JOHN M. GARVAN

PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1929

THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO

BY

JOHN M. GARVAN

[PART I. DESCRIPTIVE]

[ CHAPTER I. Classification and geographical distribution of Manóbos and other peoples in eastern Mindanáo]

[ Explanation of terms]

[ "Eastern Mindanáo"]

[ The term "tribe"]

[ Present use of the word "Manóbo"]

[ The derivation and original application of the word "Manóbo"]

[ Geographical distribution of the Manóbos in eastern Mindanáo]

[ In the Agúsan Valley]

[ On the eastern side of the Pacific Cordillera]

[ On the peninsula of San Agustin]

[ The Mamánuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manóbo half-breeds]

[ The Agúsan Valley branch]

[ The Pacific coast branch]

[ The gulf of Davao branch]

[ The conquistas or recently Christianized peoples]

[ The Manóbo conquistas]

[ The Mandáya conquistas]

[ The Mamánua conquistas]

[ The Mañgguáñgan conquistas]

[ The Mansáka conquistas]

[ The Debabáon conquistas]

[ The Bisáyas or Christian Filipinos]

[ CHAPTER II. Physical characteristics and general appearance of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo]

[ Physical type]

[ Divergence of types]

[ General physical type]

[ Racial and tribal affinities]

[ Montano's Indonesian theory]

[ Keane's view]

[ The Indonesian theory as applied to Manóbos]

[ Physical type of contiguous peoples]

[ Physical appearance as modified by dress and ornamentation]

[ CHAPTER III. A survey of the material and sociological culture of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo]

[ General material culture]

[ Dwellings]

[ Alimentation]

[ Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments]

[ Means of subsistence]

[ Weapons and implements]

[ Industrial activities]

[ General sociological culture]

[ Domestic life]

[ Marital relations]

[ Pregnancy, birth, and childhood]

[ Medicine, sickness, and death]

[ Social and family enjoyments]

[ Political organization]

[ System of government and social control]

[ Methods of warfare]

[ Intertribal and analogous relations]

[ Administration of justice]

[ General principles and various laws]

[ Regulations governing domestic relations and property; customary procedure in settlement of disputes]

[ CHAPTER IV. Religious ideas and mental characteristics in general]

[ A brief survey of religion]

[ The basis, influence, and machinery of religion]

[ The hierarchy of Manóbo divinities, beneficent and malignant]

[ Priests, their functions, attributes, and equipment]

[ The main characteristics of Manóbo religion]

[ Mental and other attainments and characteristics]

[PART II. GENERAL MATERIAL CULTURE]

[ CHAPTER V. The Manobo home]

[ In general]

[ Motives that determine the selection of the site]

[ Religious motives]

[ Material motives]

[ Religious ceremonies connected with the erection of a house]

[ Structure of the house]

[ The materials]

[ The dimensions and plan of construction]

[ The floor]

[ The roof and the thatch]

[ The walls]

[ The doorway and the ladder]

[ Internal arrangements]

[ Decorations]

[ The furniture and equipment of the house]

[ The underpart and the environment of the house]

[ Order and cleanliness of the house]

[ CHAPTER VI. Dress]

[ General remarks]

[ Delicacy in exposure of the person]

[ Variety in quantity and quality of clothes]

[ The use of bark cloth]

[ Dress as an indication of rank]

[ Dress in general]

[ Preferential colors in dress]

[ The man's dress]

[ Hats and headkerchiefs]

[ The jacket]

[ The lower garment]

[ The girdle]

[ The betel-nut knapsack]

[ The woman's dress]

[ The jacket]

[ The upper Agúsan style]

[ The style of the central group]

[ The girdle and its pendants]

[ The skirt]

[ CHAPTER VII. Personal adornment]

[ General remarks]

[ Hair and head adornment]

[ Care and ornamentation of the head]

[ Combs]

[ Ear disks]

[ Neck and breast ornaments]

[ Arm and hand ornamentation]

[ Knee and ankle adornments]

[ Body mutilations]

[ General remarks]

[ Mutilation of the teeth]

[ Mutilation of the ear lobes]

[ Depilation]

[ Tattooing]

[ Circumcision]

[ CHAPTER VIII. Alimentation]

[ Fire and its production]

[ The "fire-saw"]

[ The steel and flint process]

[ Continuation of the fire]

[ Lighting]

[ Culinary and table equipment]

[ Various kinds of food]

[ The preparation and cooking of food]

[ Preparing the food]

[ Cooking the food]

[ Food restrictions and taboos]

[ Meals]

[ Ordinary meals]

[ Festive meals]

[ CHAPTER IX. Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments]

[ Drinks used by the Manobos]

[ Sugar-palm wine]

[ Báhi toddy]

[ Sugarcane brew]

[ Extraction of the juice]

[ Drinking during religious and social feasts]

[ Evil effects from drinking]

[ Tobacco preparation and use]

[ The betel-nut masticatory]

[ Ingredients and effect of the quid]

[ Betel chewing accessories]

[ CHAPTER X. Means of subsistence]

[ Agriculture]

[ General remarks]

[ The time and place for planting rice]

[ The sowing ceremony]

[ The clearing of the land]

[ The sowing of the rice and its culture]

[ The rice harvest]

[ The harvest feast]

[ The culture of other crops]

[ Hunting]

[ Hunting with dogs]

[ Offering to Sugúdun, the spirit of hunters]

[ The hunt]

[ Hunting taboos and beliefs]

[ Other methods of obtaining game]

[ Trapping]

[ Trapping ceremonies and taboos]

[ The bamboo spear trap]

[ Other varieties of traps]

[ Fishing]

[ Shooting with bow and arrow]

[ Fishing with hook and line]

[ Fish-poisoning]

[ The túba method]

[ The túbli method]

[ The lágtañg method]

[ Dry-season lake fishing]

[ Fishing with nets, traps, and torches]

[ CHAPTER XI. Weapons and implements]

[ Introductory remarks]

[ Offensive weapons]

[ The bow and arrow]

[ The bolo and its sheath]

[ A magic test for the efficiency of a bolo]

[ The lance]

[ The dagger and its sheath]

[ Defensive weapons]

[ The shield]

[ Armor]

[ Traps and caltrops]

[ Agricultural implements]

[ The ax]

[ The bolo]

[ The rice header]

[ Fishing implements]

[ The fishing bow and arrow]

[ The fish spear]

[ Fishhooks]

[ Hunting implements]

[ The spear]

[ The bow and arrow]

[ The blowgun]

[ CHAPTER XII. Industrial activities]

[ Division of labor]

[ Male activities]

[ Female activities]

[ Male industries in detail]

[ Boat building]

[ Mining]

[ Plaiting and other activities]

[ Female industries in detail]

[ Weaving and its accessory processes]

[ Pottery]

[ Tailoring and mat making]

[PART III. GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURE]

[ CHAPTER XIII. Domestic life and marital relations]

[ Arranging the marriage]

[ Selection of the bride]

[ Courtship and antenuptial relations]

[ Begging for the hand of the girl]

[ Determination of the marriage payment]

[ The marriage feast and payment]

[ The reciprocatory payment and banquet]

[ Marriage and marriage contracts]

[ The marriage rite]

[ Marriage by capture]

[ Prenatal marriage contracts and child marriage]

[ Polygamy and kindred institutions]

[ Endogamy and consanguineous marriages]

[ Intertribal and other marriages]

[ Married life and the position of the wife]

[ Residence of the son-in-law and the brother-in-law system]

[ CHAPTER XIV. Domestic life: Pregnancy, birth, and childhood]

[ Desire for progeny]

[ Birth and pregnancy taboos]

[ Taboos to be observed by the husband]

[ Taboos to be observed by the wife]

[ Taboos to be observed by both husband and wife]

[ Taboos enjoined on visitors]

[ Abortion]

[ Artificial abortion]

[ Involuntary abortion]

[ The approach of parturition]

[ The midwife]

[ Prenatal magic aids]

[ Prenatal religious aids]

[ Accouchement and ensuing events]

[ Postnatal customs]

[ Taboos]

[ The birth ceremony]

[ The naming and care of the child]

[ CHAPTER XV. Domestic life: Medicine, sickness, and death]

[ Medicine and disease]

[ Natural medicines and diseases]

[ Magic ailments and means of producing them]

[ The composition of a few "Kometán"]

[ Other magic means]

[ Bodily ailments proceeding from supernatural causes]

[ Sickness due to capture of the "soul" by an inimical spirit]

[ Epidemics attributed to the malignancy of sea demons]

[ Propitiation of the demons of contagious diseases]

[ Sickness and death]

[ The theory of death]

[ Fear of the dead and of the death spirits]

[ Incidents accompanying deaths]

[ Preparation of the corpse]

[ The funeral]

[ Certain mourning taboos are observed]

[ Death and burial of one killed by an enemy, of a warrior chief, and of a priest]

[ The after world]

[ The death feast]

[ CHAPTER XVI. Social enjoyments]

[ Instrumental music]

[ The drum]

[ The gong]

[ Flutes]

[ The paúndag flute]

[ The to-áli flute]

[ The lántui]

[ The sá-bai flute]

[ Guitars]

[ The vine-string guitar]

[ The bamboo-string guitar]

[ The takúmbo]

[ The violin]

[ The jew's-harp]

[ The stamper and the horn of bamboo]

[ Sounders]

[ Vocal music]

[ The language of song]

[ The subject matter of songs]

[ The music and the method of singing]

[ Ceremonial songs]

[ Dancing]

[ The ordinary social dance]

[ The religious dance]

[ Mimetic dances]

[ The bathing dance]

[ The dagger or sword dance]

[ The apian dance]

[ The depilation dance]

[ The sexual dance]

[ The war dance]

[ CHAPTER XVII. Political organization: System of government and social control]

[ Clans]

[ Territories of the clans and number of people composing them]

[ Interclan relations]

[ The chief and his power]

[ The source of the chief's authority]

[ Equality among the people]

[ Respect for ability and old age]

[ The warrior chief]

[ General character]

[ Insignia and prowess of the warrior chief]

[ The warrior's title to recognition]

[ Various degrees of warrior chiefship]

[ The warrior chief in his capacity as chief]

[ The warrior chief as priest and medicine man]

[ CHAPTER XVIII. Political organization: War, its origin, inception, course, and termination]

[ Military affairs in general]

[ The origin of war]

[ Vendettas]

[ Private seizure]

[ Debts and sexual infringements]

[ Inception of war]

[ Declaration of war]

[ Time for war]

[ Preparations for war]

[ The attack]

[ Time and methods of attack]

[ Events following the battle]

[ Celebration of the victory]

[ The capture of slaves]

[ The return of the warriors]

[ Ambushes and other methods of warfare]

[ Peace]

[ CHAPTER XIX. Political organization: General principles of the administration of justice: customary, proprietary, and liability laws]

[ General considerations]

[ General principles]

[ The principle of material substitution]

[ Right to a fair hearing]

[ Securing the defendant's good will]

[ Foundations of Manóbo law]

[ Customary law]

[ Its natural basis]

[ Its religious basis]

[ Proprietary laws and obligations]

[ Conception of property rights]

[ Land and other property]

[ Laws of contract]

[ The law of debt]

[ Interest, loans, and pledges]

[ Interest]

[ Loans and pledges]

[ Laws of liability]

[ Liability arising from natural causes]

[ Liability arising from religious causes]

[ Liability arising from magic causes]

[ The system of fines]

[ CHAPTER XX. Political organization: Customs regulating domestic relations and family property; procedure for the attainment of justice]

[ Family property]

[ Rules of inheritance]

[ Rules governing the relations of the sexes]

[ Moral offenses]

[ Marriage contracts and payments]

[ Illegitimate children]

[ Extent of authority of father and husband]

[ Residence of the husband]

[ Crimes and their penalties]

[ Crimes]

[ The private seizure]

[ Penalties for minor offenses]

[ Customary procedure]

[ Preliminaries to arbitration]

[ General features of a greater arbitration]

[ Determination of guilt]

[ By witnesses]

[ By oaths]

[ By the testimony of the accused]

[ By ordeals]

[ The hot-water ordeal]

[ The diving ordeal]

[ The candle ordeal]

[ By circumstantial evidence]

[ Enforcement of the sentence]

[ CHAPTER XXI. Political organization: Intertribal and other relations]

[ Intertribal relations]

[ Interclan relations]

[ External commercial relations]

[ Exploitation by Christian natives]

[ Exploitation by falsification]

[ Defraudation by usury and excessive prices]

[ Exploitation by the system of commutation]

[ Wheedling or the puának system]

[ Bartering transactions]

[ General conditions of trading]

[ Internal commercial relations]

[ Money and substitutes for it]

[ Prevailing Manóbo prices]

[ Weights and measures]

[ Slave trade and slaves]

[ Slave trade]

[ Classes of slaves]

[ Delivery and treatment of slaves]

[PART IV. RELIGION]

[ CHAPTER XXII. General principles of Manóbo religion and nature and classification of Manobo deities]

[ Introductory]

[ General principles of religion]

[ Sincerity of belief]

[ Basis of religious belief]

[ Means of detecting supernatural evil]

[ Belief in an hierarchy of beneficent and malignant deities]

[ Other tenets of Manobo faith]

[ Spirit companions of man]

[ General character of the deities]

[ Classification of deities and spirits]

[ Benevolent deities]

[ Gods of gore and rage]

[ Malignant and dangerous spirits]

[ Agricultural goddesses]

[ Giant spirits]

[ Gods of lust and consanguineous love]

[ Spirits of celestial phenomena]

[ Other spirits]

[ Nature of the various divinities in detail,]

[ The primary deities]

[ The secondary order of deities]

[ The gods of gore, and kindred spirits]

[ CHAPTER XXIII. Maleficent spirits]

[ The origin and nature of malignant demons]

[ Methods of frustrating their evil designs]

[ Through priests]

[ By various material means]

[ By propitiation]

[ The tagbánua, or local forest spirits]

[ Their characteristics and method of living]

[ Definite localities tenanted by forest spirits]

[ Worship of the forest spirits]

[ CHAPTER XXIV. Priests, their prerogatives and functions]

[ The bailán or ordinary Manobo priests]

[ Their general character]

[ Their prerogatives]

[ Sincerity of the priests]

[ Their influence]

[ Their dress and functions]

[ The bagáni, or priests of war and blood]

[ CHAPTER XXV. Ceremonial accessories and religious rites]

[ General remarks]

[ The paraphernalia of the priest]

[ The religious shed and the bailán's house]

[ Equipment for ceremonies]

[ Ceremonial decorations]

[ Sacred images]

[ Ceremonial offerings]

[ Religious rites]

[ Classification]

[ Method of performance]

[ The betel-nut tribute]

[ The offering of incense]

[ Invocation]

[ Prophylactic fowl waving]

[ Blood lustration]

[ Lustration by water]

[ CHAPTER XXVI. Sacrifices and war rites]

[ The sacrifice of a pig]

[ Rites peculiar to the war priests]

[ The betel-nut offering to the souls of the enemies]

[ Various forms of divination]

[ The betel-nut cast]

[ Divination from the báguñg vine]

[ Divination from báya squares,]

[ Invocation of the omen bird]

[ The tagbúsau's feast]

[ Human sacrifice]

[ CHAPTER XXVII. Divination and omens]

[ In general]

[ Miscellaneous casual omens]

[ Divination by dreams]

[ Divination by geometrical figures]

[ The vine omen]

[ The rattan omen]

[ Divination by suspension and other methods]

[ The suspension omen]

[ The omen from eggs]

[ Divination by sacrificial appearances]

[ The blood omen]

[ The neck omen]

[ The omen from the gall]

[ The omen from the liver]

[ The omen from a fowl's intestinal appendix]

[ Ornithoscopy]

[ In general]

[ Respect toward the omen bird]

[ Interpretation of the omen bird's call]

[ Birds of evil omen]

[ CHAPTER XXVIII. Mythological and kindred beliefs]

[ The creation of the world]

[ Celestial phenomena]

[ The rainbow]

[ Thunder and lightning]

[ Eclipse of the moon]

[ Origin of the stars and the explanation of sunset and sunrise]

[ The story of the Ikúgan, or tailed men, and of the resettlement of the Agúsan Valley]

[ Giants]

[ Peculiar animal beliefs]

[ The petrified craft and crew of Kagbubátañg]

[ Angó, the petrified Manóbo]

[ CHAPTER XXIX. The great religious movement of 1908-1910]

[ The extent of the movement]

[ Reported origin and character of the revival]

[ Spread of the movement]

[ Its exterior character and general features]

[ The principal tenets of the movement]

[ New order of deities]

[ Observances prescribed by the founder]

[ Religious rites]

[ The real nature of the movement and means used to carry on the fraud]

[ The sacred traffic]

[ Religious tours]

[ The whistling scheme]

[ Pretended chastity and austerity]

[ The end of the movement]

[ Similar movements in former years]

[APPENDIX]

[ Historical references to the Manóbos of eastern Mindanao]

[ Early history up to 1875]

[ From 1875 to 1910]

[ Methods adopted by the missionaries in the Christianization of the Manóbos]

[ The secret of missionary success]

[ Explanation of plates]

JOHN M. GARVAN

PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1929

THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO

BY

JOHN M. GARVAN

CONTENTS