John M. Legler

CONTENTS

PAGE
[Introduction]531
[Acknowledgments]531
[Systematic Relationships and Distribution]532
[Fossils]534
[Economic Importance]534
[Study Areas]535
[Materials and Methods]537
[Terminology]539
[Habitat and Limiting Factors]539
[Habitat in Kansas]542
[Reproduction]543
[Mating]543
[Insemination]545
[Sexual Cycle of Males]545
[Sexual Cycle of Females]549
[Nesting]554
[Eggs]558
[Embryonic Development]560
[Fertility and Prenatal Mortality]564
[Reproductive Potential]565
[Number of Reproductive Years]565
[Growth and Development]565
[Initiation of Growth]565
[Size and Appearance at Hatching]566
[Growth of Epidermal Laminae]568
[Growth of Juveniles]575
[Growth in Later Life]578
[Annual Period of Growth]580
[Environmental Factors Influencing Growth]580
[Number of Growing Years]584
[Longevity]585
[Weight]586
[Bony Shell]586
[Color and Markings]593
[Wear]595
[Sexual Dimorphism]596
[Temperature Relationships]598
[Optimum Temperature]599
[Basking]600
[Toleration of Thermal Maxima and Minima]601
[Hibernation]611
[Diet]617
[Populations]623
[Movements]626
[Locomotion]627
[Daily Cycle of Activity]629
[Seasonal Cycle of Activity]630
[Home Range]632
[Homing Behavior]636
[Social Relationships]637
[Injuries]638
[Repair of Injuries to the Shell]641
[Ectoparasites]643
[Predators]646
[Defense]648
[Discussion of Adaptations]650
[Summary]656
[Literature Cited]663

INTRODUCTION

The ornate box turtle, Terrapene o. ornata Agassiz, was studied more or less continuously from September, 1953, until July, 1957. Intensive field studies were made of free-living, marked populations in two small areas of Douglas County, Kansas, in the period 1954 to 1956. Laboratory studies were made, whenever possible, of phenomena difficult to observe in the field, or to clarify or substantiate field observations. Certain phases of the work (for example, studies of populations and movements) were based almost entirely on field observation whereas other phases (for example, growth and gametogenic cycles) were carried out almost entirely within the laboratory on specimens obtained from eastern Kansas and other localities.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Terrapene was begun in 1956 as an outgrowth of the present study. The systematic status of T. ornata and other species is here discussed only briefly.

Objectives of the study here reported on were: 1) to learn as much as possible concerning the habits, adaptations, and life history of T. o. ornata; 2) to compare the information thus acquired with corresponding information on other emyid and testudinid chelonians, and especially with that on other species and subspecies of Terrapene; 3) to determine what factors limit the geographic distribution of ornate box turtles; and, 4) to determine the role of ornate box turtles in an ecological community.

Acknowledgments