The solution of the question really depends upon our use of the term abstract.
If we adopt the definition given in the last paragraph but one of the preceding [section], and include under abstract names the names of attributes which are themselves the subjects of attributes, these latter attributes possibly varying in different instances, then there can be no doubt that some abstracts are general; for they are the names of a class of things which, while having something in common, are also distinguishable inter se.
So far, however, as the question is raised in regard to the abstract (as distinguished from the concrete) use of names in the manner indicated in the last paragraph of the preceding [section], we are led to the conclusion that it is only when names are used in a concrete sense that they can be considered general. For it is clear that the name of an attribute can be described as general only in so far as the attribute is regarded as exhibiting characteristics which vary in different instances, only in so far, that is to say, as it is itself a subject of attributes; and when the attribute is so regarded, the name is used in a concrete, not an abstract, sense.
Take the propositions, “Some colours are painfully vivid,” “All yellows are agreeable,” “Some courage is the result of ignorance,” “Some cruelty is the result of fear,” “All cruelty is detestable.” The subjects of these propositions are certainly 21 general. According to the definition given in the last paragraph but one of the preceding section they are also abstract. If, however, in place of distinguishing between abstract and concrete names per se, we distinguish between the abstract and the concrete use of names as proposed in the last paragraph of the preceding section, then the terms in question are all used in a concrete, not an abstract, sense.
EXERCISES.
14. Discuss Mill’s statement that “names are names of things, not of our ideas,” with special reference to the following names: dodo, mermaid, chimaera, toothache, jealousy, idea. [C.]
15. Discuss the logical characteristics of adjectives. [K.]