London.
March, 1890.
CONTENTS.
| CHAPTER I. | |
| PAGES | |
|---|---|
| Introduction—General Considerations—Enumeration of the Primary Causes of Slips and Subsidences in Cuttings and Embankments, and Earthworks Constructed To Contain or Exclude Water—Some Dominant Principles to be Remembered in Determining the Location of Earthworks | [1]–12 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| The Probability of a Slip—Time of the most frequent Occurrence—Some Conditions under which Slips and Subsidences in Cuttings and Embankments may be expected in different Earths, such as Rock, Chalk, Sand, Gravel, Clay, &c., &c.—Notes on the Slopes of Repose | [13]–49 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| The General Effect of a Slip in a Cutting or an Embankment—Enumeration and Consideration of some Protective and Remedial Works—Treatment of the Slipped Earth | [50]–64 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| Notes on the Percolation of Water—Systems of Drainage of Cuttings and Embankments in Different Kinds of Earth and under Diverse Conditions—The Construction of Culverts, Pipe-drains, Trenches, Ditches, and Catchwater Drains | [65]–86 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| Approximate Safe Maximum Load upon Different Earths—Normal Pressure of the Earth—The Safe Maximum Load upon Deposited Earth—Approximate Safe Maximum Height of an Embankment | [87]–97 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| Slopes, General Considerations—Table Showing the General Range of Slopes—Table of Coefficients of Friction—Notes on the Cohesion of Earth—Form of a Slope—Some Conditions Governing the Necessary Inclination—Widening Earthworks within the Original Fences | [98]–114 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| Notes upon the Preservation of the Foot of a Slope—Various Methods of Covering and Supporting a Slope—Protection from Snow-Drifts—The Formation Width of Cuttings and Embankments—The Deleterious Effects of Vibration | [115]–141 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| Earthworks in or upon Sidelong Ground—Some Insecure Conditions—Precautionary Measures—Embankments upon Soft Ground—Embankments Composed of Soft Earth—The Promotion of Stability and Consolidation | [142]–155 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| The Deposition of an Embankment—Preparation of the Ground upon which an Embankment has to be Deposited—Methods of Procedure—Consideration of some of the Different Systems—The Effect of the Height of a Tip and the Length of a Lead—The Steam Navvy and Embankments | [156]–170 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| Notes upon the Location, Preservation, and Protection of Sea, Estuary, Reclamation, Canal, and Reservoir Embankments of Earth Constructed to Contain or Expel Water | [171]–197 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| Notes upon the Failure of Dock and other Walls from a Forward Movement of the Earth Filling or Backing—Consideration of the Causes of such Action and some Preventive and Remedial Measures | [198]–215 |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| Notes upon Slips of Earth, Subsidences, and Movement in Foundations caused by “Boils,” or an Upward Rush of Water in Loose Earths—Consideration of some Precautionary and Remedial Operations | [216]–225 |
EARTHWORK SLIPS AND SUBSIDENCES UPON PUBLIC WORKS.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction—General Considerations—Enumeration of the Primary Causes of Slips and Subsidences in Cuttings and embankments, and Earthworks Constructed to Contain or Exclude Water—Some Dominant Principles to be Remembered in Determining the Location of Earthworks.
Earthslips and subsidences may be caused by the terrible power of an earthquake or other dreaded subterranean destroying force, upheaving, cracking, and shattering the earth’s crust and dealing death and havoc in its awe-inspiring course. They may also originate from the untiring efforts of the meanest rodents or the most minute crustaceous animals burrowing passages for aqueous action, the chief agent of the instability of the surface soils of the earth.