Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition / Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1892, pages 3-442

by John Murdoch

[CONTENTS.]

	Page.
First Segment
[Introduction]	19
[List of works consulted]	20
[Situation and surroundings]	26
[Climate]	30
[People]	33
[Physical characteristics]	33
[Pathology]	39
[Psychical characteristics]	40
[Tribal phenomena]	42
[Social surroundings]	43
[Contact with uncivilized people]	43
[Other Eskimo]	43
[Indians]	49
[Contact with civilized people]	51
[Natural resources]	55
[Animals]	55
[Mammals]	55
[Birds]	56
[Fishes]	58
[Insects and other invertebrates]	59
[Plants]	59
[Minerals]	60
[Culture]	61
[Means of subsistence]	61
[Food]	61
[Substances used for food]	61
[Means of preparing food]	63
[Time and frequency of eating]	63
[Drinks]	64
[Narcotics]	65
[Habitations]	72
[The winter house]	72
[Arrangement in villages]	79
[Snow houses]	81
[Tents]	83
[Household utensils]	86
[For holding and carrying food, water, etc]	86
[Canteens]	86
[Wallets, etc]	86
[Buckets and tubs]	86
[Meat bowls]	89
[For preparing food]	90
[Pots of stone and other materials]	90
[Bone crushers]	93
[For serving and eating food]	99
[Trays]	99
[Drinking vessels]	101
[Whalebone cups]	101
[Spoons and ladles]	104
[Miscellaneous household utensils]	105
[Lamps]	105
[Clothing]	109
[Material]	109
[Style of dress]	110
[Head clothing]	112
[Frocks]	113
[Mantles]	121
[Rainfrocks]	122
[Arm clothing]	123
[Mittens]	123
[Gloves]	124
[Leg and foot clothing]	125
[Breeches]	125
[Pantaloons]	126
[Stockings]	129
[Boots and shoes]	129
[Parts of dress]	135
[Belts]	135
[Ornaments]	138
[Personal adornment]	138
[Skin ornamentation]	138
[Tattooing]	138
[Painting]	140
[Head ornaments]	140
[Method of wearing the hair]	140
[Head bands]	142
[Ear rings]	142
[Labrets]	143
[Neck ornaments]	148
[Ornaments of the limbs]	148
[Bracelets]	148
[Finger rings]	149
[Miscellaneous ornaments]	149
[Beads]	149
[Toilet articles]	149
Second Segment
[Implements of general use, etc]	150
[Tools]	150
[Knives]	150
[Adzes]	165
[Chisels]	172
[Whalebone shaves]	173
[Saws]	174
[Drills and borers]	175
[Hammers]	182
[Files]	182
[Whetstones]	183
[Tool boxes and bags]	185
[Weapons]	191
[Projectile weapons]	193
[Firearms]	193
[Whaling guns]	195
[Bows]	195
[Arrows]	201
[Bear arrows]	202
[Bow cases and quivers]	207
[Bracers]	209
[Bird darts]	210
[Seal darts]	214
[Harpoons]	218
[Thrusting weapons]	233
[Harpoons]	233
[Lances]	240
[Throwing weapons]	244
[Hunting implements other than weapons]	246
[Floats]	246
[Flipper toggles]	247
[Harpoon boxes]	247
[Nets]	251
[Seal calls]	253
[Seal rattles]	254
[Seal indicators]	254
[Sealing stools]	255
[Seal drags]	256
[Whalebone wolf-killers]	259
[Traps]	260
[Snow-goggles]	260
[Meat cache markers]	262
[Methods of hunting]	263
[The polar bear]	263
[The wolf]	263
[The fox]	264
[The reindeer]	264
[The seal]	268
[The walrus]	272
[The whale]	272
[Fowl]	276
[Implements for fishing]	278
[Hooks and lines]	278
[Nets]	284
[Spears]	286
[Flint working]	287
[Fire making]	289
[Drills]	289
[Flint and steel]	291
[Kindlings]	291
[Bow and arrow making]	291
[The marline spike]	291
[The twisters]	292
[The feather setter]	294
Third Segment
[Skin working]	294
[Scrapers]	294
[Scraper cups]	299
[Combs for deer skins]	300
[Manufacture of lines of thong]	301
[Builders’ tools]	302
[For excavating]	302
[Tools for snow and ice working]	304
[Snow knives]	304
[Snow shovels]	305
[Ice picks]	307
[Ice scoops]	308
[Implements for procuring and preparing food]	310
[Blubber hooks]	310
[Fish scaler]	311
[Making and working fiber]	311
[Twisting and braiding]	311
[Netting]	312
[Netting weights]	315
[Weaving]	316
[Sewing]	317
[Means of locomotion and transportation]	328
[Traveling by water]	328
[Kaiaks and paddles]	328
[Umiaks and fittings]	335
[Traveling on foot]	344
[Snowshoes]	344
[Staff]	352
[Land conveyances]	353
[Sledges]	353
[Dogs and harness]	357
[Hunting scores]	360
[Games and pastimes]	364
[Gambling]	364
[Festivals]	365
[Mechanical contrivances]	372
[Description of festivals]	373
[Toys and sports for children and others]	376
[Playthings]	376
[Dolls]	380
[Juvenile implements]	383
[Games and sports]	383
[Music]	385
[Musical instruments]	385
[Character and frequency of music]	388
[Art]	389
[Domestic life]	410
[Marriage]	410
[Standing and treatment of women]	413
[Children]	414
[Rights and wrongs]	419
[Social life and customs]	420
[Personal habits and cleanliness]	420
[Salutation]	422
[Healing]	422
[Customs concerning the dead]	423
[Abstentions]	423
[Manner of disposing of the dead]	424
[Government]	427
[In the family]	427
[In the village]	427
[Religion]	430
[General ideas]	430
[Amulets]	434

[ILLUSTRATIONS.]

Many illustrations have labels showing scale: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, up to 1/23. What you see may be a little bigger or smaller, but all images should be proportional. The ruler shows the printed size.

		Page.
[Pl. I.]	Map of Northwestern Alaska	2
[II.]	Map of the hunting grounds of the Point Barrow Eskimo	18
[Fig. 1.]	Unalina, a man of Nuwŭk	34
[2.]	Mûmûñina, a woman of Nuwŭk	35
[3.]	Akabiana, a youth of Utkiavwiñ	36
[4.]	Puka, a young man of Utkiavwiñ	37
[5.]	Woman stretching skins	38
[6.]	Pipes: (a) pipe with metal bowl; (b) pipe with stone bowl; (c) pipe with bowl of antler or ivory	67
[7.]	Pipe made of willow stick	68
[8.]	Tobacco pouches	69
[9.]	Plans of Eskimo winter house	72
[10.]	Interior of iglu, looking toward door	73
[11.]	Interior of iglu, looking toward bench	74
[12.]	House in Utkiavwiñ	76
[13.]	Ground plan and section of winter house in Mackenzie region	77
[14.]	Ground plan of large snow house	82
[15.]	Tent on the beach at Utkiavwiñ	85
[16.]	Wooden bucket	86
[17.]	Large tub	87
[18.]	Whalebone dish	88
[19.]	Meat-bowl	89
[20.]	Stone pot	90
[21.]	Small stone pot	91
[22.]	Fragments of pottery	92
[23.]	Stone maul	94
[24.]	Stone maul	94
[25.]	Stone maul	95
[26.]	Stone maul	95
[27.]	Stone maul	96
[28.]	Stone maul	96
[29.]	Bone maul	97
[30.]	Bone maul	97
[31.]	Bone maul	98
[32.]	Bone maul	98
[33.]	Meat-dish	99
[34.]	Oblong meat-dish	100
[35.]	Oblong meat-dish, very old	100
[36.]	Fish dish	100
[37.]	Whalebone cup	101
[38.]	Horn dipper	101
[39.]	Horn dipper	102
[40.]	Dipper of fossil ivory	103
[41.]	Dipper of fossil ivory	103
[42.]	Wooden spoon	104
[43.]	Horn ladle	104
[44.]	Bone ladle	104
[45.]	Bone ladle in the form of a whale	105
[46.]	Bone ladle	105
[47.]	Stone house-lamp	106
[48.]	Sandstone lamp	107
[49.]	Traveling lamp	108
[50.]	Socket for blubber holder	108
[51.]	Man in ordinary deerskin clothes	110
[52.]	Woman’s hood	111
[53.]	Man’s frock	113
[54.]	Pattern of man’s deerskin frock	113
[55.]	Detail of trimming, skirt and shoulder of man’s frock	114
[56.]	Man wearing plain, heavy frock	114
[57.]	Man’s frock of mountain sheepskin, front and back	115
[58.]	Man’s frock of ermine skins	116
[59.]	Pattern of sheepskin frock	117
[60.]	Pattern of ermine frock	117
[61.]	Woman’s frock, front and back	118
[62.]	Pattern of woman’s frock	119
[63.]	Detail of edging, woman’s frock	119
[64.]	Details of trimming, woman’s frock	119
[65.]	Man’s cloak of deerskin	121
[66.]	Pattern of man’s cloak	121
[67.]	Deerskin mittens	123
[68.]	Deerskin gloves	124
[69.]	Man’s breeches of deerskin	125
[70.]	Pattern of man’s breeches	126
[71.]	Trimming of man’s breeches	126
[72.]	Woman’s pantaloons	127
[73.]	Patterns of woman’s pantaloons	128
[74.]	Pattern of stocking	129
[75.]	Man’s boot of deerskin	131
[76.]	Pattern of deerskin boot	131
[77.]	Man’s dress boot of deerskin	132
[78.]	Pattern of man’s dress boot of deerskin	132
[79.]	Man’s dress boot of skin of mountain sheep	133
[80.]	Pair of man’s dress boots of deerskin	134
[81.]	Woman’s waterproof sealskin boot	135
[82.]	Sketch of “ice-creepers” on boot sole	135
[83.]	Man’s belt woven of feathers	136
[84.]	Diagram showing method of fastening the ends of feathers in belt	137
[85.]	Woman’s belt of wolverine toes	137
[86.]	Belt-fastener	138
[87.]	Man with tattooed cheeks	139
[88.]	Woman with ordinary tattooing	140
[89.]	Man’s method of wearing the hair	141
[90.]	Earrings	143
[91.]	Plug for enlarging labret hole	144
[92.]	Labret of beads and ivory	145
[93.]	Blue and white labret from Anderson River	146
[94.]	Oblong labret of bone	147
[95.]	Oblong labret of soapstone	147
[96.]	Ancient labret	148
[97.]	Beads of amber	149
[98.]	Hair combs	150
[99.]	Slate knives	151
[100.]	Slate knife-blade	152
[101.]	Slate knife	152
[102.]	Slate knife	152
[103.]	Slate hunting-knife	152
[104.]	Blade of slate hunting-knife	153
[105.]	Large slate knife	153
[106.]	Large single-edged slate knife	153
[107.]	Blades of knives	154
[108.]	Peculiar slate knife	154
[109.]	Knife with whalebone blade	155
[110.]	Small iron knife	155
[111.]	Small iron knives	156
[112.]	Iron hunting knife	156
[113.]	Large crooked knife	158
[114.]	Large crooked knife with sheath	158
[115.]	Small crooked knives	159
[116.]	Crooked knife	159
[117.]	Crooked knives, flint-bladed	160
[118.]	Slate-bladed crooked knives	161
[119.]	Woman’s knife, steel blade	161
[120.]	Woman’s knife, slate blade	162
[121.]	Woman’s knife, slate blade	162
[122.]	Woman’s knife, slate blade	162
[123.]	Woman’s knife, slate blade	162
[124.]	Woman’s ancient slate-bladed knife	163
[125.]	Ancient bone handle for woman’s knife	163
[126.]	Large knife of slate	163
[127.]	Woman’s knife of flaked flint	164
[128.]	Hatchet hafted as an adz	165
[129.]	Hatchet hafted as an adz	166
[130.]	Adz-head of jade	167
[131.]	Adz-head of jade	167
[132.]	Hafted jade adz	168
[133.]	Adz-head of jade and bone	168
[134.]	Adz-head of bone and iron, without eyes	168
[135.]	Adz-head of bone and iron, with vertical eyes	169
[136.]	Adz-head of bone and iron, with vertical eyes	169
[137.]	Hafted bone and iron adz	169
[138.]	Hafted bone and stone adz	170
[139.]	Small adz-blade of green jade	170
[140.]	Hafted adz of bone and flint	171
[141.]	Old cooper’s adz, rehafted	171
[142.]	Adz with bone blade	172
[143.]	Antler chisel	173
[144.]	Antler chisel	173
[145.]	Spurious tool, flint blade	173
[146.]	Whalebone shave, slate blade	174
[147.]	Saw made of deer’s scapula	175
[148.]	Saw made of a case-knife	175
[149.]	Bow drill	176
[150.]	Bow drill and mouthpiece	176
[151.]	Bow drill	177
[152.]	Drill bow	177
[153.]	Drill bows	178
[154.]	Spliced drill bow	178
[155.]	Drill mouthpiece with iron socket	179
[156.]	Drill mouthpiece without wings	179
[157.]	Bone-pointed drill	179
[158.]	Handles for drill cords	180
[159.]	Flint-bladed reamers	182
[160.]	Flint-bladed reamers	182
[161.]	Awl	182
[162.]	Jade whetstones	183
[163.]	Jade whetstones	184
[164.]	Wooden tool-boxes	185
[165.]	Large wooden tool-boxes	186
[166.]	Tool-bag of wolverine skin	187
[167.]	Tool-bag of wolverine skin	188
[168.]	Drills belonging to the tool-bag	189
[169.]	Comb for deerskins in the tool-bag	189
[170.]	Bag handles	190
[171.]	Bag of leather	190
[172.]	Little hand-club	191
[173.]	Slungshot made of walrus jaw	191
[174.]	Dagger of bear’s bone	192
[175.]	Bone daggers	192
[176.]	So-called dagger of bone	193
[177.]	Boy’s bow from Utkiavwiñ	196
[178.]	Loop at end of bowstring	197
[179.]	Large bow from Nuwŭk	197
[180.]	Large bow from Sidaru	198
[181.]	Feathering of the Eskimo arrow	201
[182.]	Flint-headed arrow (kukĭksadlĭñ)	202
[183.]	Long flint pile	202
[184.]	Short flint pile	202
[185.]	Heart-shaped flint pile	203
[186.]	(a) Arrow with “after pile” (ipudligadlĭñ); (b) arrow with iron pile (savidlĭñ); (c) arrow with iron pile (savidlĭñ); (d) arrow with copper pile (savidlĭñ); (e) deer-arrow (nûtkodlĭñ)	203
[187.]	Pile of deer arrow (nûtkăñ)	205
[188.]	“Kûnmûdlĭñ” arrow pile	205
[189.]	(a) Fowl arrow (tugalĭñ); (b) bird arrow (kixodwain)	206
[190.]	Bow case and quivers	208
[191.]	Quiver rod	209
[192.]	Cap for quiver rod	209
[193.]	Bracer	210
[194.]	Bracer of bone	210
[195.]	Bird dart	211
[196.]	Point for bird dart	212
[197.]	Ancient point for bird dart	212
[198.]	Point for bird dart	213
[199.]	Bird dart with double point	213
[200.]	Ancient ivory dart head	214
[201.]	Bone dart head	214
[202.]	Nozzle for bladder float	215
[203.]	Seal dart	215
[204.]	Foreshaft of seal dart	217
[205.]	Throwing board for darts	217
[206.]	Harpoon head	218
[207.]	Harpoon head	219
[208.]	Ancient bone harpoon head	219
[209.]	(a) Ancient bone harpoon head; (b) variants of this type	220
[210.]	Bone harpoon head	220
[211.]	Bone harpoon head	220
[212.]	Harpoon head, bone and stone	221
[213.]	Harpoon head, bone and stone	221
[214.]	Walrus harpoons	224
[215.]	Typical walrus-harpoon heads	226
[216.]	Typical walrus-harpoon heads	226
[217.]	Typical walrus-harpoon heads	227
[218.]	Walrus-harpoon head, with “leader”	227
[219.]	Walrus-harpoon head, with line	228
[220.]	Walrus-harpoon head, with line	228
[221.]	Walrus-harpoon head, with line	229
[222.]	Foreshaft of walrus harpoon	230
[223.]	Harpoon head for large seals	230
[224.]	Retrieving seal harpoon	231
[225.]	Details of retrieving seal harpoon	232
[226.]	Jade blade for seal harpoon	233
[227.]	Seal harpoon for thrusting	233
[228.]	Diagram of lashing on shaft	234
[229.]	Model of a seal harpoon	235
[230.]	Large model of whale harpoon	235
[231.]	Model of whale harpoon, with floats	236
[232.]	Flint blade for whale harpoon	237
[233.]	Slate blade for whale harpoon	237
[234.]	Body of whale harpoon head	238
[235.]	Whale harpoon heads	238
[236.]	Whale harpoon head with “leader”	239
[237.]	Foreshaft of whale harpoon	239
[238.]	Whale lance	240
[239.]	Flint head of whale lance	241
[240.]	Flint heads for whale lances	241
[241.]	Bear lance	242
[242.]	Flint head for bear lance	242
[243.]	Deer lance	243
[244.]	Part of deer lance with flint head	243
[245.]	Deer lance, flint head	244
[246.]	Flint head for deer lance	244
[247.]	Bird bolas, looped up for carrying	245
[248.]	Bird bolas, ready for use	245
[249.]	Sealskin float	247
[250.]	Flipper toggles	248
[251.]	Boxes for harpoon heads	249
[252.]	Seal net	251
[253.]	Scratchers for decoying seals	253
[254.]	Seal rattle	254
[255.]	Seal indicators	255
[256.]	Sealing stool	255
[257.]	Seal drag and handles	257
[258.]	Whalebone wolf killers	259
[259.]	Wooden snow-goggles	261
[260.]	Bone snow-goggles	262
[261.]	Wooden snow-goggles, unusual form	262
[262.]	Marker for meat cache	262
[263.]	Marker for meat cache	263
[264.]	Tackle for shore fishing	279
[265.]	Knot of line into hook	279
[266.]	Small fish-hooks	280
[267.]	Hooks for river fishing	280
[268.]	Tackle for river fishing	280
[269.]	Burbot hook, first pattern	281
[270.]	Burbot hook, second pattern	281
[271.]	Burbot hook, made of cod hook	281
[272.]	Burbot tackle, baited	281
[273.]	Ivory sinker	282
[274.]	Ivory jigger for polar cod	282
[275.]	Section of whalebone net	284
[276.]	Mesh of sinew net	285
[277.]	Fish trap	285
[278.]	Fish spear	286
[279.]	Flint flakers	288
[280.]	Haft of flint flaker	288
[281.]	Flint flaker, with bone blade	289
[282.]	Fire drill, with mouthpiece and stock	289
[283.]	Set of bow-and-arrow tools	291
[284.]	Marline spike	292
[285.]	Marline spike	292
[286.]	“Twister” for working sinew backing of bow	293
[287.]	“Feather setter”	294
[288.]	Tool of antler	294
[289.]	Skin scraper	295
[290.]	Skin scrapers—handles only	295
[291.]	Skin scrapers	296
[292.]	Skin scraper	296
[293.]	Peculiar modification of scraper	296
[294.]	Skin scraper	297
[295.]	Skin scraper	297
[296.]	Skin scraper	297
[297.]	Flint blade for skin scraper	298
[298.]	Straight-hafted scraper	298
[299.]	Bone scraper	299
[300.]	Scraper cups	299
[301.]	Combs for cleaning deer-skins	301
[302.]	“Double slit” splice for rawhide lines	302
[303.]	Mattock of whale’s rib	303
[304.]	Pickax-heads of bone, ivory, and whale’s rib	303
[305.]	Ivory snow knife	305
[306.]	Snow shovels	305
[307.]	Snow shovel made of a whale’s scapula	307
[308.]	Snow pick	307
[309.]	Snow drill	308
[310.]	Ice scoop	308
[311.]	Long blubber hook	310
[312.]	Short-handled blubber hook	310
[313.]	Fish sealer	311
[314.]	Ivory shuttle	311
[315.]	Netting needle	312
[316.]	Mesh stick	312
[317.]	Netting needles	313
[318.]	Netting needles for seal net	314
[319.]	Netting needle	314
[320.]	Mesh sticks	314
[321.]	Netting weights	316
[322.]	Shuttle belonging to set of feather tools	316
[323.]	Mesh stick	317
[324.]	“Sword” for feather weaving	317
[325.]	Quill case of bone needles	318
[326.]	(a) Large bone needle and peculiar thimble; (b) Leather thimbles with bone needles	318
[327.]	Needle cases with belt hooks	320
[328.]	(a) Needle case with belt hook; (b) needle case open, showing bone needles	321
[329.]	Trinket boxes	323
[330.]	Trinket boxes	324
[331.]	Ivory box	325
[332.]	Bone box	325
[333.]	Little flask of ivory	325
[334.]	Box in shape of deer	325
[335.]	Small basket	326
[336.]	Small basket	326
[337.]	Small basket	327
[338.]	Kaiak	329
[339.]	Method of fastening together frame of kaiak	329
[340.]	Double kaiak paddle	330
[341.]	Model kaiak and paddle	334
[342.]	Frame of umiak	336
[343.]	(a) Method of fastening bilge-streaks to stem of umiak; (b) method of framing rib to gunwale, etc.	337
[344.]	Method of slinging the oar of umiak	339
[345.]	(a) Model of umiak and paddles; (b) model of umiak, inside plan	340
[346.]	Ivory bailer for umiak	340
[347.]	Ivory crotch for harpoon	341
[348.]	Ivory crotch for harpoon	342
[349.]	Crotch for harpoon made of walrus jaw	342
[350.]	Snowshoe	345
[351.]	Knot in snowshoe netting	346
[352.]	(a) First round of heel-netting of snowshoe; (b) first and second round of heel-netting of snowshoe	347
[353.]	(a) First round of heel-netting of snowshoe; (b) first, second, and third rounds of heel-netting of snowshoe	348
[354.]	Small snowshoe	350
[355.]	Old “chief,” with staffs	353
[356.]	Railed sledge (diagrammatic), from photograph	354
[357.]	Flat sledge	355
[358.]	Small sledge with ivory runners	355
[359.]	Small toboggan of whalebone	357
[360.]	Hunting score engraved on ivory	361
[361.]	Hunting score engraved on ivory, obverse and reverse	362
[362.]	Hunting score engraved on ivory	362
[363.]	Hunting score engraved on ivory, obverse and reverse	363
[364.]	Game of fox and geese from Plover Bay	365
[365.]	Dancing cap	365
[366.]	Wooden mask	366
[367.]	Wooden mask and dancing gorget	367
[368.]	Old grotesque mask	368
[369.]	Rude mask of wood	369
[370.]	Wolf mask of wood	369
[371.]	Very ancient small mask	369
[372.]	Dancing gorgets of wood	371
[373.]	Youth dancing to the aurora	375
[374.]	Whirligigs	377
[375.]	Teetotum	378
[376.]	Buzz toy	378
[377.]	Whizzing stick	379
[378.]	Pebble snapper	379
[379.]	Carving of human head	380
[380.]	Mechanical doll—drum-player	381
[381.]	Mechanical toy—kaiak paddler	381
[382.]	Kaiak carved from block of wood	382
[383.]	Drum	385
[384.]	Handle of drum secured to rim	386
[385.]	Drum handles	387
[386.]	Ivory drumsticks	388
[387.]	Ancient carving—human head	393
[388.]	Wooden figures	393
[389.]	Carving—face of Eskimo man	394
[390.]	Grotesque soapstone image—“walrus man”	394
[391.]	Bone image of dancer	395
[392.]	Bone image of man	396
[393.]	Grotesque bone image	396
[394.]	Bone image—sitting man	396
[395.]	Human figure carved from walrus ivory	396
[396.]	Ivory carving—three human heads	397
[397.]	Rude human head, carved from a walrus tooth	397
[398.]	Elaborate ivory carving	398
[399.]	Bear carved of soapstone	398
[400.]	Bear flaked from flint	399
[401.]	(a) Bear carved from bone; (b) bear’s head	399
[402.]	Ivory figures of bears	400
[403.]	Rude ivory figures of walrus	401
[404.]	Images of seal—wood and bone	401
[405.]	White whale carved from gypsum	402
[406.]	Wooden carving—whale	403
[407.]	Whale carved from soapstone	403
[408.]	Rude flat image of whale	404
[409.]	Ivory image of whale	404
[410.]	Ivory image of whale	404
[411.]	Pair of little ivory whales	405
[412.]	Soapstone image of imaginary animal	405
[413.]	Ivory carving, seal with fish’s head	405
[414.]	Ivory carving, ten-legged bear	406
[415.]	Ivory carving, giant holding whales	406
[416.]	Double-headed animal carved from antler	407
[417.]	Ivory carving—dog	407
[418.]	(a) Piece of ivory, engraved with figures; (b) development of pattern	408
[419.]	(a) Similar engraved ivory; (b) development of pattern	408
[420.]	Ivory doll	409
[421.]	Whale flaked from glass	435
[422.]	Whale flaked from red jasper	435
[423.]	Ancient whale amulet, of wood	436
[424.]	Amulet of whaling—stuffed godwit	438
[425.]	Amulet consisting of ancient jade adz	438
[426.]	Little box containing amulet for whaling	439
[427.]	Amulet for catching fowl with bolas	439
[428.]	Box of dried bees—amulet	440

The Hunting Grounds
of the
Point Barrow Eskimo

Based on Lieut. P. H. Ray’s “Map of
Explorations in Northwestern Alaska,”
Signal Service, U.S.A. 1885
Completed by
John Murdoch