanei, Vannozza de’]
• Varano, Giulio Cesare, [202]
• Varano, lords of Camerino, [59], [202]
• Vasari, Giorgio, [155]
• Vatican, Orgies in, [84], [186]
• Venice, the Patriarch of, [51];
• aids Montefeltre, [211–12]
• Vera, Juan, [78], [81]
• Verastegui, Ogier, [302]
• Vettori, Francesco, [195]
• Viana, the Castle of, [300], [301], [302], [303];
• Santa Maria de, [306]
• Villeneuve, Louis de, Baron of Trans, [123]
• Virago, the, [142]
• Visconti, Filippo Maria, last of the, [61]
• Visconti, the, lords of Milan, [60]
• Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, [60]
• Visconti, Valentina, [136]
• Vitelli, the, return to Rome, [242]
• Vitelli, Vitellozzo, [103], [169], [174], [201], [213], [214];
• put to death, [220]
• Warfare during the Renaissance, [91]
• Worms, Concordat of, [56]
• Yriarte, Charles, his genealogy of the Borgia, [69];
• searches for Caesar’s remains, [307]
• Zapata, Martin, [78]
• Zeno, Battista, Cardinal, [41], [51]

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