History of the English People, Index - John Richard Green

Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341;
his Puritanism, v. 90;
protests against Lady Essex's divorce, 191;
pleads for help for the Elector Palatine, 218;
suspended, 255
Abelard, i. 283, 285
Abercromby, General, vii. 266
Abercromby, Sir Ralph, viii. 140, 165
Aberdeen sacked by Montrose, vi. 23
Aberffraw, princes of, ii. 46, 108
Abergavenny besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Abergavenny, Edward Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
Abergavenny, George Neville, tenth Lord, vii. 23
Abermenai, English fleet repulsed from, ii. 54
"Abhorrers," vi. 314
Abingdon, Abbey of, its relations with Oxford, i. 306-308
Abingdon, James Bertie, first Earl of, vii. 23
Aboukir, battle of, viii. 141
Acadia, strife of French and English in, vii. 242, 243
Accursi, Francesco, ii. 102
Aclea, battle of, i. 103
Acre, siege of, viii. 141
Acts of Parliament. See [Statutes]
Adam of Usk, ii. 178
Adamnan's Life of St. Columba, i. 8
Adams, John, vii. 281
Addington, Henry, viii. 156, 170.
See [Sidmouth]
Addison, Joseph, vii. 158, 159, 292
Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, i. 214
Adelard of Bath, i. 282, 293
Admonition to the Parliament, iv. 296
Adrian IV., Pope, i. 250
Adrian VI., Pope, iii. 249
Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 142;
translation of, 145
Ælfred, king of Wessex, i. 105;
his struggle with the northmen, 106, 107;
treaty with them, 107;
character, 107-110;
rule, 111, 112;
literary and educational work, 113-115;
organization of fleet and fyrd, 116;
second struggle with northmen, ib., 117;
death, 117;
Asser's Life of, 5;
Sayings of, 278, 280
Ælfred, son of Æthelred II., i. 147, 148
Ælfric, ealdorman of Central Wessex, i. 140
Ælla, king of Deira, i. 52, 53
Ælle, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
Æsc, king of Kent, i. 49
Æthelbald, king of Mercia, i. 90, 96
Æthelbald, king of Wessex, i. 103
Æthelberht, king of Kent, i. 56, 57, 59, 62, 65
Æthelberht, king of Wessex, i. 103
Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, i. 117, 118
Æthelgifu, mother-in-law of King Eadwig, i. 136, 137
Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 60, 62
Ætheling, the, i. 11
Æthelred, king of Mercia, i, 89
Æthelred I., king of Wessex, i. 103-105
Æthelred II., King, i. 139-141
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 117
Æthelric, king of Bernicia, i. 52, 53, 60
Æthelstan, King, i. 119, 120
Æthelweard's Chronicle, i. 5
Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, i. 139, 140
Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, i. 103
Agénois, dispute about, ii. 197, 198, 209, 219
Agincourt, battle of, iii. 30-32
Agitators, Council of, vi. 52, 53, 57
Agriculture, changes in, under Elizabeth, iv. 278
Aidan, St., i. 69-71
Aids, feudal, ii. 104;
"free," 152, 153
Aiguillon
taken by the Earl of Derby, ii. 234;
besieged by John of France, ib., 235
Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vii. 192
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, vi. 250; vii. 231
Albany, Robert, first Duke of, iii. 9, 16
Albany, Alexander, third Duke of, iii. 232;
Protector of Scotland, 235;
struggle with Margaret, 247, 248
Albemarle, Edward, Duke of, ii. 380; iii. 7.
See [Rutland]
Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of (see [Monk]), vi. 193
Albemarle, Stephen, Count of, i. 192
Alberoni, Cardinal, vii. 186-188
Albigenses, ii. 7, 35
Albinus, friend of Bæda, i. 94
Alcwine, letters of, i. 4
Alderman of a gild, i. 299
Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 91
Aldgate, Priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 223
Alençon,
William the Conqueror's vengeance on, i. 179;
reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
Alençon, Francis, Duke of. See [Anjou]
Alexander III., Pope, i. 235
Alexander I., Czar of Russia, viii. 164, 180, 198, 202
Alexander III., king of Scots, ii. 135
Alfred of Beverley, i. 246
Alfune founds St. Giles', Cripplegate, i. 223
Algiers bombarded by Blake, vi. 116
Allen, Dr. William, iv. 307, 310, 353, 354;
his Defense of the English Catholics, 354
Alleyn, Joseph, vi. 223
Alliance, Grand, vii. 49;
its success, 79, 80, 88;
breaks up, 89;
the second, 107;
Triple, vi. 249; vii. 185
Almanza, battle of, vii. 134
Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, Duke of, iv. 225, 257, 258, 298, 300, 335
Amboise,
conspiracy of, iv. 175;
edict of, 217
America,
early settlements in, iv. 329, 330, 345;
Puritan emigration to, v. 308-314, 319, 320;
English colonies in, vii. 236;
their progress, 237;
slavery in, ib.;
education in, 238;
their political condition, 239, 240;
relations with England, 241, 243, 244;
strife with the French, 249;
Pitt's policy in, 266;
relations with England after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
Bute's policy towards, 310, 311;
Grenville's, 320, 321, 326;
English and American theories of their relation to England, 320-325;
renewed attempt at taxation of, viii. 3, 4, 14;
war with England, 22-26, 32;
French settlements in, vii. 232, 242, 243;
ceded to England, 307;
Spanish conquests in, iv. 329, 330;
English trade with, vii. 216;
United States of, declare their independence, viii. 24;
alliance with France, 28;
peace with England, 41;
importance of their independence, 42-44;
increase of their carrying trade through the Continental System, 177;
embargo on trade with Europe, 182;
pass an Act of Non-Intercourse with England and France, 183;
repeal it, 184;
cease intercourse with Great Britain, 192;
war with England, 198, 203-205
Amherst, General, vii. 266, 267, 269
Amiens,
Mise of, ii. 68;
Peace of, viii. 167
Ancrum Moor, battle of, iv. 29
Anderida (Pevensey) destroyed by Saxons, i. 34
André, Bernard, his Life of Henry VII., iii. 83
Andredsweald, the, i. 33;
attacked by northmen, 116
Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, v. 267
Aneurin, ii. 49, 53
Angeln, i. 9
Anglesea
conquered by Eadwine, i. 63;
reduced by an English fleet, ii. 109;
English routed in, 120
Angoulême
taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234;
regained by John of Normandy, ib.
Angoumois
restored to Edward III., ii. 266;
won by Du Guesclin, 287
Angus, Archibald Douglas, sixth (or ninth) Earl of, iii. 231; iv. 22, 29, 52
Anhalt, Christian, Duke of, v. 177
Anjou,
documents for early history of, i. 7;
counts of, 208-213;
conquered by Philip Augustus, 269;
cession of, ii. 63
Anjou, Francis, Duke of, iv. 313, 316, 336-338, 348
Anjou, Henry, Duke of, iv. 297, 298.
See [Henry III.], king of France
Anjou, René, Duke of, iii. 61
Anlaf, the sea-king, i. 120
Annales Angliæ et Scotiæ, i. 274
Annales Cambriæ, i. 7
Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 309; vii. 28;
forsakes her father, 42;
relations with the Churchills, 109-111;
Queen, 112;
her "Bounty," 123;
resistance to the Whigs, 133;
temper and policy, 135, 136;
breaks with the Duchess of Marlborough, 138;
threat to the Electress Sophia, 144;
dismisses Oxford, 145;
dies, 146
Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., ii. 348, 367
Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., iii. 351; iv. 17
Anselm, St., i. 193-196;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 196;
struggle with William Rufus, ib., 197;
recalled, 199;
crowns Matilda, 200;
supports Henry I., 201
Antonio, Don, claimant of Portugal, iv. 367
Antwerp,
its trade with England, iv. 257;
refugees from, 305, 324;
sacked, 310;
surrenders to Parma, 349
Appeal, Court of, i. 256
Appeals to the Pope, ii. 222;
protest of Edward III. against, 274;
forbidden, iii. 302;
from Scotland, Edward I.'s claim to, ii. 140
Appellant, the Lords, ii. 353, 354, 371
Aquitaine,
Henry Fitz-Empress's relations with, i. 226, 233;
revolts against Richard I., 263;
secured by Eleanor for John, 268;
submits to Philip Augustus, 270;
Edward III. does homage for, ii. 209;
granted him in full sovereignty, 266;
change in its attitude towards the English king, 280;
relations with Spain, 282;
rejects the hearth-tax, 285;
its barons appeal to France, ib.;
regained by France, 287, 288;
granted by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, 369.
See [Guienne]
Archangel, discovery of, iv. 283
Archers, the English, ii. 241, 242; iii. 31
Architecture
under Edward I., ii. 105, 106;
domestic, its developement under Elizabeth, iv. 285-287
Arcola, battle of, viii. 123
Arcot seized by Clive, vii. 235
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fourth Earl of, iv. 114
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of, iv. 223, 230, 245, 260
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl and first Marquis of (see [Lorne]), v. 341;
his relations with Charles I., 363, 364;
defeated at Inverlochy, vi. 38;
restored to power, 63;
proclaims Charles II. king, 71;
death, 181; vii. 8
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, vii. 8, 9
Argyle, John Campbell, second Duke of, vii. 146, 183
Aristotle, Edmund Rich lectures on, i. 288, 293
Arkwright, Richard, viii. 60
Arles, kingdom of, i. 262
Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (see [Bennet]),
Secretary of State, vi. 245;
policy in Triple Alliance, 248, 250;
Charles's confidant in the Treaty of Dover, 258;
dismissed, 281
Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror, i. 157
Armada, the Spanish,
its gathering, iv. 344;
sails, 356;
off the Lizard, 357;
its force, 360;
reaches Calais, 361;
its flight, 362;
ruin, 363;
its results, 364, 365;
the second, v. 60
Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, iii. 16, 17
Arminians, the, v. 114, 266
Arms, Assize of, i. 257
Army, the English,
its double character, ii. 240;
the feudal, its composition, ii. 239;
raised by the Parliament against Charles I., vi. 1;
of the Associated Counties, 8, 13, 18;
the New Model, 35-37;
its character and policy, 50-52;
seizes the king, 53;
its "Humble Representation," ib., 54;
marches on London, ib.;
negotiates with the Parliament, 54;
with the king, 55;
enters London, 56;
resolves to bring Charles to account, 61;
invades Scotland, 62;
demands justice on the king, 64;
struggle with the Parliament, 65, 66;
mutiny in, 75;
petitions for a new Parliament, 87;
struggle with the Rump, 89;
recalls the Rump, 149;
drives it out again, 150;
relations with Monk, 150, 151;
its dissolution, 153;
Charles II.'s, 182, 183; vii. 4;
increased by James II., 11;
Catholic officers in, 14, 15;
Parliament's control over it established, vii. 61;
reduced under William III., 97;
increased again, 105, 107
Army Plot, v. 359, 360
Arnold, General, viii. 23
Arran, James Hamilton, second Earl of, iv. 26, 199
Arras, treaties of, iii. 56, 120, 170
Arteveldt, Jacques van, ii. 227, 233
Arteveldt, Philip van, ii. 349
Arthur, leader of the Britons, i. 34;
legends of, 246, 247; ii. 57
Arthur of Britanny, i. 247, 260, 268
Arthur, son of Henry VII., iii. 186, 187
Articles of Religion, 1536, iii. 333, 337, 338;
Five, iv. 156;
Forty-two, 59, 160;
Six, iii. 346;
repealed, iv. 48;
Thirty-nine, 59, 216;
magistrates and public officers compelled to subscribe to, 273;
subscription of ministers to, v. 156;
Three (Whitgift's), iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116
Articles, Lords of the, iv. 228
Artillery,
first instance known of its use in field warfare, ii. 237;
results of its introduction, iii. 95, 96
Arundel, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, ii. 352;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 367, 370, 371, 373;
persecuting tendencies, iii. 4;
urges Richard II.'s death, 7;
prevents confiscation of Church property, 15, 21;
removed from the chancellorship, 25;
convicts Lord Cobham of heresy, 27
Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 367, 370, 371
Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, twelfth Earl of, iv. 173, 267, 268
Arundel, Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl of, v. 248
Arundell of Wardour, Henry, third Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
Ascham, Roger, iv. 134, 135
Ashdown, battle of, i. 105
Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (see [Cooper]), vi. 194;
opposes the Act of Uniformity, 208;
character, 216, 217;
policy, 218, 219;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 245;
change in his attitude on the question of toleration, 252;
advises a dissolution, 253;
schemes of toleration, 259;
attitude towards war with Holland, 260.
See [Shaftesbury]
Assandun, battle of, i. 143
Assembly, the French National, viii. 86
Asser, i. 5, 113
Assize
of Arms, i. 257;
of Clarendon, 238;
of the Forest, 267;
of Northampton, 255
Astley, Sir Jacob, vi. 42
Aston, Sir Arthur, vi. 76
Athelney,
Ælfred at, i. 106;
abbey at, 114
Athenree, battle of, ii. 376
Athlone captured by the English, iii. 329
Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, vii. 167
Audley, James Touchet, Lord, iii. 74
Aughrim, battle of, vii. 73
Augsburg,
conference at, iv. 21;
treaty of, vii. 27
Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 57-59
Austerlitz, battle of, viii. 173
Australia, vii. 278
Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iv. 193, 195
Austria, Don John of, iv. 310-312
Auxerre, battle near, iii. 39
Avaux, Count of, vii. 59
Avesbury, Robert of, ii. 177
Avignon, the Popes at, ii. 216, 217, 221, 224
Avowal, the, v. 268
Avranches taken by Henry V., iii. 33
Axholme, the Disinherited at, ii. 84, 85
Aylesford, battle of, i. 33
Aylmer, John, iv. 119
Ayrshire, rising in, vi. 62
Babington, Anthony, iv. 351, 352
Bacon, Francis, v. 46-55;
his political career, 222-224;
last years, 225;
Life of Henry VII., iii. 83
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, iv. 152
Bacon, Roger, i. 293; ii. 14-19;
his Opus Majus, 19-21
Badajoz stormed, viii. 199
Badbury, battle of, i. 34
Badby, Thomas, iii. 22
Badlesmere, Lady, ii. 195
Bæda, i. 91-95;
his History, 4, 94
Baillie's Letters, v. 73
Bale, Bishop of Ossory, iv. 63, 109, 119, 128, 129
Ball, John, ii. 268, 269, 318, 319, 336
Balliol, Edward,
acknowledged as king of Scots at the English court, ii. 204;
seizes the crown, 210;
driven out, 211;
restored, 212;
withdraws to England, 213, 214;
resigns, 253
Balliol, John,
claimant of the Scottish crown, ii. 136;
king, 138;
resists Edward's claim to receive appeals, 140;
alliance with France, 160;
defies Edward, 161;
surrenders, ib.;
released and goes to France, 170
Balmerino, Arthur Elphinston, sixth Lord, vii. 230
Bamborough
founded by Ida, i. 52;
attacked by Penda, 71
Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; v. 156, 165
Bank of England founded, vii. 86;
suspends specie payments, viii. 126
Bankers, foreign, in England, under Edward I., ii. 106, 107;
expelled, 189
Bannockburn, battle of, ii. 192, 193
Bantry Bay, battle in, vii. 68
Baptists, rise of the, vi. 28
Barbour, John, ii. 177
Barbury Hill, battle of, i. 37
Bardolf, Thomas, Lord, iii. 18, 19
Bards, the Welsh, ii. 53, 56; iii. 11
Barebones, Praise-God, vi. 95
"Bargemen" of Oxford, i. 308
Barham Down, muster at, i. 333; ii. 74
Barillon, French ambassador in England, vi. 298
Barlow, Bishop of St. David's, iii. 336
Barnes, Robert, iii. 262
Barnet, battle of, iii. 142
Barnwell, Annals of, i. 174, 273
Barons,
their struggle with William I., i. 188-190;
with William Rufus, 191, 192;
with Henry I., 201, 202;
misdoings under Stephen, 220, 221;
Henry II.'s dealings with, 233;
change in their attitude towards crown and people, 325;
relations with John, 332, 338, 339, 343;
alliance with the Welsh against him, ii. 55;
meeting at St. Edmund's, i. 344;
at Brackley, 346;
rise in arms, ib., 347;
confer with John at Runnymede, 347;
excommunicated by Innocent III., 354;
call Lewis of France to their aid, 355;
feudal party among, ii. 4, 5;
refuse an aid to the Pope, 27;
refuse subsidies to Henry III., 34, 35;
their plan of reform, 37, 38;
league against Henry III., 59, 60;
expel the foreigners, 62;
their rule, ib., 63;
divisions among, 64;
rise in arms, 67;
submit to arbitration, 68;
victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
position after the war, 114;
relations with Edward I., 115-117;
decrease in numbers, 146, 147;
struggle with Edward I., 164-166;
relations with Edward II., 184, 190;
under Edward III., relations with the crown, 293;
with the Church, 294;
their decline, iii. 94-96;
effect of the French war on, 103, 104;
new race of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 41;
the northern, plot against Elizabeth, iv. 266, 267;
rise, 268;
defeated, 269;
"greater" and "lesser," ii. 145;
of the Exchequer, i. 206;
of London, 319
Barrier, the Dutch, vii. 102, 182
Barrow, Isaac, vi. 167
Bartholomew's Day, St.,
the English, vi. 209;
the French, iv. 299
Basing House, siege of, vi. 42
Basle, treaty of, viii. 111
Bassano, battle of, viii. 123
Basset, Philip, ii. 66
Basset, Thomas, i. 345
Bastille, capture of the, viii. 83
Bastwick, John, v. 329
Bates's case, v. 161
Bath, the thegns of Wessex submit to Swein at, i. 143
Bath, Henry de, ii. 33
Battle Abbey, i. 164
Baugé, battle of, iii. 36
Bautzen, battle of, viii. 201
Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, v. 177, 219
Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of, vii. 101, 102
Bavaria, Joseph, Electoral Prince of, vii. 92, 94
Baxter, Richard,
his address to Richard Cromwell, vi. 147;
his eminence as controversialist and pastor, 210;
his account of the expelled clergy, 222;
supports a scheme of comprehension, 252;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22;
his Autobiography, vi. 157
Bayeux
surrendered to Henry V., iii. 33;
northmen of, i. 155, 156
Baylen, surrender of French troops at, viii. 186
Bayonne submits to Charles VII., iii. 69
Beachy Head, battle of, vii. 75
Beaton, Cardinal, iv. 24, 33, 34
Beauchamp, Edward Seymour Lord, v. 66, 121
Beaufort, Edmund, Earl of Dorset, iii. 59;
Regent of France, 60.
See [Somerset]
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester,
chancellor, iii. 25, 43;
struggle with Humphrey of Gloucester, 44;
Cardinal and Legate, ib.;
supports Bedford, 55;
retires, 59
Beaufort, John. See [Somerset]
Beaufort, Margaret, iii. 165, 166, 172
Beaujeu, Anne of, iii. 170, 171
Beaumont, Henry I.'s palace of, at Oxford, i. 284, 307
Bec, school of, i. 159
Beckford, Alderman, vii. 256
Bedford
reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
castle of, besieged by Hubert de Burgh, ii. 5
Bedford, John, Duke of, iii. 38;
regent of France, 39;
alliance with Burgundy, ib.;
victories in France, ib., 40;
difficulties, 44, 45;
rule in Normandy, 55;
death, 56
Bedford, John Russell, first Earl of, iv. 47.
See [Russell]
Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of, v. 358
Bedford, William Russell, fifth Earl of, vi. 1
Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of, vii. 242, 315, 317; viii. 4, 16
Bedloe, William, vi. 297
Beket, Gilbert, i. 225, 303
Beket, Thomas, i. 225;
agent of Archbishop Theobald, 226;
chancellor, 232;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 235;
rejects Constitutions of Clarendon, 236;
at council of Northampton, 237;
flight, ib.;
struggle with Henry II., 239;
returns to England, 240;
murdered, 241;
canonized, ib.;
Henry's penance at his shrine, 255;
his shrine desecrated, iii. 344
Belesme, Robert of, i. 201, 202; ii. 47
Bellahoe, battle of, iii. 329
Bellasys, John, first Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
Bellingham, Sir Edward, iv. 110
Bellingham, John, viii. 196
Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 218, 219
Benedict Biscop, i. 79, 91, 92
"Benedict of Peterborough," i. 174, 244
"Benevolences"
under Edward IV., iii. 152;
declared illegal, 168;
levied again, 171, 177;
extension under Wolsey, 244, 251;
resisted, 251, 252;
again demanded, iv. 34;
demanded by James I., v. 197, 198, 229;
by Charles I., 253
Bengal, Clive's successes in, vii. 261
Bennet, Henry, vi. 221.
See [Arlington]
Bensington, battle of, i. 98
Bentham, Jeremy, viii. 195
Beorn, nephew of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151
Beornwulf, king of Mercia, i. 102
Beowulf, Song of, i. 24-26
Bergerac taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234
Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in, ii. 200
Berkley, Sir Robert, v. 331, 351
Berlin Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 176
Bernicia
conquered by the English, i. 52;
by Eadwine, 62;
recalls the line of Æthelfrith, 66;
struggle against Penda, 71, 72
Bernicians conquer Deira, i. 52, 53
Bertha of Paris, wife of Æthelberht of Kent, i. 57
Berwick
stormed by Edward I., ii. 160, 161;
Parliament at, 162;
captured by Bruce, 194;
by Edward III., ii. 211, 212;
its peculiar political position, 212;
recaptured by the Scots, 259, 263;
Pacification at, v. 337
Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, vii. 119, 134
Beverley, peasant revolt at, ii. 324
Bible,
Wyclif's translation of, ii. 178, 343;
Tyndale's, iii. 259-261;
its circulation forbidden, 290;
Coverdale's, 334, 335;
misuse of, 344;
its popularity, v. 82;
literary influence, 83, 84;
social influence, 84, 85;
religious influence, 85;
the Geneva, iv. 128;
forbidden, v. 296
"Bible-men," iii. 96
Bidassoa, battle on the, viii. 202
Bigod, Hugh, first Earl of Norfolk, i. 254
Bigod, Roger, second Earl of Norfolk, i. 343
Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 45
Bigod, Roger, fifth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 164-166
Bigod, Hugh, Justiciar, ii. 60, 64, 66
Bigorre restored to Edward III., ii. 266
Billericay, villagers of, resist Richard II., ii. 332
Bilney, Thomas, iii. 262
Birinus, St., bishop in Wessex, i. 71
Birmingham, its rise, vii. 196
Bishoprics, new, erected under Henry VIII., iv. 13
Bishops
excluded from State offices, ii. 302;
denounce Oldcastle and the Lollards, iii. 27;
mode of appointment, 307, 308;
position under Henry VIII., 308;
under Edward VI., ib., iv. 60;
proposal to exclude them from the House of Lords, v. 354, 355, 371;
excluded, 377;
restored, vi. 204;
position under the Georges, vii. 171, 172;
the Seven, 30, 31;
in Scotland, their position under Knox, v. 137;
abolished, 140;
restored, 143, 166, 167
"Bishops' War," the, v. 341-343
Black Book, the, of 1536, iii. 310
Black Death, the, ii. 252-254, 266, 288;
its social results, 254, 255
Blackfriars,
Council at, ii. 339;
trial of Henry VIII.'s divorce at, iii. 276;
first public theatre at, v. 22
Blacklow Hill, Gaveston beheaded on, ii. 190
Blake, Robert,
his defence of Taunton, vi. 78;
commands the fleet against Rupert, ib.;
fights with Tromp and Ruyter, 86, 88;
bombards Algiers, 116;
victory at Santa Cruz, 124;
outrage on his corpse, 201
Blanchard, Alan, iii. 33, 34
Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Pedro of Castille, ii. 282
Blanche-Taque, ford of, ii. 236
Blenheim, battle of, vii. 120-122
Blois, Charles of, claimant of Britanny, ii. 233, 248
Blondel, De Reductione Normanniæ, ii. 179
"Bloody Circuit," the, vii. 10, 11
Bloreheath, battle of, iii. 74
Blount, Sir Thomas, ii. 200
Blücher, Marshal, viii. 207, 210
Boat, an Old English, found in Sleswick, i. 27, 28
"Boatmen" of London, i. 308
Bohemia, Protestant rising in, v. 216-219
Bohun, Henry de, first Earl of Hereford, i. 343
Bohun, Humfrey de, third Earl of Hereford, ii. 164, 166
Bohun, Henry de, ii. 192
Boleyn, Anne, iii. 267, 270, 273, 288;
marries Henry VIII., 303;
crowned, ib.;
beheaded, 323
Boleyn, George, iii. 267
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 267, 268.
See [Wiltshire]
Bolinbroke, Roger, iii. 58
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (see [St. John]), vii. 140;
his scheme of a treaty of commerce, 142;
rivalry with Harley, 143;
his Schism Bill, ib.;
appoints Jacobites to office, 145;
flies to the Pretender, 168;
becomes his Secretary of State, 183;
returns to England, 204;
withdraws again, ib.
Bologna, University of, i. 282
Bombay ceded to England, vi. 192; vii. 232
Boniface, St., letters of, i. 4
Boniface VIII., Pope, ii. 163, 170, 217, 224
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 32, 72
Bonner, Bishop of London, iv. 74, 89, 95, 97;
sets up Bibles in St. Paul's, v. 82
Bordeaux,
Parliament of Gascony at, ii. 285;
Richard II. born at, 306;
surrenders to Charles VII., iii. 68, 71
Born, Bertrand de, i. 263
Borodino, battle of, viii. 200
Boroughbridge, battle of, ii. 195
Boroughs,
their developement after Norman Conquest, i. 177;
"farm" of, ii. 152;
representation in Parliament, 73, 121, 152-154;
reluctance to attend, 155;
restriction of franchise in, iii. 99-101;
new, created under the Tudors, iv. 234, 235;
change in character of their representatives, 234, 235;
qualification of members for, 235;
the Five, i. 117, 120.
See [Towns]
Borough-moot, the, i. 296
Boscawen, Admiral, vii. 266
Boston, outrage of barons on merchants at, ii. 116
Boston (Massachusetts),
its foundation, v. 310, 311;
occupied by British troops, viii. 14;
tea-riots at, 17, 18;
siege of, 22, 23
Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 172
Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, iv. 226, 229;
plots against Darnley, 242, 243;
contrives his death, 244;
charged with murder, ib.;
marries Mary, 245;
flies, 246
Boulogne
captured by Henry VIII., iv. 30;
restored to France, 33, 57;
Napoleon's camp at, viii. 170, 171
Bourbon, Cardinal of, iv. 348, 369, 372
Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, iii. 246, 247, 269
Bouvines,
battle of, i. 342;
besieged by Flemings, ii. 234
Bow, the English, ii. 241, 242
Boxley, miraculous rood at, iii. 343
Boyle, Robert, vi. 166
Boyne, battle of the, vii. 71
"Boys," the, vii. 204, 226, 249
Brabant, John III., Duke of, ii. 227, 244
Brabant, John IV., Duke of, iii. 42, 43, 45
Brackley, barons meet at, i. 346
Braddock, General, vii. 245
Bradford on Avon, battle of, i. 87
Bradford, John, iv. 132
Bradshaw, John, vi. 66, 91, 101;
outrage on his corpse, 201
Bradwardine, Thomas, ii. 276
Bramber, Sir Nicholas, ii. 353
Bramham Moor, battle of, iii. 19
Brandywine, battle of, viii. 25
Braose, William de, i. 332
Breauté, Faukes de, ii. 4, 5
Brecknock
stormed by Æthelflæd, i. 118;
Mortimer routed at, ii. 88
Breda,
Declaration of, vi. 152;
Treaty of, 241, 243, 247
Breitenfeld, battle of, v. 275
Bremen, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189
Brentford captured by Prince Rupert, vi. 3
Breslau, treaty of, vii. 223
Brest
held by England, ii. 316;
restored to Britanny, 368
Brétigny, peace of, ii. 266
Brewer or Briwere, William, i. 345; ii. 6
Brézé, Pierre de, iii. 121
Bribery, parliamentary, its beginnings, vi. 285, 300
Brice's day, St., massacre of, i. 141
Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, vi. 184
Bridgewater, John Egerton, first Earl of, v. 305
Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of, viii. 55
Brigham, treaty of, ii. 135
Brihtnoth, ealdorman of East-Anglia, i. 139
Brindley, James, viii. 55, 56
Bristol,
its slave-trade, i. 250;
surrender to Henry of Lancaster, iii. 18;
Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96;
trade with Ireland, 282;
surrender to Rupert, vi. 12;
to the Parliament, 41;
prosperity under Walpole, vii. 196
Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, vi. 221
Britain,
its condition under the Romans, i. 29, 30;
legions withdrawn from, 31;
attacked by Picts, Scots and Saxons, ib.;
becomes England, 39, 138;
English conquest of, its peculiar character, 39-44;
authorities for, 3
Britain, Great, United Kingdom of, vii. 128
Britanny
submits to William the Conqueror, i. 158;
war of succession in, ii. 233, 248;
coast harried by an English fleet, iii. 16;
relations with France and England, 166, 171, 179, 180
Britanny, Anne of, iii. 179, 180
Britanny, John, Duke of, ii. 315
Britons
defeated by Jutes in Kent, i. 33;
their stubborn resistance, 40-42;
alliance with Penda, 66;
of Cumbria, defeated by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
by Ecgfrith, 87;
of Strathclyde, their struggle with Æthelfrith, 60;
submit to Eadward the Elder, 119
Broc, Ranulf de, i. 241
Broglie, General, vii. 264
Brooke, Robert Greville, second Lord, v. 320, 354; vi. 7
Brooklyn, battle of, viii. 24
Brothers of the Pen, iii. 154
Brown, Robert, v. 117
Brown, William, martyr under Mary, iv. 95
Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 341, 342; iv. 62, 63
Browne, William, his Pastorals, v. 304
Brownists, v. 117, 308
Bruce, David, ii. 206;
king of Scotland, 210;
driven out, 211, 212;
goes to France, 213;
returns, 214, 229;
prisoner, 243;
released, 263;
dies, 286
Bruce, Edward, ii. 376
Bruce, Robert, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick), ii. 161, 170
Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, ii. 172;
kills Comyn of Badenoch, 173;
crowned, ib.;
put to flight, 174;
character and adventures, 183, 184;
his successes, 191-194;
disabled by leprosy, 204;
acknowledged as king by England, 206;
dies, 210
Bruges,
negotiations at, ii. 303;
gild of St. John at, iii. 154;
Caxton at, 155
Brunanburh, battle of, i. 120
Brune, General, viii. 140
Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, viii. 101
Brunswick, Ferdinand, Prince of, vii. 263, 264, 302
Brut, Chronicle of the, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Brut y Tywysogion, i. 7
Brynglas, battle of, iii. 11, 13
Buchan, Isabel, Countess of, ii. 173
Buchan, constable of, iii. 39
Buchanan, George, v. 124
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, iii. 163, 164, 166-168
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, iii. 242
Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of (see [Villiers]), v. 208;
relations with Bacon, 222, 225;
goes with Charles to Madrid, 232;
returns, 233;
his mastery over James, 235;
policy, 236-238;
relations with Charles I., 244;
failure of his plans, 247;
impeached, 250;
urges the forced loan, 255;
expedition to La Rochelle, 259;
slain, 265
Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of, vi. 163, 165;
in Cabal ministry, 245, 253;
negotiations with Lewis, 258;
dismissed, 281;
committed to the Tower, 288
Bulmer, Lady, iii. 325
Bungay, Friar, iii. 97
Bunker's Hill, battle of, viii. 22
Bunyan, John, v. 103, 104; vi. 262-265;
his Pilgrim's Progress, 265-267;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
Buonaparte, Jerome, viii. 185
Buonaparte, Joseph, viii. 185, 186, 200
Buonaparte, Louis, viii. 185
Buonaparte, Napoleon, viii. 109, 113;
campaign in Italy, 122, 123, 125;
marches on Vienna, 125;
designs on India, 131;
conquers Malta and Egypt, 132;
campaign in Syria, 141;
victory at Aboukir, ib.;
First Consul, 142;
victory at Marengo, ib.;
his policy and aims, 146, 147, 158, 168-170.
See [Napoleon]
Burdett, Sir Francis, viii. 195
Burford, battle of, i. 96
Burgh, Hubert de, ii. 2-5, 29, 30
Burgh-upon-Sands, Edward I. dies at, ii. 174
"Burghers," i. 315
Burgos, siege of, viii. 200
Burgoyne, General, viii. 25, 26
Burgundy, Philip I., Duke of, ii. 265
Burgundy, Philip II., Duke of, ii. 286; iii. 5, 6, 12, 14
Burgundy, Philip III., Duke of,
alliance with Henry V., iii. 35;
relations with Brabant, 42, 43, 45;
withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans, 46;
sells Jeanne d'Arc to the English, 53;
joins Charles VII., 56, 122;
cedes Picardy to Lewis XI., 122;
mediates between Lewis and Edward, ib.;
dies, 130
Burgundy, John, Duke of, iii. 16, 17;
relations with England and France, 23, 24, 32;
assassinated, 35
Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of. See [Charles]
Burgundy, Mary of, iii. 146, 147, 150, 151, 170
"Burh," the old English, i. 294
Burke, Edmund, vii. 332-337;
supports the Declaratory Act, 338;
attacks the Chatham ministry, 341;
his scheme for reform of the constituencies, viii. 10;
his proposals for conciliating America rejected, 20;
his bill of Economical Reform, 64, 76;
refuses office under Shelburne, 65;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 89;
share in the impeachment of Hastings, 90;
Reflections, ib.;
quarrel with Fox, 92, 93;
Appeal from the new to the old Whigs, 93;
supports the government against France, 104;
Letters on a Regicide Peace, 116;
death, 126
Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord (see [Cecil]), iv. 352;
protests against expulsion of Puritan clergy, 342;
his tract on The Execution of Justice, 5;
his ill-will to Spenser, v. 12;
death, 63
Burley, Sir Simon, ii. 353
Burnet, Gilbert, vi. 169;
bishop of Salisbury, vii. 65;
his History of his own Time, vi. 157
Burns, Robert, viii. 46
Burton, Annals of, i. 273
Burton, John, v. 329
Burton, Thomas, his Diary, v. 37
Busaco, battle of, viii. 190
Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of, vii. 302, 303;
Prime Minister, 306;
policy towards America, 310, 311;
fall, 314
Butler, Joseph, vi. 169
Butler, Samuel, vi. 162
Butler, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
Buttington, battle of, i. 117
Byng, Admiral, vii. 248
Byron, Commodore, vii. 277
"Cabal," the, vi. 246, 303
Cabinet, the, its origin, vi. 303
Cabot, Sebastian, iii. 189; iv. 283, 330
Cade, John, iii. 64-67
Cadiz,
Drake's expedition to, iv. 355;
English descents on, v. 60, 247;
blockaded by an English fleet, vii. 223
Cadwallon, king of the Britons, i. 66, 67
Cædmon, i. 77, 78
Caen
sacked by Edward III., ii. 235;
stormed by Henry V., iii. 33;
university at, 55
Caermarthen besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 14
Caernarvon, castle built at, ii. 121
Cahors, bankers of, ii. 107, 130
Calabria, John, Duke of, iii. 126
Calais
besieged by Edward III., ii. 243;
surrenders, 244;
the six burgesses, 245-247;
ceded to Edward, 266;
threatened by the French, iii. 69, 70;
Warwick repulsed from, 135;
won by Guise, iv. 108;
restored to France, 158
Calamy, Edmund, v. 354; vi. 157
Calcutta,
its origin, vii. 232;
the Black Hole of, 261
Calvin, John, iv. 119, 123, 126
Calvinism,
system of, iv. 123-126;
its political tendency, 171;
in Scotland, accepted by Parliament, 187;
its establishment sanctioned by Mary Stuart, 245;
its growth in England, v. 86-89.
See [Presbyterianism]
Calvinists,
German, their position after Peace of Passau, v. 176, 177;
Scotch, suppress Catholicism by force, iv. 218
Cambray
occupied by Philip VI. of France, ii. 219;
besieged by Edward III., 220, 228;
negotiations at, iv. 145;
League of, iii. 206;
treaty of, 234
Cambridge, University of,
its charters burnt by townsfolk, ii. 324;
the New Learning at, iii. 201;
Erasmus at, ib., 212, 213;
resistance to benevolences at, 251;
Lutherans at, 262;
forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
foreign Protestants at, iv. 51;
James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24
Cambridge, Edmund, first Earl of, ii. 287.
See [York]
Cambridge, Richard, second Earl of, iii. 30, 56, 57
Cambridge, Richard, third Earl of. See [York]
Camden, Charles Pratt, first Lord, vii. 340; viii. 15
Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl, viii. 120.
Camden, William, v. 4;
his Life of Elizabeth, iv. 3.
Campeggio, Cardinal, iii. 272, 274, 277
Camperdown, battle of, viii. 127
Campian, Edmund, iv. 318, 320
Campo Formio, treaty of, viii. 125
Camulodunum (Colchester) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35
Canada,
French settlement in, vii. 242;
Montcalm in, 244;
conquered by the English, 269;
ceded to England, 307;
attacked by America, viii. 23, 203, 204;
self-government granted to, 92
Canals, introduction of, viii. 55, 56
Canning, George, viii. 71;
Foreign Secretary, 180;
his dealings with Denmark, ib.;
Orders in Council, 181;
supports rising in Spain, 186, 187;
quarrel with Castlereagh, 188, 189;
resigns, 189;
presses for Catholic emancipation, 195
Canons
of 1604, v. 156;
Scotch, of 1636, 327
Canterbury, i. 57;
archbishopric founded at, 59;
becomes ecclesiastical centre of England, 83;
sacked by northmen, 142;
Theodore's school at, 92;
historians of, 243;
gild of Thanes at, 299;
Walloon refugees at, iv. 51;
Protestant martyrs in, 96;
Church of Huguenots at, 306
Cape of Good Hope ceded to England, viii. 112
Capel, Arthur, first Lord, vi. 72
Capel, Sir Henry, vi. 301
Capuchins, Order of, founded, iv. 101
Caradoc of Lancarvan, i. 7
Caraffa, Cardinal, iv. 31, 100, 101.
See [Paul IV.]
Carcassonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
Cardigan,
Norman conquest of, ii. 48;
royal garrisons driven from, 55
Carew, Sir Peter, iv. 82
Carham, battle at, i. 146
Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. prisoner at, vi. 59
Carlisle
becomes English, i. 87;
granted to see of Lindisfarne, 88;
ceded to David of Scotland, 217;
invested by the Scots, ii. 160;
Mary Stuart at, iv. 261
Carlisle, Merks, deposed Bishop of, iii. 8
Carlisle, Charles Howard, first Earl of, vi. 280
Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 213, 221
Carlowitz, treaty of, vii. 97
Carnot, Lazare, viii. 122
Carolina, Colony of, vi. 259; vii. 236
Caroline of Anspach, wife of George II., vii. 200, 203
Carpenter, General, vii. 183
Carr, Robert. See [Rochester], [Somerset]
Carteret, John, second Lord, vii. 222, 223.
See [Granville]
Carthagena, Vernon's defeat at, vii. 221
Cartwright, Thomas, iv. 294-296, 342; v. 58, 117
Carucage, i. 350
Casale seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335
Cashel, synod at, i. 253
Cassel, battles of, ii. 216; vi. 289
Cassano, battle of, viii. 139
Castille, Constance of, second wife of John of Gaunt, ii. 287, 302
Castillon, Talbot defeated at, iii. 71
Castlebar, battle of, viii. 130
Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Countess of, vi. 221, 272; vii. 108.
See [Cleveland].
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount,
arranges the union with Ireland, viii. 153;
quarrel with Canning, 188, 189;
Foreign Secretary, 197
Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, iv. 155, 158, 159, 171
Catesby, Robert, v. 157, 158.
Catharine of Aragon
marries Arthur Tudor, iii. 186, 187;
betrothed to Henry, 187, 188;
marries him, 207;
opposes the divorce, 269, 270, 276;
banished from the palace, 298;
her marriage annulled by Convocation, 303;
confirmed by Pope and Cardinals, 304
Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., vi. 192
Catharine of France, wife of Henry V., iii. 24, 35, 165
Catharine of Medicis,
queen-regent of France, iv. 188;
her policy towards the Huguenots, 206-208;
treaty with them, 216, 217;
with England, 219;
meeting with Alva, 225;
negotiates with Elizabeth, 297;
unites with the Guises against the Huguenots, 299;
resumes her policy of toleration, 301
Catharine II., Empress of Russia viii. 84, 85, 95
Catholics, English,
their position under Elizabeth, iv. 149, 195, 196;
forbidden to join in Common Prayer, 214;
fined for recusancy, ib.;
attitude towards Mary Stuart, 220;
their scheme for the succession, ib., 221;
plot against Elizabeth, 266, 267;
rise, 268;
defeated, 269;
attitude towards the Bull of Deposition, 270;
persecution of, 308, 309, 319-322;
new plots, 350;
Philip's and Allen's hopes of, 354;
their loyalty, 358, 359;
materials for their history, 5;
James I. gives them relief, v. 150;
begins to persecute them, 156, 157;
their plots, 157-159;
position under Charles II., vi. 185, 186, 220, 291, 293;
excluded from Parliament, 297;
admitted to office, etc., by James II., vii. 14, 15;
included in his Declaration of Indulgence, 22;
position under Walpole, 198;
projects for their emancipation, viii. 179, 195, 196;
Confederate, v. 366; vi. 15, 16;
Irish, Charles I.'s and Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364;
their condition in eighteenth century, viii. 33, 34, 117;
plans for their emancipation, 119, 120, 152-155
Catinat, Marshal, vii. 75
Cavaliers, v. 372
Cavendish, William, Lord,
head of the Country party, vi. 272;
takes office, 300;
opposes the Exclusion Bill, 308;
resigns, 315.
See[ Devonshire].
Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, iii. 83
Caxton, William, iii. 155-162
Ceadda or Chad, St., i. 73
Ceawlin, king of Wessex, i. 56
Cecil, Richard, viii. 47
Cecil, Robert,
his rivalry with Essex, v. 63;
treasurer, 172, 173;
proposes the "great contract," 179;
arranges the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, 210;
dies, 185, 211
Cecil, William, iv. 139-141;
his political standpoint, 141-143, 150;
advises Elizabeth to announce her accession to the Pope, 155;
his share in her Scottish policy, 173, 176, 259;
policy in Ireland, 240;
demands a Protestant alliance and the surrender of Mary, 263;
dealings with Norfolk, 266, 274.
See [Burleigh]
Cedd, brother of Ceadda, i. 74
Centwine, king of Wessex, i. 89
Cenwealh, king of Wessex, i. 87
Cenwulf, king of Mercia, i. 98, 101
Ceolfrid, founder of Jarrow, i. 91
Ceolred, king of Mercia, i. 90
Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, i. 91
Ceorl, the English, i. 11
Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
Ceylon acquired by England, viii. 112
Chad, St. See [Ceadda]
Chalgrove Field, fight at, vi. 10
Châlus, Richard I. slain at, i. 267
Champeaux, William of, i. 285
Chancellor, Richard, iv. 282
Chancellor, the, i. 206;
his equitable jurisdiction, 256; ii. 112, 113;
right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38;
made responsible to Permanent Council, 61;
his woolsack, 226;
of an university, i. 291, 292
Chancery, Court of, ii. 113
Chandos, Sir John, ii. 249
Chapel, the Royal, clerks of, i. 206
Chapman, George, v. 3, 42
Charford, battle of, i. 34
Charles (I.), son of James I.,
schemes for his marriage, v. 211-214, 227, 230;
goes to Madrid, 231, 232;
returns, 233;
his character, 234;
marriage, 238, 241;
king, 242;
his policy, 243-245;
quarrel with Parliament of 1625, 246, 247;
with Parliament of 1626, 249, 250, 253;
demands a benevolence, 253;
levies a forced loan, 254;
dismisses Crewe, ib.;
relations with France, 256-258;
with the Parliament of 1628, 260-263;
defends Buckingham, 264;
rejects the Avowal, 269;
dissolves Parliament again, 270, 272;
his plans of personal government, 273;
peace policy, 274, 275;
relations with Gustavus Adolphus, 275, 276;
financial measures, 276-280;
grants a charter to Massachusetts, 311;
position in 1635, 315, 316;
consults the judges about ship-money, 323;
dealings with Scotland, 325-328, 330-334;
gathers an army, 337;
pacification with the Scots, ib.;
summons Wentworth home, 338;
relations with Richelieu, ib., 339;
negotiates with the Scots, 342;
summons Parliament again, 343;
relations with Montrose, 359;
assents to Strafford's attainder, 361;
to perpetuation of the Parliament, 362;
goes to Scotland, 363;
his promises to the Irish, 364;
returns to London, 367;
attempt to seize the five members, 373-375;
withdraws from London, 376;
levies forces by commissions of array, 377;
shut out from Hull, 378;
goes to York, ib.;
raises his standard at Nottingham, vi. 2;
goes to Shrewsbury, ib.;
defeated at Edgehill, 3;
goes to Oxford, ib.;
besieges Gloucester, 13;
negotiations in Ireland, 15, 16;
successes in 1644, 22;
marches on London, 23;
defeated at Newbury, 24;
returns to Oxford, ib.;
negotiates with the Parliament, 38;
storms Leicester and relieves Chester, ib.;
routed at Naseby, 40, 41;
treaty with the Irish, 42;
goes to the Scotch camp, 46;
refuses the Parliament's terms, 48;
given up to it by the Scots, 49;
seized by the army, 53;
negotiates with the army, 55-57;
escapes, 58;
recaptured, 59;
negotiates with parliament and the Scots, ib., 63;
again seized by the army, 65;
trial, 67;
death, 68;
authorities for his reign, v. 72
Charles II.
recognized by Holland as king of England, vi. 70;
proclaimed in Scotland, 71;
invited to Ireland, ib.;
his experiences in Scotland, 82;
crowned at Scone, ib.;
invades England, 83;
defeated at Worcester, 84;
flies to France, ib.;
issues a declaration from Breda, 152;
returns to England, ib.;
his scientific tastes, 165;
character, 173-177;
policy, 177-180;
forms an army, 182, 183;
his position in England, 184;
ecclesiastical aims, 185, 186;
foreign relations, 187, 192;
marriage, 192;
first ministry, 193;
dealings with the regicides, 195;
relations with Clarendon, 213-215, 221;
issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 219;
policy in Holland, 228, 229;
refuses to dissolve Parliament, 241, 254;
banishes Clarendon, 243;
his new ministry, 245;
attitude towards toleration, 252, 259;
project for establishing Catholicism, 256;
treaties with Lewis, 257, 258;
issues second Declaration of Indulgence, 262;
withdraws it, 273;
relations with Shaftesbury, 275;
makes peace with the Dutch, 281;
makes another treaty with Lewis, 287;
negotiations with Lewis, 291;
position after peace of Nimeguen, ib., 293;
attitude during the Popish plot. 297;
plan for the succession of James, 307;
struggle with Shaftesbury, 311-313, 321;
recalls James, 315;
resists the Exclusion, 321;
dissolves the Parliament, 322;
turns again to France, ib., 323;
action in 1681, 323, 324;
persecutes Nonconformists, recalls James, and arrests Monmouth, 335;
his triumph, vii. 1;
policy in his last years, 2;
dealings with the towns, 3;
increases his Guards, 4;
sickness, ib.;
death, 5;
authorities for his reign, vi. 157, 158
Charles IV., emperor, ii. 236, 348
Charles (V.), son of Philip of Austria, iii. 208;
relations with England and France, 232, 233;
king of Spain, 234;
treaties with Francis I., ib.;
emperor, 240;
visits England, 241;
betrothed to Mary, 242;
war with Francis, ib.;
league with Henry VIII. and the Pope, 243;
successes in Italy, 244, 248, 250;
treachery to Henry and Wolsey, 248, 249;
new alliance with Henry, 250;
expels Luther, 254;
marriage, 266;
relations with Lutherans, 275;
proposes alliance with France against Henry, 336;
his religious policy, iv. 18, 19;
proposes a general council, 20;
defeated in Hungary and Algiers, 24;
attacked by Francis, ib.;
alliance with Henry, 27;
failure of his plans of reunion, 30-32;
treaty with France, 32;
attacks the League of Schmalkald, 36;
victory at Muhlberg, 50;
policy towards Protestants, 51;
persecutes them, 58;
ruin of his plans, 65;
treaty with Lutherans, ib.;
relations with Mary Tudor, 79, 80;
abdicates, 98
Charles III., king of Spain, vii. 126, 131;
emperor (Charles VI.) 142, 199, 200, 220
Charles VII., emperor, vii. 223, 225
Charles IV., king of France, ii. 197, 198, 208
Charles (V.) of France, duke of Normandy, ii. 264, 265;
king, 281, 282, 285, 288
Charles VI., king of France, iii. 5, 26, 35, 39
Charles (VII.), Dauphin, iii. 26, 39, 46, 48;
crowned, 52;
received in Paris, 56;
Le Mans surrendered to, 62;
regains Normandy, ib.;
conquers Guienne, 68, 69
Charles VIII., king of France, iii. 170;
annexes Britanny, 179, 180;
treaty with Henry VIII., 180;
invades Italy, 186, 206
Charles IX., king of France, iv. 188, 298, 299, 301
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, ii. 258, 259
Charles II., king of Spain, vii. 90, 98
Charles IV., king of Spain, viii. 185
Charles XII., king of Sweden, vii. 183, 188, 189
Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, i. 209.
Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, i. 155
Charles of Blois. See [Blois]
Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, iii. 122, 125, 127, 128;
duke of Burgundy, 130;
league with Edward, ib.;
marries Margaret of York, 131;
negotiates with the Lancastrians, 140;
helps Edward, 141;
attacks Lewis again, 145;
his German possessions, 146;
alliance with the emperor, ib., 147;
with England, 148;
besieges Neuss, ib., 149;
slain, 150
Charlestown, capture of, viii. 32
Charmouth, battle of, i. 103
Charter of Henry I., i. 198, 340, 341;
of Stephen, 216;
the Great, 348-352;
provisions for its execution, 353;
annulled by the Pope, 354;
reissued under Henry III., ii. 1, 3;
Langton's care for, 6;
confirmed by Henry, ib., 34;
Archbishop Peckham's appeal to, 118;
confirmed by Edward I., 165, 166, 170;
of the Forest, 165, 166, 170
Charter-house, the, in London, ii. 253;
its martyrs, iii. 320; v. 77
Château-Gaillard, i. 265, 266
Châtillon, Coligni, Cardinal of, iv. 207
Chatham, William Pitt, first earl of (see [Pitt]), vii. 340, 341;
withdraws from public life, viii. 3;
from the ministry, 6;
proposes reform of the House of Commons, 9;
strives to avert war with America, 20, 26;
recalled to office, 29;
death, 30
Chaucer, Geoffrey,
his early life, ii. 358, 359;
early poems, 359-361;
offices, person, temper, 362, 363;
home at Westminster, 366;
Canterbury Tales, 361, 363-366;
Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Chauntries, suppression of, iv. 34, 54
Cheke, Sir John, iv. 134
Cherbourg,
Henry of Lancaster at, ii. 259, 260;
held by England, 316;
surrendered to Navarre, 368;
to Charles VII., iii. 62
Cheshire, royalist rising in, vi. 150
Chester,
march of the West Saxons on, i. 38, 56;
conquered by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
by William, 169;
raid of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd on, ii. 85;
blockade of, vi. 38
Chester, Ranulf, earl of, i. 345, 347; ii. 5
Chesterfield, defeat of the Disinherited at, ii. 87
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, vii. 170, 203, 226, 249
"Chevy Chase," iii. 182
Chichester, Stephen Berksted, Bishop of, ii. 71
Chichester, Adam Moleyns, Bishop of, murdered, iii. 63
Chichester, Sir Arthur, v. 287, 288
Child, Sir Josiah, vi. 169
Chili conquered by Spain, iv. 329
Chillingworth, William, vi. 134-137
Chinon,
Henry II. dies at, i. 258;
Charles VII. and Jeanne d'Arc at, iii. 48
Chippenham, northmen at, i. 106
Chippewa, battle of, viii. 204
Chivalry, influence of, ii. 94
Chotusitz, battle of, vii. 223
"Christian Brethren," iii. 262
Christianity
brought to England, i. 57;
progress in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia, 59;
reaction against, 65;
its struggle with heathenism, ib., 66, 70-73
Christina, sister of Eadgar the Ætheling, i. 199
Chronica Angliæ, ii. 177
Chronicle, the English, i. 3-6, 115, 173, 203, 221, 278
Chronicle of Queen Jane, iv. 3
Chronicon Scotorum, i. 8
Church, English,
its foundation, i. 57-59;
organized by Theodore, 81-84;
its parish system, 84;
share in resistance to the Danes, 145;
William the Conqueror's dealings with, 187, 188;
the Red King's, 193;
decline of its political influence, 222;
revival during the anarchy, 224;
Henry II.'s dealings with, 235-237, 253;
relation of universities to, 292;
condition in early thirteenth century, ii. 7, 8;
its political teaching, 23;
beginnings of resistance to the Papacy, 27;
Edward I.'s policy towards, 118, 119;
papal demands on its revenues, etc., 222, 223;
under Edward III., relations with the Papacy, 273-275;
its wealth, 294;
despoiled by Pope and King, 296;
threatened in Parliament, 301;
proposals to confiscate its property, iii. 15, 21;
condition during Wars of the Roses, 96, 97;
reform of, demanded by Parliament, 290;
Henry VIII.'s dealings with, 296, 297, 301, 302;
Thomas Cromwell's dealings with, 295, 310-312;
spoliation of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13;
condition at Cromwell's fall, 14, 15;
spoliation under Edward VI., 66;
demands for restoration of its property, 102, 103;
Hooker's influence on, v. 113;
Puritan demands for its reform, 118;
the Long Parliament's dealings with, 352-355;
Oliver Cromwell's dealings with, vi. 111;
settlement after the Restoration, 199, 208-210;
James II.'s dealings with, vii. 18, 19, 24;
effects of the Revolution on, 63-66;
condition under the Georges, 169-172;
revival in, 205-211; viii. 46;
Irish, its missionary zeal, i. 68, 69;
later character, i. 80;
relations with the English Church, 250;
English and Irish divisions, iii. 338, 339;
accepts the King's Supremacy, 339, 340;
rejects religious change, 341;
condition under Elizabeth, iv. 314, 315;
Roman, its revival under Paul IV., iv. 99;
position at the accession of Pius V., 249;
of Scotland, Presbyterian. See [Kirk]
Churchill, Arabella, vii. 107, 108
Churchill, John, vii. 107-109;
his victory at Sedgemoor, 11, 109;
deserts James II., 42.
See [Marlborough].
Cinque Ports
support party of Montfort, ii. 70, 85, 86;
their commerce, iv. 279;
Flemish exiles in, 305, 323;
mariners of, their victory off Dover, ii. 3;
their fights with the French, 141, 142; iii. 7
Cissa, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
Cistercians
settle in England, i. 222;
their wool, 350; ii. 107
Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, viii. 199
Clair-on-Epte, treaty of, i. 155
Clare submits to the English, iii. 329
Clare, Richard, first Earl of, ii. 48
Clare, Richard, sixth Earl of, i. 343
Clare, Richard of (Strongbow), i. 252
Clarence, George, Duke of,
intrigues with Warwick, iii. 133;
marries his daughter, 134;
revolts, ib., 135;
relations with Edward and Warwick, 137, 138, 141, 142;
impeachment and death, 163
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, ii. 264, 293, 302
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 36
Clarendon, Assize of, i. 238;
Constitutions of, 235;
Council of, ib.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (see [Hyde]), vi. 193;
Lord Chancellor, ib., 205;
his political theory, 205-207;
his foreign policy, 213-215;
relations with Charles II., 221;
advises a dissolution, 241;
banished, 243;
his History of the Rebellion, v. 72;
Life, vi. 157
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, second Earl of, vii. 20, 76
Clark, John, iii. 262
Clarkson, Thomas, viii. 48
Clement IV., Pope, ii. 18
Clement V., Pope, ii. 172
Clement VI., Pope, ii. 229, 236
Clement VII., Pope, iii. 249;
prisoner, 269;
escapes, 272;
dealings with Henry VIII.'s divorce, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278;
threatens Henry with excommunication, 302;
annuls Cranmer's proceedings, 304;
refuses to hold a Council, iv. 20
Clement VIII., Pope, iv. 372
Clément, Jacques, iv. 368
Clergy, their privileges, i. 234;
attacked by Henry II., 235-237;
papal demands on, ii. 27, 28, 42, 222;
relations with Edward I., 118, 120, 163;
summoned to Parliament, 157;
cease to attend, 158;
strife of regular and secular, 295;
bondage to Pope and king, ib., 296;
decay of their moral influence, 296, 297;
excluded from state offices, 302;
attacked by John of Gaunt and Wyclif, 308;
decline of their influence, iii. 96, 97;
Wolsey's struggle with, 246;
Thomas Cromwell's policy towards, 295;
charged with breach of Præmunire, 296;
submission, 297;
their enslavement, 301, 302, 311, 312;
allowed to marry, iv. 49;
their five articles of 1559, 156, 157;
Elizabeth's dealings with, 161, 162;
their position and character in her reign, 302-304;
growth of Puritanism among, 340; v. 89, 90;
required to subscribe all the Articles, 156;
struggle with James II., vii. 18, 19, 24, 30;
condition under the Georges, 171, 172;
character in the eighteenth century, viii. 47;
Puritan, expelled, iv. 342; v. 156;
Laud's dealings with, 295-297;
their final expulsion, vi. 209;
its results, 210-213;
their sufferings, 222, 223
Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of (see [Castlemaine]), vi. 175
Cleves, quarrel about, v. 178
Clericis Laicos, bull, ii. 163
Clifford, Thomas, eighth Lord, iii. 74
Clifford, John, ninth Lord, iii. 78
Clifford, Sir Thomas (first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh),
commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 245, 261;
Lord Treasurer, 271;
resigns, 274
Clinton, Sir Henry, viii. 32
Clive, Robert, vii. 233;
seizes Arcot, 235;
victory at Plassey, 261, 262
Clonmell stormed by Cromwell, vi. 79
Closter-Seven, Convention of, vii. 249, 262
Clydesdale, persecution of Catholics in, iv. 218
Cnihtenagild at Aldgate, i. 223, 299
Cnut, king of Denmark, i. 143;
of England, 143-147
Cnut II., king of Denmark, i. 189
Coal, discovery of, viii. 56, 57
Coalition ministry, the, viii. 65-69
Cobham, Eleanor, iii. 43, 58, 97
Cobham, Edward Brooke, Lord, iii. 69
Cobham, John Oldcastle, Lord (see [Oldcastle]), iii. 20, 23, 26, 28
Coinage,
new, under Edward I., ii. 119;
debasement of, under Henry VIII., iv. 35;
under Edward VI., 57, 66;
reform of, under William III., vii. 89
Coggeshall, Ralph of, i. 174
Coke, Sir Edward, v. 202, 248, 263
Colchester (Camulodunum)
reduced by East Saxons, i. 35;
Protestant martyrs of, iv. 144;
siege of, vi. 61;
surrender, 64
Colchester, Thomas Beche, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
Coleman, Edward, vi. 293, 295, 298
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, viii. 135
Colet, John,
his theology, iii. 191, 192;
lectures at Oxford, 192;
Dean of St. Paul's, 197;
founds school, 200;
address to Convocation, 202, 203;
charged with heresy, 203;
protected by Warham and Henry, 204;
protests against war, 210
Colepepper, Sir John, v. 375, 378
Colgan's Lives of Irish Saints, i. 8
Coligni, Admiral, iv. 209, 216, 299
Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, i. 79, 80
Columba, St., i. 69;
Adamnan's Life of, 8
Columban, St., i. 68
Commendation, system of, i. 133, 321
Commerce. See [Trade]
Commines, Philippe de, his comments on England, iii. 85, 107
Commission, Court of High,
established, iv. 216;
its new powers in 1583, 340;
Laud's use of, v. 295;
its civil jurisdiction abolished, 363;
restored, vii. 18;
dissolved, 39
Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1, 13;
of the Two Kingdoms, 17
Commonalty, scheme for its representation, ii. 61, 73
Commons, the,
summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154;
their right to share in all legislative action established, 196, 202;
House of, fully constituted, 203;
petitions against papal encroachments, 225;
its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298;
shrinks from meddling with administration, 299;
increasing share in legislation, 301;
resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303;
its action in the Good Parliament, 305;
in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312;
struggle with Richard II., 370;
demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21;
changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99;
struggle with Wolsey, 245;
petition to Henry, VIII., 290;
first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5;
opposes Northumberland's policy, 66;
struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239;
advance under her, v. 56, 57;
relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182;
action in Parliament of 1621, 221, 222, 224, 225;
in that of 1625, 245-247;
in that of 1626, 250, 253;
draws up the Petition of Right, 260;
action in 1640, 340;
resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66;
abolishes Monarchy, 68;
sets up a Commonwealth, ib.;
passes the Exclusion Bill, 319;
rejects the Securities Bill, 320;
impeaches Fitzharris, 323;
its sovereignty, vii. 80;
position under William, III., 81;
relations with Marlborough, 123;
the Whigs' management of, 176;
proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195;
adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196.
See [Parliament]
Commonwealth
established in England, vi. 68, 69;
proclaimed in London, 73
"Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69
Companies, trading, v. 161
Compiègne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53
"Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66
Comprehension Bill, vii. 63
Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35
Compurgation, i. 239, 313
Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171
Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173
Condé, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267
Condé, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190
Congregation, Lords of the,
their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168;
occupy Edinburgh, 169;
relations with Elizabeth, 170-174;
treaty with Francis and Mary, 176;
rise against Mary, 245, 246
Congress,
the first American, vii. 330;
at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22
Connaught
conquered by the English, iii. 329;
Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365
Connecticut,
first settlement of, v. 319, 320;
refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203
Conquereux, battle of, i. 212
Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123
Consilt, battle of, ii. 54
Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325
Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260
Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120
Constantinople
captured by the Turks, iii. 189;
English exiles at, i. 167
"Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100
Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235
Contades, General, vii. 264
Continental System, viii. 175, 176;
its results, 177
Contract, the Great, v. 179
Convention
of 1660, vi. 152;
declares itself a Parliament, 194;
of 1689, vii. 44-47;
becomes a Parliament, 60;
the Constituent, vi. 94-98;
the French, viii. 101;
Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150;
of 1689, vii. 51.
See [Parliament]
Convocation,
provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158;
its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307;
of 1413, iii. 20;
of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203;
of 1531, 296, 297;
of 1532, 301;
of 1533, 303;
of 1604, its canons, v. 156;
of 1689, vii. 63;
of Perth, ii. 171
Conway,
castle built at, ii. 121;
captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10;
recovered by Percy, 11
Cook, Captain, vii. 278
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95;
his early life, 215, 216;
attacks Cromwell's memory, 148;
advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194.
See [Ashley]
Cope, Sir John, vii. 228
Copenhagen,
battle of, viii. 163;
bombardment of, 180
Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279
Copy-holders, i. 323
Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139
Cormac's Glossary, i. 8
Cornwal, John, ii. 357
Cornwall
conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102;
Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6;
tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107;
export of tin from, iv. 279;
of copper, ib.;
West Welsh of, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120
Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345
Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. See [Richard]
Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis,
captures Charlestown, viii. 32;
surrenders at York Town, ib.;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138;
victories in India, 131
Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162
Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149
Corresponding Society, viii. 106
Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329
Corunna,
Drake's descent on, iv. 355;
siege of, 367, 368;
battle of, viii. 187
Cotentin, the,
conquered by William Longsword, i. 155;
ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201
Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274
Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193
Council
of Agitators, vi. 52;
the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23;
the Great, i. 256, 351;
changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144;
its importance under Henry II., 144, 145;
powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145;
mode of summons to, 146;
its composition under Henry III., ib.;
claim to appoint ministers, 38;
demands for reform, 45;
its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61;
becomes Parliament, 156;
the King's, i. 256;
its later developements, ii. 112;
criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178;
position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187;
set aside by James I., 187;
character after the Restoration, vi. 303;
reorganized by Temple, ib., 304;
of Nine, ii. 275;
of the North, v. 285, 363;
of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65;
its plan for a new Parliament, 74;
forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149;
Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61;
the Privy, i. 256;
of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72;
broken up, 91;
new one formed, 94;
new, named by the Convention, 99;
its organization, 100
Councils,
Church, their political results, i. 84, 224;
Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299;
Provincial, of 1282, 120
Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102
County court (shire-court),
preserved by William I., i. 185, 186;
towns represented in, ii. 73;
its composition and functions, 149;
principle of representation in, ib., 150;
election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152
Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298
Courcy, John de, ii. 374
Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346
Coutras, battle of, iv. 355
Covenant,
the Scottish, iv. 115, 116;
renewed in 1638, v. 333;
taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17;
forced on the army, 50;
taken by the Convention of 1660, 152;
burnt in Westminster Hall, 204
Coventry,
Parliament at, iii. 75;
Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269
Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272
Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334
Cowell, John, v. 169
Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165
Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27
Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125;
chancellor, 175
Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46
Cox, Richard, iv. 119
Crabbe, George, viii. 46
Craft-gilds, i. 316-318
Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192
Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236
Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272;
supports the king's divorce, 291;
proposes an appeal to the universities, ib.;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 303;
crowns Anne Boleyn, ib.;
tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319;
attitude towards Lutheranism, 336;
opposes persecution, 346;
drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127;
welcomes foreign refugees, 51;
his view of Episcopacy, 60;
remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70;
sent to the Tower, 75;
tried for treason, ib.;
his political position, 103, 104;
share in the English Liturgy, 103;
convicted of heresy, 104;
death, 105;
Strype's Life of, 3
Crécy, battle of, ii. 237-239
Cremona, battle of, vii. 118
Crépy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33
Creton's History of Richard II., ii. 179
Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254
Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60
Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109
Cromwell, Oliver,
his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25;
alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320;
share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8;
at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24;
his person, 25;
regiment, 26;
temper, 27;
relations with Dissidents, 33, 36;
his policy, 34;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45;
resigns his command, 53;
rejoins the army, ib.;
negotiates with the king, 57;
opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60;
besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162;
victory at Preston, 62;
marches into Scotland, ib.;
charged with treason, 63;
suppresses a revolt of the army, 75;
campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79;
returns, 79;
Lord-General, ib.;
invades Scotland, ib.;
victory at Dunbar, 80;
occupies Edinburgh, 82;
victory at Worcester, 84;
supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87;
drives out the Rump, 90, 91;
resigns his power to the Convention, 95;
his political and social views, 97, 98;
Protector, 100, 102;
his administration, 103;
quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105;
his military despotism, 106-108;
settlement of Scotland, 108, 109;
of Ireland, 109, 110;
of England, 111, 112;
foreign policy, 114-117;
struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119;
the Crown offered to, ib., 120;
refuses it, 121, 122;
inaugurated as Protector, 122;
successes abroad, 123, 124;
failure at home, 125;
his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128;
failing health, 143;
his "House of Lords," 144;
dissolves the Parliament, 145;
last illness, 146;
death, 147;
his corpse outraged, 201;
authorities for his history, v. 73
Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149
Cromwell, Thomas,
his early life, iii. 282, 283;
relations with Wolsey, 283-285;
counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285;
his policy, 294, 295;
Lord Privy Seal, 304;
Vicar-General, 306;
dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311;
with the clergy, 311, 312;
his reign of terror, 312-315;
temper, 315, 316;
relations with the nobles, 321, 322;
reform of religion, 333;
Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342;
orders removal of images, 343;
dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9;
last struggle, iii. 347-351;
fall and death, 352;
results of his policy, iv. 7-14
Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56
Crowland, i. 86;
burnt by northmen, 104;
Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180
Croys, the, iii. 122, 125
Crusades,
their effect on learning, i. 282;
of Richard I., 261;
of Edward I., ii. 90;
Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25;
Henry V.'s, 36, 38
Cuba
conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to Spain, ib.
Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169
Culloden, battle of, vii. 230
Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251
Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323
Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162
Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358
Cumbria,
British kingdom of, i. 60;
conquered by Ecgfrith, 87;
by Eadmund, 123;
granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, ib.
Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132
"Customs" of the realm, i. 235
Customs duties,
Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189;
granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152;
new, imposed by James I., v. 172;
granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246
Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88
Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37
Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162
Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269
Dægsastan, battle of, i. 60
Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262
Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53
Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of,
Lord Treasurer, vi. 282;
his policy, 282-286;
duped by Charles, 287;
his bill for the security of the Church, 288;
foreign policy, 289, 290;
impeached, 299;
dismissed, 300;
released from the Tower, vii. 2;
warns William against James II., 28;
signs the invitation to William, 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
raises Yorkshire, 41;
his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46;
Lord President, 67
Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104
Danelaw, the, i. 107;
its struggle with Ælfred, 116, 117;
subdued by Eadmund, 120;
rises against Eadred, 123;
final submission, ib., 124;
Dunstan's policy towards, 137
Danes. See [Northmen]
Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35
Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325
Darien, colony of, vii. 89
Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221;
marries Mary Stuart, 224;
quarrels with her, 227;
share in Rizzio's murder, 228;
dissolves Parliament, 229;
reconciled to Mary, ib.;
plots against him, 242, 243;
death, 244
Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319
Dartmouth,
Breton descent on, iii. 16;
Warwick and Clarence land at, 138
Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77
Daun, General, vii. 263, 302
Davenant, Sir William, v. 303
David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133;
his Laws, ii. 171
David II., king of Scots. See [Bruce]
David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136
David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121
Davies, Sir John, v. 303
Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352
Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30
Deane, General, vi. 108
Debt, the National, vii. 87
"Defenders," viii. 119
Deira,
kingdom of, i. 36;
conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53;
submits to Oswald, 67;
to Penda, 71.
See [Northumbria]
Dekker, Thomas, v. 42
Delaware, colony of, vii. 236
Denham, Sir John, vi. 325
Denmark,
its monarchy founded, i. 128;
relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189;
joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180;
its fleet captured, 180, 181
Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61
Derby,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
conquered by Æthelflæd, 118;
Charles Edward at, vii. 228
Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243
Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353
Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. See [Henry IV.] (king).
Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269
Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23
Derby, Earls of. See [Ferrars].
Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107
D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209
Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252
Derry, colonisation of, v. 289
Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184
Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv. 315, 316
Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62
Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87
Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198.
Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199
Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224
Devon
rises against William. I., i. 168;
against Somerset, iv. 55;
secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13;
rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9
Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (see [Cavendish]), vii. 28;
signs the invitation to William III., 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
heads the rising in the Midlands, 41
Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69
Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80
Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78
D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72
D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84
Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333
Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159
Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168
Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253
Dioceses, English,
origin of their limits, i. 82, 83;
organized by Theodore, 83
Directory, the French, viii. 113
"Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89
"Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32
D'Oillis, the, i. 284
Domesday Book, i. 186
Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33
Dominic, St., ii. 9
Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11
Domrémy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46
Donne, John, v. 303
Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9
Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7
Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209
Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22
Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23
Douay,
English college at, iv. 307;
Oxford refugees at, 317
Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39
Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211
Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210
Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184
Dover,
tumult at, in 1051, i. 152;
resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2;
surrenders to Henry III., 83;
treaty of, vi. 257
Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62
D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173
Drake, Francis,
his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334;
expedition to the Spanish Main, 349;
to Cadiz and Corunna, 355;
in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362;
expedition to Lisbon, 367
Drama, English,
its beginnings, v. 20-22;
developement under Elizabeth, 22-24;
after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164
Drayton's Polyolbion, v. 35
Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36;
battle of, iv. 210
Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77
Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325
Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325;
founder of the school of critical poets, 326;
his tragedies, 327;
comedies, 328, 329;
Annus Mirabilis, 330;
attitude in politics and religion, 331;
Absalom and Ahitophel, 332-334;
influence on literature, vii. 154-157
Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76
Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328
Dubois, the Abbé, vii. 187
Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84
Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193.
See [Leicester]
Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199
Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6
Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107
Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127
Dundas, Henry, viii. 171
Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52
Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124
Dunkirk
ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124;
sold to France, 214;
dismantled, vii. 142
Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363
Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15
Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62
Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235
Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266
Duns Scotus, ii. 276
Dunstable, Annals of, i. 273
Dunstan, St., i. 120-123;
his struggle with Eadwig, 136;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 137;
policy and rule, ib., 138;
fall, 139;
Lives of, 6
Durham,
historians of, i. 243;
King John at, 340
Durie, John, v. 138
Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97
Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138;
his Law, 144
Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197
Eadgar, the Ætheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197
Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165
Eadmer, i. 173, 243
Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104
Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123
Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143;
his children, 144, 153
Eadred, King, i. 123, 136
Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144
Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305
Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139
Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160;
his Laws, 150, 199, 340;
Life of, 6
Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137
Eadwig, son of Æthelred II., i. 144
Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66
Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146
Ealdorman, the,
his office, i. 48, 49;
becomes a delegate of the king, 131;
rises again to independence, 134;
replaced by the earl, 146
Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166
Earl, the, i. 11, 50;
superseded by the thegn, 51
Earldoms,
the four great, i. 146;
abolished, 185
Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146
East Anglia,
its conquest, i. 36;
Christianity in, 59;
subject to Mercia, 91;
revolts, 102;
conquered by the northmen, 104;
bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118;
earldom of, 146;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96
"Easterlings," i. 303
Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13
East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232
East-Saxons,
their settlement, i. 35;
conversion, 59
Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58
Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188
Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103
Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89
Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86
Eddi's Life of Wilfrid, i. 4
Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134
Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3
Edinburgh
founded, i. 63;
seat of the Scot kings, 147;
won by Bruce, ii. 191;
burnt by the English, iv. 28;
castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9;
treaty of, iv. 176;
riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328;
the Covenant signed at, 333;
rises against James VII., vii. 50;
"James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228
Edinburgh Review, the, viii. 195
Edington, battle of, i. 107
Edith. See [Matilda]
Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289;
Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33;
obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, ib.;
dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58;
retires to Pontigny, 42
Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82, 87, 187, 188
Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293
Edward (I.), son of Henry III.,
defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59;
joins Earl Simon, 64, 65;
rejoins Henry, 65;
marches against Llewelyn, 67;
surrenders Windsor, ib.;
attempts to surprise London, 70;
share in battle of Lewes, ib.;
prisoner, 71;
escapes, 75;
seizes Gloucester, 76;
defeats the younger Simon, ib.;
meets Simon at Evesham, 77;
attitude after the battle, 81;
marches against Axholme, 85;
negotiations for peace, ib.;
captures Adam Gurdon, 87;
effects off his influence, 89;
goes on Crusade, 90;
King, ib.;
his motto, 41;
his temper, 91-93;
influence of chivalry on, 94, 95;
spirit of legality, 96;
moral temper, 97;
military skill, ib., 98;
political genius, 98, 99;
constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101;
first measures, 102, 103;
progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107;
brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109;
judicial reforms, 109-113;
policy towards the barons, 116, 117;
towards the Church, 118, 119;
conquest of Wales, 119-121;
legislation, 122-124;
visit to Aquitaine, 123;
expels the Jews, 131;
relations with Scotland, 135-140;
quarrel with France, 141, 142;
summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143;
admits burgesses to Parliament, 154;
his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157;
storms Berwick, 160, 161;
Scotland submits to, 161, 162;
struggle with the clergy, 163;
exactions from merchants, 164;
quarrel with barons, 164, 165;
goes to Flanders, 165;
confirms the Charters, ib., 166, 170;
truce with France, 168;
victory at Falkirk, 169;
treaty with France, 170;
second conquest of Scotland, 171;
his "New Custom," 172;
absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, ib.;
his vow on the swan, 173, 174;
death, 174
Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174;
character and policy, 184-186;
marriage, 186;
relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188;
struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191;
marches on Scotland, 191;
defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193;
accepts the Ordinances, 194;
campaign of 1319, ib.;
relations with the Despensers, 194, 195;
truce with Scotland, 196;
relations with France, 197, 198;
flies to Lundy Island, 198;
deposed, 199, 200;
murdered, 200;
authorities for his reign, 177
Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198;
proclaimed king, 199;
arrests Mortimer, 207;
relations with France, 208, 209;
acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211;
takes Berwick, ib.;
receives Balliol's homage, 212;
declares war on France, 213;
number of his forces, 216;
continental alliances, 216-219;
Vicar-General of the Empire, 219;
negotiations with France, ib.;
besieges Cambray, 220;
complains of papal exactions, 225;
alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227;
besieges Tournay, 228;
losses in Scotland, 229, 230;
relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299;
supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233;
invades Normandy, 235;
marches on Paris, ib.;
victory at Crécy, 237-239;
causes of his military success, 242, 243;
besieges Calais, 243;
his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247;
the imperial crown offered to, 248;
his character, 249-251;
founds the Order of the Garter, 252;
rebuilds Windsor Castle, ib.
alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258;
with David Bruce, 263, 264;
ravages France, 265;
treaty with Burgundy, ib.;
with the Regent of France, 266;
forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273;
policy in Spain, 287;
truce with Charles V., 288;
his evil rule, 290, 291;
compromise with the Pope, 296;
death, 311
Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75;
victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78;
King, 80;
his finance, 89, 152;
protection of trade, 106;
his temper, 112, 116-118;
relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124;
marriage, 124;
double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130;
league with Charles, 130;
relations with Warwick, 131-135;
driven out, 139;
returns, 141;
victory at Barnet, 142;
marches against Margaret, 143;
defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145;
new alliance with Charles against Lewis, 148;
invades France, 149;
makes peace with Lewis, 150;
his rule, 151-153;
death, 163
Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167;
More's Life of, 83, 218
Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII.,
born, iii. 326;
scheme for his marriage, iv. 26;
his temper, 67;
"plan" for the succession, 69, 70;
death, 70;
Journal, 3;
Hayward's Life of, ib.;
his Grammar Schools, 62
Edward (the Black Prince)
proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233;
exploits at Crécy, 237, 238;
ravages Guienne, 259, 260;
campaign on the Loire, 260;
victory at Poitiers, 261-263;
invested with Aquitaine, 281;
supports Pedro the Cruel, 283;
victory at Navarete, 284;
imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, ib.;
summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285;
storms Limoges, 286;
marriage, 293;
sickness, 286, 302;
action in the Good Parliament, 305;
death, 306
Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145
Egypt
conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
the French driven from, 165, 166
Eikon Basilike, vi. 72
Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205
Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93
Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226;
her claims on Toulouse, 233;
turns against Henry, 254;
imprisoned, 255;
joins Richard in Sicily, 260;
secures Aquitaine for John, 268;
besieged at Mirebeau, ib.;
dies, 270
Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74
Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36
Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249;
attacks Buckingham, 249-252;
sent to the Tower, 253;
released, ib.;
proposes a Remonstrance, 262;
share in the Avowal, 268;
death, 273
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46;
her classical scholarship, iii. 212;
Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56;
sent to the Tower, 85, 136;
Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89;
her person, 134;
scholarship, ib., 135;
relations with Mary, 136;
Philip's policy towards, 137, 138;
set free, 138;
accession, 146;
religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153;
coronation, 153;
refuses to marry Philip, 154;
relations with Paul IV., 155, 156;
her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156;
restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159;
drops the title "Head of the Church," 160;
dealings with the clergy, 161, 162;
relations with Parker, 165, 166;
with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175;
treaty with Mary and Francis, 176;
character, 177-181;
statesmanship, 182-186;
supports the Huguenots, 189;
temporises with Pius IV., 192;
refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194;
schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199;
refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200;
difficulties with Mary, 202-204;
treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210;
with France, 219;
her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232;
policy in Ireland, 240;
drift of her religious policy, 247, 248;
difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258;
demands Mary's release, 259;
refuses to recognize Murray's government, ib.;
renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260;
negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262;
her temporizing policy, 264;
bull of deposition against her, 265, 270;
her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289;
checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290;
relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58;
resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294;
scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297;
expels the "water-beggars," 298;
attitude towards the Netherlands, 300;
persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309;
alliance with the Netherlands, 311;
scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 337, 338;
dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320;
relations with Drake, 334;
confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340;
refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349;
sends them aid, ib.;
alliance with James VI., 350;
plots against her, ib.;
signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352;
her victory over party disunion, 364, 365;
sends an expedition to Portugal, 367;
help to Henry IV., 371;
league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60;
her loneliness, 63;
waning popularity, 64, 65;
last days, 65, 66;
death, 67;
materials for her history, iv. 3-5
Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171;
marries Henry VII., 175
Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210
Elizabeth Woodville. See [Woodville]
Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372
Ellandun, battle of, i. 102
Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41
Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
Elmham's Life of Henry V., ii. 179
Ely
burnt by northmen, i. 104;
Cnut at, 145;
the Ætheling Ælfred blinded at, 148;
surrenders to William, 170;
seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88
Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred II., i. 141, 156
"Emperor's men," the, i. 303
Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199
Engla-land, i. 138
England, Old, i. 9
England,
character of its settlement, i. 44-48;
work of the northmen in, 129;
first use of the name, 138;
its peace under Cnut, 146;
prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278;
fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281;
invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201;
civil war in, 219, 220;
anarchy in, 220, 221;
revival of national feeling in, 280, 281;
Norman immigration to, 302;
effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326;
under Interdict, 330, 331;
Friars arrive in, ii. 11;
Provençals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33;
early finance, 103;
relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275, 303;
social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255;
social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317;
sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291;
constitutional, its beginnings, 100;
its freedom established, iii. 85;
moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115;
social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107;
agricultural changes in, 107, 108;
evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110;
definition of its foreign policy, 128;
intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154;
the New Learning in, 191-196, 201;
relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300, 302;
rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305;
foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305;
condition under Somerset, 54, 55;
religious disorder in, 61;
condition under Northumberland, 66;
religious changes in, under Mary, 75;
submits to Rome, 88, 89;
effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122;
attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139;
condition at her death, 146, 147;
religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165;
becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248;
its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254;
parties in, 263;
social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287;
religious condition, 289-291, 302-305;
volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324;
unites against the Armada, 358;
effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364;
its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371;
intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11;
condition at her death, 75, 76;
growth of wealth and social advance, 77;
rise of the squires, 78;
growth of national spirit in, ib., 79;
growth of the religious spirit in, 81;
foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149;
James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154;
change in its attitude towards the crown, 171, 172, 183, 184;
condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316;
declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69;
scheme of union with Holland, 81;
with Scotland, 85;
with Ireland, 86;
war with Holland, ib., 88;
condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108;
progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128;
scientific movement in, 131-133;
Latitudinarians in, 133-137;
modern, its beginnings, 160-161;
intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171;
union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180;
Restoration settlement of, 196-198;
quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224;
war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261;
attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228;
its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248;
declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49;
alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105;
Union with Scotland, 127, 128;
its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148;
its European policy, 149-151;
its intellectual influence, 151-153;
character of political controversy in, 161;
strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164;
social condition under the Georges, 170, 171;
alliance with France and Holland, 187;
condition under Walpole, 195-198;
alliance with France and Prussia, 199;
quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217;
declares war, 218;
intercourse with India, 232;
relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244;
treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248;
war with France, 248, 249, 264;
becomes a world-power, 274-277;
annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279;
its empire, 279;
relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
results of the Revolution in, 286, 287;
intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293;
war with Spain, 306;
conquests in the West Indies, 307;
its gains by the treaty of Paris, ib.;
English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325;
growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11;
war with America, 22-26, 32, 41;
relations with Ireland, 33;
position after the American war, 45;
religious movement in, 46, 47;
industrial progress, 53-60;
growing influence of the trading class in, 61;
its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80;
alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95;
panic in, 103-106;
war with France, 108, 109;
its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112;
condition during the French war, 114;
its dogged temper, 115, 116;
effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158;
League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160;
declares war against Buonaparte, 170;
effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177;
condition during the French war, 192-195;
war with America, 198, 203-205;
last strife with Napoleon, 207-211.
See [English People]
Engle, the,
their early home, i. 9, 10;
settle in East Anglia and the north, 36;
conquer Bernicia, 52.
See [English], [Mercians], [South-Engle]
English people,
their life in Old England, i. 10-22;
religion, 22-24;
temper, 24-26;
love of the sea, 27;
character of their conquests, 39-44;
of their settlement, 44-48;
changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52;
tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130;
union under Ecgberht, 103;
fusion of northmen with, 126, 127;
effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130;
tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178;
fusion of Normans with, 200, 281;
support William Rufus, 191, 192;
support Henry I., 201, 202;
revival of national feeling, 280, 281;
attitude under George III., vii. 312-314;
new life in America, viii. 43, 44.
See [England]
Episcopacy
abolished in Scotland, v. 140;
restored, 143, 166, 167;
again abolished, 335;
proposal to abolish it in England, 354
Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194;
his relations with Warham, 196, 212;
teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201;
protests against war, 211;
his Praise of Folly, 199, 219;
edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213;
of the New Testament, 213, 215;
his theology, 214;
defends the New Learning against Luther, 256
Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128
Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160
Essex
settled by the East Saxons, i. 35;
submits to Wulfhere, 85;
peasant revolt in, ii. 321;
Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144;
royalist rising in, vi. 59
Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of,
commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301;
supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319;
plots with Monmouth, etc., 336;
death, 337
Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63
Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of,
marries Frances Howard, v. 190;
divorced, 191;
resists a forced loan, 255;
captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1;
movements in 1642, 2, 3;
captures Reading, 5;
his inactivity, 6, 8-10;
retires to Uxbridge, 12;
relieves Gloucester, 13, 14;
movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23;
retires, 35
Essex, Earls of. See [Fitz-Peter], [Mandeville]
Essex, Frances, Countess of. See [Howard]
Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202, 203
Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157
Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134
Euphuism, v. 5
Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167
Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227
Eustace the Monk, ii. 2
Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252
Evelyn's Diary, vi. 157
Evesham
founded, i. 86;
battle of, ii. 77, 78
Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315
Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280
Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109;
Richard Fitz-Neal's Dialogue on, i. 174, 244;
closed, vi. 261
Excise,
Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202;
revived by Pitt, viii. 77
Exeter,
northmen at, i. 106;
Welsh driven from, 120;
subdued by William I., 167, 168;
tailors' gild at, 318;
William of Orange received at, vii. 40
Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142
Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8
Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350
Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8
Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320
Eylau, battle of, viii. 175
Fabyan's Chronicle, ii. 179
Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2
Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4
Fairfax, Sir Thomas,
his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18;
commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
in the west, 41;
marches on Oxford, 46;
suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61;
Colchester surrenders to, 64;
marches on London, 65;
suppresses mutiny, 75;
superseded by Cromwell, 79;
joins Monk, 151
Falaise,
birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157;
treaty of, ii. 140;
reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113
Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229
Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount,
his plans of Church reform, v. 354;
abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356;
his political position, 368;
becomes Charles's minister, 375;
joins Charles at York, 378;
death, vi. 14;
influence on religious thought, 133
Family Compact, the, vii. 215
"Farm" of a borough, ii. 152
Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25
Farmers, rise of, ii. 240
Farne, islet of, i. 71
Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162
Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159
Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106
Felton, John, v. 264, 265
Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19;
Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175
Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213;
king of Bohemia, 216;
Emperor, 217
Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207;
forms the Holy League, 209;
seizes Navarre, ib.;
dies, 234
Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185
Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91
Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254
Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87
Feudalism,
tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136;
the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185;
antagonism of the universities to, 289-291;
revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5;
its military basis, 239;
ruin, iii. 92-94
Fielding, Henry, vii. 297
Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182
Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171
Finance,
early English, ii. 103;
William I.'s system of, i. 186
Finch, Sir John,
Chief-Justice, v. 331;
Lord Keeper, 351
First of June, battle of the, viii. 111
Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201;
his reply to Luther, 257:
quarrel with the Commons, 290;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128
Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328
Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48
Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323
Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377
Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315
Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223;
his Dialogue on the Exchequer, 174, 244
Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189
Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183
Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339, 341
Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295
Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252
Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241
Fitz-Walter, Robert,
captain of the Londoners, i. 305;
conspires against John, 335;
leader of the barons, 343;
"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346;
counsels alliance with France, 355;
besieges Lincoln, ii. 2
Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42
Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116
Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120
Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120
"Five members," the, v. 373-376
Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199.
Flamsteed, John, vi. 166
Flanders,
its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226;
interdict in, 219, 224;
alliance with Edward III., 226, 227;
civil strife in, 233;
joins Edward again, 244;
struggle with France, 349;
English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155;
decay of its trade, iv. 281;
refugees from, in England, 305, 323;
attacked by France, vi. 124
Flanders, Lewis le Mâle, Count of, ii. 244, 286
Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286
Fleet, English,
created by Ælfred, i. 116;
successes under John, 333, 337;
under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3;
repulsed from Abermenai, 54;
reduces Anglesea, 109;
victory at Sluys, 228;
defeated by Spaniards, 313;
harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16;
Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29;
Elizabeth's, 360;
its fight with the Armada, 361, 362;
declares for Charles I., vi. 59;
re-created by Vane, 78;
increased under William III., vii. 105, 107;
blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223;
its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133;
blockades Malta, 162, 165;
attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180
Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150
Flemings
in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55;
settle in England under Edward III., 226;
besiege Bouvines, 234;
attack France, 244
Fletcher, Giles, v. 304
Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304
Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109
Flint,
Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381;
castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Flodden, battle of, iii. 210
Flood, Henry, viii. 37
Florence,
revival of letters at, iii. 189;
commercial treaty with, iv. 282
Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280
Florida,
Huguenot colony in, iv. 330;
ceded to England, vii. 307;
to Spain, viii. 41
Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349
Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173
Folk, the, i. 19
"Folk-land," i. 47
Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20.
Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227
Ford, John, v. 303
Forests,
Assize of the, i. 267;
Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170;
Law of the, 34;
commission of, under Charles I., v. 277;
New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352
Forster, Thomas, vii. 184
Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232
Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232
Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52
Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3
Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86
Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352
Fougères sacked by the English, iii. 62
Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62
Four Masters, Annals of the, i. 7
Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336
Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285
Fox, Charles James,
leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64;
his jealousy of Shelburne, 65;
his India Bill, 67, 68;
his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84;
supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, ib.;
his Libel Act, 92;
supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92;
Burke's quarrel with him, ib.;
returns to office, 174;
death, 178
Foxe's Book of Martyrs, iv. 3
France,
war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190;
invaded by Otto of Germany, 338;
regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40;
relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213;
treaty with Edward I., 170;
claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208;
Edward III. declares war with, 213;
greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216;
relations with the papacy, 217, 224;
condition after battle of Poitiers, 264;
ravaged by Edward III., 265;
Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266;
renewal of war with, 285;
invaded by John of Gaunt, 287;
relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349;
truces with Richard II., 354, 368;
relations with Henry IV., iii. 6;
with the Percies, 12, 14;
with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18;
civil war in, 16;
relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24;
truce with, 26;
Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29;
treaty with him, 35, 36;
political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119;
relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171;
growth of its power, 205, 206;
attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247;
Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108;
relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173;
growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208;
Huguenot rising in, 209;
massacre of Protestants in, 299;
parties in, on death of Henry III., 369;
re-united under Henry IV., 373;
league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60;
alliance with Holland, 316;
growth of its power, vi. 113, 114;
treaty with Cromwell, 117;
its growing prosperity, 187-189;
alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187;
alliance with England and Prussia, 199;
position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212;
union with Spain, 213, 214;
supports her against England, 219;
alliance with Prussia, 221;
claims on America and India, 232;
war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265;
withdraws from India and America, 307;
policy in American war, viii. 28;
league with America and Spain, 30;
Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79;
condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82;
volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83;
revolution in, ib., 86, 95, 96, 101;
attitude towards England, 97-100;
attacked by the Coalition, 101;
royalty abolished in, ib.;
attacks Holland, 102;
declares war on England, 103;
reverses in 1793, 107;
successes, 109, 110;
Directory in, 113;
dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125;
attacks Austria and Italy, 122;
conquers Switzerland, 134, 135;
takes Rome, 136;
relations with Russia, ib., 137;
conquers Italy, 139;
forced to evacuate it, 140;
Consulate in, 142;
position after the Peace of Lunéville, 144, 145;
driven from Egypt, 165, 166;
invaded by the Allies, 202;
the Bourbons return to, 203;
Napoleon's last struggle in, 206;
literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360
Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102
Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13
Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96
Francis I., king of France, iii. 232;
campaign in Italy, 233;
treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234;
with Henry VIII., 235;
meeting with Henry, 241;
struggle with Henry and Charles, 247;
defeats in Italy, 248, 250;
prisoner, 250;
treaties with Henry, 266, 270;
released, 267;
intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22;
attacks Charles, 24;
negotiations with Scotland, ib.;
treaty with Charles, 32;
with Henry, 33;
sends explorers to America, 330
Francis (II.), of France,
marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169;
king, 174;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176;
death, 188
Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11
Frankfort,
English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119;
their "troubles," 127, 128
Franklin, Benjamin,
his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243;
sent as their agent to England, 326;
counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330;
relations with Chatham, viii. 20;
mission to France, 28
Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322
Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27
Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147
Frederick, Elector Palatine,
marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210;
king of Bohemia, 217;
driven out, 220, 226
Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220;
alliance with France, 221;
victory at Chotusitz, 223;
Silesia ceded to, ib.;
seizes Prague, 225;
driven from Bohemia, ib.;
victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227;
treaty with England, 247, 248;
seizes Dresden, 248;
victory at Prague, ib.;
defeated at Kolin, ib.;
victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263;
defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, ib.;
at Plauen, 264;
campaign of 1760, 302;
share in partition of Poland, viii. 85;
death, ib.
Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218
Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282
Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333
Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12;
sinks into the villein, 133, 321
Fréteval,
Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240;
Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263
Friars, the, ii. 10-14;
Lord Bacon's comment on, 21;
their political influence, 22, 23;
character and effect of their preaching, 24;
attempt conversion of Jews, 127;
oppose Wyclif, 335
Friedland, battle of, viii. 175
Frisians in Ælfred's fleet, i. 116
"Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107
Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361
Froissart, Jean, ii. 178
Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191
Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240
Gage, General, viii. 19
Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247
Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143
Gall, St., i. 68
Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279;
Bishop of Winchester, 298;
expelled from the Council, 348;
supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24;
excluded from the regency, 46;
imprisoned, 54;
Chancellor, 74;
proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78;
his aversion to the Spanish match, 80;
attitude towards Rome, 87;
tract On True Obedience, ib.;
change in his attitude, 88;
threat to the Protestant refugees, 119;
desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137;
death, 98
Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159
Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252
Gascony,
Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40;
seized by Charles IV., 197;
restored to Edward III., 266;
resists the hearth-tax, 285;
barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, ib.;
its final loss, iii. 70, 71
Gates, General, viii. 26
Gauden, Dr., vi. 72
Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11
Gaunt, John of. See [John]
Gavel-kind, i. 324
Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190
Gay, John, vii. 161
Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312
Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126
Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172
Genoese at battle of Crécy, ii. 236, 238
Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330
Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257
Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57
George I., King, vii. 146;
his temper, 173;
foreign policy, 187-189;
death, 200
George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144;
his character, 173;
King, 200;
his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247;
victory at Dettingen, 224;
death, 283
George III., King, vii. 283;
his character and aims, 284, 285;
importance of his action, 285, 286;
his power, 300;
relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339;
with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339;
with Parliament, 309;
urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6;
renews the quarrel with America, 13;
his personal government, 16, 17;
his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19;
madness, 84, 196;
refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179
George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196
Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237
Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285
Germany,
its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218;
growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175;
Catholic reaction in, 176;
attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118
Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174
Gesta Stephani, i. 173
Gesith, the, i. 50
Gewissas, i. 34
Ghent,
Charters confirmed at, ii. 166;
revolt at, 233;
John of Gaunt born at, 293;
reduced by the French, 349;
Pacification of, iv. 310, 311
Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46
Gibraltar
ceded to England, vii. 142;
besieged by the Spaniards, 199;
Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41
Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26
Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345
Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131
Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317
Gildas, i. 3
Gilds, i. 298-300, 304;
of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155;
of St. John at Bruges, 154;
of the Staple, ii. 304;
of tailors, i. 318;
of weavers, 317;
Ordinances of, 274;
suppression of, iv. 54.
See [Craft-gilds], [Merchant-gild]
Ginkell, General, vii. 73
Giraldus Cambrensis. See [Gerald]
Girondists, viii. 96
Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124
Glamorgan
conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48;
by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58
Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16
Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259;
his treatise on law, 174, 244
Glastonbury,
St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123;
Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57
Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54
Glendower. See [Glyndwr]
Gloucester,
northmen at, i. 106;
Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1;
seized by Edward, 76;
besieged by Charles I., vi. 13;
relieved, 14;
Parliament at, ii. 289, 315
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33;
his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42;
Regent of England, 40;
set aside, 41;
Protector, ib.;
his love of literature, 40, 41;
character, 41;
recovers Hainault, 42;
struggle with Beaufort, 44;
represses Lollard risings, 96;
retires, 58, 59;
arrest and death, 61;
his library, 161
Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. See [Richard]
Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352;
head of Continual Council, 353;
struggle with Richard II., ib., 354;
withdraws from Court, 370;
arrested, ib.;
dies, 371
Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66
Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of,
supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71;
quarrels with him, 75;
his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88;
occupies London, 89;
marries Johanna of Acre, 123
Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. See [Robert]
Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7
Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315;
takes office, vii. 98;
Lord Treasurer, 112, 113;
supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
dismissed, 139
Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22
Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295
Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153
"Goliath, Bishop," i. 248
Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229
Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298
Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131
Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336
Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128
Government,
Act of, vi. 122;
Instrument of, 99, 102, 105
Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138
Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii. 4, 15
Grafton's Chronicle, iii. 83
Grammont, Count, Memoirs of, vi. 157
Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15
Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201
Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (see [Carteret]), vii. 225, 226
Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40
Grattan, Henry,
demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37;
leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79;
strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120
Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108
"Greater and lesser folk," i. 318
Greek,
study of, at Canterbury, i. 92;
revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200
Greene, General, viii. 32
Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31
Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6
Greenway, Oswald, v. 159
Greenwich, Ælfheah martyred at, i. 142
Gregory the Great (Pope),
his interview with English slaves, i. 53;
sends Augustine to England, 57;
his Pastoral Book translated by Ælfred, 114
Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187
Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27
Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299;
urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301;
heads the Catholic movement, 306;
plans a descent on Ireland, 315;
sends Jesuits to England, 317
Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307
Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155;
leader of the Old Whigs, 156;
refuses office, 171;
accepts it, 174;
his Orders in Council, 178;
fall of his ministry, 179
Grenville, George,
adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250;
deserts him, 303, 328;
head of the Admiralty, 311;
prime minister, 314;
character and policy, 316, 317, 320;
death, viii. 16
Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371
Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280
Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165
Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167
Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329
Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10
Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175
Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12
Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121
Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69;
proclaimed queen, 70;
imprisoned, 71;
trial, 75;
beheaded, 84;
Chronicle of, 3
Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330
Grey, Sir John, iii. 124
Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30
Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113
Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324
Grindal, Edmund,
Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132;
tutor of Elizabeth, 134;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17;
Strype's Life of, iv. 4
Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332
Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256
Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln,
his letters, i. 274;
his Constitutions, ii. 8;
lectures at Oxford, 14;
friendship with Bacon, 18;
remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34;
friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41
Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210
Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47
Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54
Guader, Ralf de, i. 189
Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54
Gualo, legate, ii. 1
Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287
Guienne
seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142;
restored to Edward III., 266;
the Black Prince's ravages in, 259;
attacked by Du Guesclin, 285;
attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16;
conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69.
See [Aquitaine]
Guineas, the first, vi. 223
Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216
Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367
Guise, Mary of. See [Mary]
Guisnes
ceded to Edward III., ii. 266;
meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241;
surrendered to France, iv. 108
Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95
Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159
Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276
Guthlac, St., i. 86
Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106
Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6
Gwent, the, i. 34
Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118
Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5
Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164
Gyrwas, i. 117
Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128
Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43
Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217
Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220
Hakluyt's Voyages, v. 10
Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200
Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15
Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137
Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319
Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211
Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242
Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280;
correspondence with Barillon, 298;
takes office, 301;
against the exclusion of James, 307;
plans for the succession, 308;
throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320;
his Bill of Securities, ib.;
his Limitation Bill, 323;
advises calling a new Parliament, 334;
dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14;
joins William III., 43;
prays him to accept the Crown, 47;
Lord Privy Seal, 67;
opposes the war and the Bank, 88;
death, 182
Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244
Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303
Halle's Chronicle, iii. 83
Halley, Edmund, vi. 166
Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336, 364;
supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59;
defeated at Preston, 62;
executed, 72
Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84
Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122
Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58
Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53
Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59
Hampden, Griffith, v. 320
Hampden, John,
his youth, v. 320;
in Parliament of 1621, 321;
resists forced loan, ib., 255;
in Parliament of 1628, 321;
his home, 321, 322;
character, 322;
friends and kindred, ib.;
refuses to pay ship-money, 323;
trial of his case, 324, 330, 331;
judgement against him annulled, 352;
one of the "five members," 373;
urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14;
member of Committee of Public Safety, 1;
his "Greencoats," 6, 7;
his services in the war, 6-8;
fight at Chalgrove, 10;
death, 11;
burial, 12
Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336
Hampton Court,
Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253;
treaty of, iv. 209;
conference on religion at, v. 152
Hanover, convention of, vii. 231
Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129
Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162
Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147
Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245
Hardyng's Chronicle, ii. 179
Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30
Hargreaves, John, viii. 59
Harley, Robert, vii. 102;
Secretary of State, 124;
intrigues against Marlborough, 132;
dismissed, 138;
returns to office, 139;
rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143;
countenances the South Sea bubble, 192.
See [Oxford]
Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150;
governor of the realm under Eadward, 153;
campaign in Wales, ib., ii. 47;
his oath to William, i. 159;
king, 160;
struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162;
slain at Senlac, 165
Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2
Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195
Harry, Blind, i. 275
Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148
Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12
Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131
Haselrig, Arthur,
one of the Five Members, v. 373;
charges against him, vi. 85;
opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89;
in Parliament of 1654, 101;
denies the legality of the government, 102;
demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150
Hasting, i. 116, 117
Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165
Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164
Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70.
See [Huntingdon]
Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51
Havana conquered by England, vii. 307
Havre
surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210;
capitulates to France, 217
Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265
Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157.
See [Liverpool]
Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361
Hawley, General, vii. 229
Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370
Hayward's Life of Edward VI., iv. 3;
his Annals, ib., 4
Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66, 70-73
Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66
Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67
Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129
Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177
Hengest, i. 31, 49
Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4
Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257
Henry I., King, i. 198;
charter and marriage, ib., 199;
relations with the English people, 198, 200-202;
with the barons, 202;
conquers Normandy, ib.;
dealings with Wales, ii. 48;
his rule, i. 203-205;
administration, 205, 206;
death, 214;
literature at his court, 246;
his charter produced by Langton, 340;
his charter to London, 304;
to Oxford, 309;
"Laws" of, 339
Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226;
comes to England, 227;
treaty with Stephen, ib.;
king, 228;
person and character, 229-231;
results of his rule, 231;
first measures, 232;
Welsh war, ib.; ii. 53, 54;
extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233;
war of Toulouse, 233;
relations with the barons, ib.;
with the Church, 235-237, 253;
struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240;
penance at his shrine, 255;
legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256;
reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111;
visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58;
dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253;
rebellions against him, 254, 255;
receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134;
reorganizes the fyrd, 257;
revolt of his sons, ib.;
introduces taxation of personal property, ib.;
death, 258;
charter to Oxford, 309
Henry III., King,
crowned, ii. 1;
crowned again, 5;
character and policy, 25, 26;
relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59;
campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29;
quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, ib.;
personal government, 31;
marriage, 32;
foreign favourites, ib., 33;
misrule, 34;
confirms Charter, ib.;
second campaign in Poitou, 35;
quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40;
contributes to Matthew Paris's Chronicle, 44;
goes to France, 64;
forbids summoning of Parliament, ib.;
gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65;
tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69;
prisoner, 71;
vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83;
dies, 90
Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351;
one of the Lords Appellant, 353;
position and policy, 369;
supports Richard II., 370;
Duke of Hereford, 372;
quarrel with Norfolk, ib.;
exiled, ib.;
returns, 373, 379;
captures Richard II. at Flint, 381;
king, iii. 2;
relations with Parliament, 3, 4;
with the Church, 4;
with France, 6;
with the lords, 7;
plot against him, 8;
marches against Scotland, 9;
against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11;
imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16;
epilepsy, 22;
struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25;
vow of crusade, 25;
death, ib.
Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378;
his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22;
person and character, 17, 18;
friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27;
policy, 22;
struggle with the council, 24, 25;
king, 25;
coronation, 26;
first measures, ib.;
action against Lollards, 27;
claims French crown, 28;
plot against him, 30;
takes Harfleur, ib.;
victory at Agincourt, 30-32;
alliance with Burgundy, 32;
conquers Normandy, 33, 34;
marriage and treaty with France, 35;
enters Paris, 36;
captures Dreux, ib.;
repulsed from Orleans, ib.;
besieges Meaux, ib.;
his plans, 37, 38;
death, 36;
Life of, by Titus Livius, iii. 41;
authorities for his reign, ii. 179
Henry VI., king, iii. 39;
crowned at Paris, 55;
his court at Rouen, ib.;
struggle with York, 68-70;
idiotcy, 71;
recovers, 72;
prisoner, 74, 75;
escapes to Scotland, 80;
recaptured, 123, 127;
sent to the Tower, 127;
restored, 139;
imprisoned again, 142;
death, 145;
library, 161;
authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180
Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145;
early life, 165, 166;
expedition to England, 167;
goes to France, 171;
lands at Milford Haven, ib.;
victory at Bosworth, 172;
person and character, 173;
title to the crown, 174, 175;
marriage, 175;
his government, 176-178;
expedition to France, 179, 180;
dealings with Ireland, 181, 182;
with Scotland, 184, 185;
with Spain, 186-188;
patronage of Caxton, 161;
chapel at Westminster, 174;
death, 198;
Lives of, 83
Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII.,
betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187;
king, 198;
person and tastes, ib., 199;
protects the New Learning, 202, 204;
temper, 204;
policy towards France, 205, 207;
marries Catharine, 207;
relations with Ferdinand, ib.;
attempt on France, 209, 210;
treaty with Lewis XII., 232;
with Charles, 233;
relations with Charles, 235;
treaty with Francis, ib.;
seeks the Empire, 240;
designs on France, ib.;
interview with Charles, 241;
with Francis, ib.;
league with Charles and the Pope, 243;
financial difficulties, ib., 244, 251, 252;
new alliance with Charles, 250;
supports the Papacy, 255;
his Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, ib.;
named "Defender of the Faith," ib.;
protects Latimer, 263, 265;
treaties with France, 266, 270;
joins the Holy League, 266;
seeks a divorce, 268, 272;
relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276;
with Parliament, 288;
forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290;
appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292;
claims to be "Head of the Church," 296;
banishes Catharine from his house, 298;
league with France, 302;
threatened with excommunication, ib.;
marries Anne Boleyn, 303;
takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306;
Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314;
marries Jane Seymour, 326;
dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333;
turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336;
his Articles of Religion, 337, 338;
attitude towards Protestantism, 345;
excommunicated, 350;
marries Anne of Cleves, 351;
divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17;
marries Catharine Parr, 24;
dealings with Scotland, 25-29;
alliance with Charles, 27;
campaign in France, 30;
treaty with Francis, 33;
financial difficulties, 34;
offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36;
drift of his religious policy, 37;
address to Parliament in 1545, 38;
his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52;
death, 45;
will, 46, 69
Henry V., Emperor, i. 208
Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262
Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174
Henry III., king of France (see [Anjou]), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368
Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367;
king of France (Henry IV.), 368;
victory at Ivry, 369;
besieges Paris, ib.;
besieges Rouen, 371;
conversion, 372;
assassinated, v. 178
Henry, son of Henry II.,
betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233;
crowned, 240;
rebels, 254, 257;
dies, 257
Henry of Almaine, ii. 87
Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264
Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134
Henry of Essex, ii. 54
Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287
Herbert, Arthur,
carries the invitation to William III., vii. 35;
Earl of Torrington, 68, 75
Herbert, George, v. 113, 303
Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101
Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72
Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. See [Bohun]
Hereford, Henry, Duke of. See [Henry IV.]
Hereward, i. 170
Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343
Herrick, Robert, v. 303
Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46
Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41;
expedition to Scotland, ib., 29;
head of the "new men," 45, 46;
sends aid to the German Protestants, 50.
See [Somerset]
Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121
Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59
Hexham,
battle of, iii. 123;
chroniclers of, i. 173, 243
Heywood, Thomas, v. 42
Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378
Higden, Ralph, ii. 356;
Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Highlands,
rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23;
under Dundee, vii. 52;
under Mar, 183;
under Charles Edward, 228;
conquest of, 230, 231
Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77
Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336
History, English,
its beginning, i. 31;
compilation of, under Ælfred, 115;
new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244;
revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4;
municipal, materials for, i. 274
Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188
Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170
Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57
Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124
Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263
Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227
Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143
Holinshed's History, iii. 83
Holland,
its alliance with France, v. 316;
recognizes Charles II., vi. 70;
relations with the Commonwealth, 81;
war with England, 86, 88;
alliance with Cromwell, 116;
relations with Charles II., 186, 187;
quarrel with England, 223, 224;
war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242;
policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251;
war with England, 261, 268;
attacked by Lewis, 268;
declares war against him, vii. 49;
acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101;
alliance with England, 102, 105;
with England and France, 187;
with England and Prussia, viii. 85;
attacked by France, 102;
conquered, 110;
made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185;
annexed by Napoleon, 199
Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72
Hollis, Denzil, v. 373;
member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
his policy in 1646, 48, 49;
ecclesiastical policy, 50;
his expulsion demanded, 54;
takes office under Charles II., 301;
his Memoirs, v. 72
Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53
Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69
Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12
Homilies, Book of, iv. 59
Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1
Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109
Hooke, Robert, vi. 166
Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112
Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120
Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6
Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132
Horne, Robert, iv. 119
Horsa, i. 31
Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132
Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34
Hotham, Sir John, v. 378
Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26
Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16
Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361
Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343
Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336
Howard, John, viii. 48-50
Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24
Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193;
of Somerset, 193, 205-207
Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286
Howards, the, iii. 286
Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111
Howe, John, vi. 210;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25
Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46
Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244
Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155
Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262;
Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, ib.;
his administration, 264;
puts down tumult in London, 320;
resigns justiciarship, 267;
opposes John, 328;
dies, 329
Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306
Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4
Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267
Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127
Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47
Huguenots, iv. 174-176;
supported by Elizabeth, 189;
growth of their power, 206-208;
rising of, 209;
treaty with Elizabeth, ib., 210;
with Catharine, 217;
defeated at Jarnac, 267;
at Montcontour, 268;
massacre of, 299;
refugees at Canterbury, 306;
settle in Florida, iv. 330;
persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13;
fly to England, 14
Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378
Humbert, General, viii. 130
Hundred, the, i. 19, 47
Hundred-court, the, i. 20;
preserved by William I., 185, 186;
grand jury elected in, 264
Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117
Hundred Years' War,
its beginning, ii. 213;
change in its character, iii. 29;
its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104
Huntingdon
reduced by Eadward, i. 119;
granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134
Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (see [Hastings]), iv. 268
Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8
Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243
Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205
Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226
Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140
Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337
Hus-carls,
Cnut's, i. 144, 146;
Harthacnut's, 148;
Harold's, 163, 164
Huss, John, ii. 349
Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325
Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97;
Memoirs of, 72
Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256
Hwiccas, i. 66
Hyde, Anne, vi. 221
Hyde, Edward, v. 362;
organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367;
joins Charles I. at York, 378;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205.
See [Clarendon]
Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334
Hyder Ali, viii. 131
Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129
Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52
Impositions of James I., v. 160
Income-tax, viii. 137
Independents, v. 308;
emigrate to America, ib., 310;
return, vi. 28;
their petition to Charles II., 200
India,
Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113;
English settlements in, vii. 232;
French attack on, 233;
Portuguese settlements in, 232;
French withdraw from, 307;
Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50;
Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68;
Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132
Indulgence,
first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220;
second, 262, 273;
third, vii. 22;
fourth, 29, 30
Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90
Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209
Innocent III., Pope,
quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329;
appoints Stephen Langton, 330;
lays England under interdict, ib.;
sentences John to deposition, 333;
annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton, 354
Interdict
in England, i. 330, 331;
in Flanders, ii. 219, 224
"Interim," the, iv. 51
Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101
Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38
Iona, i. 69
Ireland,
materials for early history of, i. 7, 8;
its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250;
slave-trade with Bristol, 250;
bull for conquest of, 251;
Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252;
Henry II. in, 253;
Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285;
students from, at Oxford, 291;
condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375;
barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333;
John in, ii. 375, 376;
Gaveston in, 187;
Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376;
condition under Edward III., 377;
Richard II. in, 367, 378;
Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182;
condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327;
conquest of, 328-330;
Henry's government of, 330-333;
effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342;
attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63;
condition under Mary, 109-111;
trade with Bristol, iv. 282;
condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315;
rising in, 315, 316;
condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61;
rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62;
condition under James I., 287, 288;
Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364;
rising in, 365;
Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16;
success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71;
Royalist successes in, 75;
Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79;
proposal for its union with England, 84, 86;
its first representation in the English Parliament, 99;
Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110;
first union with England, 110;
union dissolved, 180;
condition under Charles II., 181, 182;
under James II., vii. 17, 55-59;
war in, between James and William, 70-72;
William's conquest of, 73, 74;
relations with England, viii. 33;
condition in eighteenth century, 34-36;
demand for independence, 37, 38;
made independent, 39;
Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118;
peasant risings in, 119;
Hoche's descent on, 124;
panic in, ib., 125;
revolt in, 129;
second union with England, 139
Ireton, Henry,
supports the Independents, vi. 45;
his influence with the army, 51;
policy, 54, 56, 57, 81;
Irish campaign and death, 109;
his corpse outraged, 201
Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128
Iron,
manufactures of, iv. 279;
mines, i. 30; ii. 107;
trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57
Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187
Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John, ii. 33
Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208
Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368
Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121
Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290
Italy,
the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190;
northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206;
by Francis I., 233;
by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125
Itinerarium Cambriæ, i. 274
Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, i. 174
Ivar the Boneless, i. 104
Ivry, battle of, iv. 369
"Jack the Carter," ii. 318
"Jack the Miller," ii. 318
"Jack Trewman," ii. 318
Jackson, General, viii. 205
Jacobins, viii. 96
Jacobites, vii. 68;
their plots, 102, 103, 105;
relations with the Tories, 166-168;
rise in 1715, 183, 184;
in 1745, 228-230
Jacquerie, the, ii. 265
Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117
James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15;
prisoner in England, 16;
king, ib., 183;
murdered, 184
James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210
James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26
James (VI.) of Scotland,
born, iv. 231;
crowned, 259;
relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346;
alliance with Elizabeth, 350;
relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63;
king of England, 122;
his early life, 122-124;
character and purpose, 124, 125;
struggle with the nobles, 128;
with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143;
his Basilikon Dôron, 143;
enters London, 146;
person and character, 146-148;
policy, 144, 149, 150;
gives relief to the Catholics, 150;
refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153;
proposes union with Scotland, 154;
takes title of King of Great Britain, 155;
his impositions, 160, 161;
struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166;
with English law, 168;
his True Law of Free Monarchy, 169;
his theory of monarchy, ib., 170;
financial straits, 172;
struggle with Parliament, 179-182;
his own minister, 185, 186;
sets aside the council, 187;
his favourites, 188, 189;
backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193;
immorality of his court, 193, 194;
summons Parliament, 195;
dissolves it, 196;
revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229;
checks the growth of London, 198, 199;
increases the peerage, 200;
relations with the judges, 201, 202;
dismisses Coke, 202;
policy towards Spain, 211, 212;
towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219;
revives monopolies, 222;
quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229;
tears its Protestation, 229;
overborne by Buckingham, 235;
death, 239;
letters of, iv. 4;
authorities for his reign, v. 71
James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182;
Lord Admiral, 193;
marries Anne Hyde, 221;
fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225;
conversion, 255;
fight with De Ruyter, 268;
owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274;
second marriage, 278;
exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297;
sent to Brussels, 300;
plans for excluding him from the succession, 306;
recalled, 310;
goes to Scotland, ib.;
again recalled, 315, 335;
king, vii. 5;
his character, ib., 6;
first measures, 6, 7;
increases the army, 11;
relations with France, 12;
refuses to let William visit England, ib.;
dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15;
with the judges, 15;
establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16;
restores the High Commission, 18;
struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21;
issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29;
attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29;
dealings with the Universities, 24-26;
relations with William of Orange, 26-28;
struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31;
reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33;
sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36;
reverses his policy, 39;
flight, 42-44;
received as king by Lewis, 49;
policy in Ireland, 55;
lands at Kinsale, 56;
his rule at Dublin, 58, 59;
returns to France, 71;
his plans, 77;
death, 106;
his Autobiography, vi. 157, 158
James, William, ii. 340
Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308
Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267
Jarrow, i. 91, 92;
plundered by northmen, 101
Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55;
Procès de, ii. 179
Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19;
Lord Chancellor, 31
Jehan le Bel, ii. 178
Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101
Jena, battle of, viii. 174
Jenkins's ear, vii. 217
Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311
Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9
Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78
Jerusalem,
Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 113;
taken by Saladin, 257
Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127
Jesuits,
Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101;
missionaries in England, 317-320, 353;
banished, v. 156;
return, vii. 16;
in England, materials for their history, iv. 5
Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106
Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307;
expelled, ii. 131;
return, vi. 112
Joan of Arc. See [Jeanne]
Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206
Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306
Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174
Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54
Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123
John of Beverley, St., i. 77
John, son of Henry II., i. 258;
Lord of Ireland, ii. 374;
struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261;
with Hubert Walter, ib.;
king, 268;
victory at Mirebeau, ib.;
loses his French dominions, 269;
his character, 326-328;
prepares for war with France, 328;
Welsh rise against him, 333;
his continental alliances, ib., 334;
campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55;
struggle with the Church, i. 329-331;
relations with the baronage, 332, 338;
sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333;
becomes the Pope's vassal, 337;
absolved, 338;
struggle with Langton, 340, 341;
goes to France, 342;
defeat and return, 343;
struggle with the barons, 344-347;
assents to Great Charter, 348, 353;
gets it annulled by the Pope, 354;
takes Rochester and marches on the north, ib.;
struggle with Lewis of France, 355;
divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376;
charter to Oxford, i. 309;
death, 356;
his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275
John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239
John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235;
king of France, 258;
Normandy rises against, 259;
campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261;
prisoner, 262, 263;
death, 281
John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312
John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294;
position and policy, 302, 303;
corrupt administration, 303;
opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307;
action after its dismissal, 307;
attacks Wykeham, 308;
supports Wyclif, 309;
withdraws from court, 311;
expedition to St. Malo, 315;
turns against Wyclif, 337, 341;
goes to Spain, 350;
intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354;
patron of Chaucer, 359;
Aquitaine granted to, 369;
death, 373
John the Litster, ii. 325, 331
John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16
John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350
John the Old Saxon, i. 113
John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285
Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11
Jonson, Ben, v. 42
Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86
Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298
Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208
Judges,
limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111;
circuits of, i. 207;
organized by Henry II., 256;
regulated by the Great Charter, 350
Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274
Julius III., Pope, iv. 86
Junius, viii. 9
Junto, the, vii. 85
Jurors, two classes of, i. 238;
their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149
Jury,
trial by, its origin, i. 238;
the Grand, ib.;
mode of its election, 264;
petty, 239
Justice
in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49;
Henry II.'s organization of, 256;
administration of, in towns, 297;
provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352
Justices of the Peace, ii. 123
Justiciar, the, i. 206;
barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60;
made responsible to Permanent Council, 61
Jutes, the,
their early home, i. 10;
land in Thanet, 31, 32;
their victories in Kent, 33;
settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85
Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298
Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4
Kenilworth,
the younger Simon de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76;
Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80:
its garrison refuse to surrender, 86;
surrender, 89;
Edward II. in ward at, 199;
Henry VI. at, iii. 66;
Ban of, ii. 87-89;
"Round Table" of, 95
Kent,
conquest of, i. 33;
its rise under Æthelberht, 56;
conversion, 59;
relations with Eadwine, 64;
conquered by Ine, 90;
submits to Mercia, 91, 98;
revolts against Offa, 98;
against William I., 167;
risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64;
Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66;
resists benevolences, 251;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96;
iron manufactures in, 279;
royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61
Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83
Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207
Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306
Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8
Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319
Kerry, rising in, iv. 315
Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328
Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52
Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175
Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230
Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41
King, the, i. 48;
nature and limits of his power, 49, 132;
his "comrades," 50-52;
increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131;
his household officers become officers of state, 132;
relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326;
his revenue, ii. 103;
relations with Parliament, 181-183;
position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86;
the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197;
in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111.
See [Monarchy]
King's Bench, court of, ii. 109
King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111
King's Court, the, i. 186;
its organization under Henry I., 206;
under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111;
regulated by Great Charter, i. 350;
divided into three tribunals, ii. 109
Kirk, the Scottish,
its organization, v. 131, 132;
relations with the people and the king, 132-136;
its triumph, 140;
new struggle with James, 164-166;
dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331;
re-established, 335; vii. 54
Kirk o' Field, iv. 244
Knighthood,
compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164;
under Charles I., v. 277
Knights,
their complaint against the barons, ii. 62;
right of attendance at the Great Council, 145;
growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147;
relations with the Crown, ib., 148;
of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151;
result of their election in county court, 151, 152;
relations with the Lords, 202;
grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203;
petition for due election of, 300
Knolles's History of the Turks, v. 4
Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215
Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128;
denounces Mary Tudor, 130;
resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218;
breaks with Murray, 218;
defies Mary, 220;
calls for her death, 259;
his character and influence, v. 130, 131;
his Liturgy, 327;
his History of the Reformation, iv. 4
Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179
Kolin, battle of, vii. 248
Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263
Labour-rents, i. 322, 323;
commutation of, 324;
attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267
Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233
Labourers,
their position after the Black Death, ii. 255;
condition under Richard II., 314;
in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111;
under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276
Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188
Lacy, Robert de, i. 201
Læt, the, i. 14, 15
Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83
Lagos, battle off, vii. 273
La Hire, iii. 49
La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78
Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130
Lambert, General,
his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62;
pursuit of Charles II., 83;
resigns his command, 121;
relations with Monk, 150, 151;
escape and defeat, 152;
exempted from pardon, 195
Lambeth,
Harthacnut dies at, i. 148;
treaty of, ii. 3;
the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90;
Laud's restoration of, 299, 300
Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament, ii. 155
Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287
Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. See [Edmund]
Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206
Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (see [Derby]), ii. 258-260, 266
Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) See
Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195
Lancelot, legend of, i. 247
Land-tenure
in Old England, i. 14;
after Norman Conquest, 322-324;
Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125
Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103
"Landless man," the, i. 322, 323
Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 273
Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 187;
crowns William II., 191
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40
Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272
Langport, battle of, vi. 41
Langside, battle of, iv. 261
Langton, Simon, i. 355
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330;
comes to England, 338;
relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341;
suspended, 354;
goes to Rome, ib.;
returns, ii. 3;
supports Hubert de Burgh, 5;
his care for the Charter, 6;
death, 26
Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196
Language, English,
its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174;
effects of Norman Conquest on, 278;
Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62;
first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356;
ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201;
supersedes French, ii. 356, 357;
changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160;
replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49;
Welsh, ii. 50
Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (see [Shelburne]) viii. 115
Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6
Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19
Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306
Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323
Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265;
Bishop of Worcester, 336;
imprisoned, 347;
forced to resign, ib.;
denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57;
sent to the Tower, 74;
burnt, 92
Latimer, William, iii. 201
Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168
Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293;
his views and character, 245, 292-294;
Bishop of London, 266;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 295;
dealings with the Puritans, 295-297;
revives the Bishops' Courts, 298;
restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300;
revives ritual, 300;
dealings with Prynne, 306, 329;
relations with Wentworth, 318;
dealings with Scotland, 325-327;
arrested, 351
Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181, 245, 259
Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231
Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72
Law,
common, ii. 110, 113;
ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60;
English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244;
of the Forest, ii. 34;
Roman, revived study of, i. 282;
in England, 283;
influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96
"Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118
Laws,
Old English, two classes of, i. 5;
first put in writing, 59;
of Æthelred, i. 138;
of David of Scotland, ii. 171;
of Eadgar, i. 144;
of Eadward the Confessor, 150, 199, 340;
of Henry I., 339;
of Howel Dda, ii. 46
Layamon, i. 174, 279
League
of Cambray, iii. 206;
the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232;
the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266;
in France, iv. 348, 355, 356;
of Neutrals, viii. 162-164;
of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50;
of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126
Learning,
the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202;
its protest against war, 210;
attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291
Leicester,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
surrenders to Æthelflæd, 118;
condition under its earls, 297;
regains right of compurgation, 313-315;
stormed by Charles I., vi. 38
Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (see [Dudley]), iv. 205, 349, 357; v. 58, 63
Leighton, John, v. 305
Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252
Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202
Leith
sacked by the English, iv. 29;
siege of, 175, 176
Leland, John, v. 4
Lennox, Esmé Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123
Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123
Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221
Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254
Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152
Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96
Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261
Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297
Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337.
See [Leven]
Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84
"Lesser barons." See [Knights]
Levant Company, v. 161
Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (see [Leslie]), vi. 18
Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132
Lewes,
battle of, ii. 70, 71;
Mise of, 71;
Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248
Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210
Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254
Lewis (VIII.) of France,
the English crown offered to, i. 355;
successes in England, ib.;
defeated, ii. 2;
withdraws, 3
Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90
Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119;
relations with Edward IV., 120, 121;
with Burgundy, ib.;
with Margaret of Anjou, 121;
negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123;
struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127;
again seeks treaty with Edward, 128;
Edward's negotiations with, 129;
league against, 130;
attacks Britanny, 132;
captured and released by Charles, ib.;
stirs Warwick against Edward, 136;
reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137;
alliance with Henry VI., 139;
treaty with Edward, 150;
seized Picardy, Artois, etc., ib.;
war with Maximilian, 151;
treaty with him, 170;
refuses to recognize Richard III., 169;
death, ib.
Lewis XII., king of France (see [Orleans]), iii. 206, 232
Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256
Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189;
his policy, 190, 191;
alliance with Charles II., 192;
relations with England and Holland, 227;
sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239;
attacks Flanders, 247;
his offers to Spain, 249;
treaty with her, 250;
policy towards Holland, 251;
treaties with Charles, 257, 258;
attacks Holland, 268;
position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316;
persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335;
new agreement with Charles, 323;
seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335;
relations with James II., vii. 12;
revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13;
relations with James and Holland, 36, 38;
attacks Germany, 38, 48;
receives James II. at St. Germain, 49;
war declared against, by England and Holland, ib.;
his fleet, 68;
sends troops to Ireland, 71;
his successes, 75, 76;
turn of his fortune, 79, 80;
treaty with William, 90, 91;
seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102;
acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106;
attacks Germany again, 118, 119;
his losses, 131, 134;
offers terms, 134, 135;
death, 183, 185
Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225
Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28;
summons the States-General, 83;
a Constitution forced on, 86;
attempts flight, 95;
imprisoned, 101;
executed, 103
Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211
Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22
Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363
Liber Albus of London, i. 274
Liber de Antiquis Legibus, i. 274
Liber Custumarum of London, i. 274
Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83
Liége taken by Marlborough, vii. 117
Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302
Ligny, battle of, viii. 207
Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78
Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134
Lillibullero, vii. 33
Lilly, William, iii. 200
Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73
Limitation Bill, vi. 323
Limoges
welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285;
stormed by the Black Prince, 286
Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266
Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256
Lincoln,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
battles of, 219; ii. 2;
relieved by John, i. 356;
Jews at, ii. 126, 127
Lincolnshire
surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86;
rising in, iii. 323
Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230
Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97
Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117
Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291
Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368
Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66
Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46.
See [Warwick]
Litany, the English, iv. 40
Literature, English,
its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96;
decay during struggle with Danes, 113;
Ælfred's influence on, 114, 115;
after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278;
under Henry II., 174, 244-249;
under John, 278, 279;
popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319;
Wyclif's influence on, 338;
revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358;
effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3;
developement under Elizabeth, 3-11;
after the Revolution, 154;
in poetry, 156, 157;
in prose, 157-161, 292, 293;
beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333;
Welsh, ii. 49-54.
See [Drama]
Lithsmen of London, i. 300
Liturgy,
the English, iv. 49;
Knox's, v. 327;
the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, ib.;
rejected, 328.
See [Prayer-Book]
Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196.
See [Hawkesbury]
"Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105
Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58;
alliance with Montfort, 67, 76;
raid upon Chester, 85;
defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88;
submits, 89;
refuses homage to Edward I., 108;
submission and marriage, 109;
last revolt and death, 119, 120
Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108
Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53
Loans, forced,
under Richard II., ii. 372;
demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244;
by Charles I., 254, 255
Loch Cé, Annals of, i. 7
Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258
Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259
Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288
Lollardry, ii. 339;
suppressed at Oxford, 341;
its later phases, 344-348;
influence in Bohemia, 349;
attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21;
sympathy of the Commons with, 21;
rising under Oldcastle, 27;
suppression of, 27, 28;
its lingering existence, 96, 258;
legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48;
its influence in Scotland, 111
Lodi, battle of, viii. 122
London,
Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54;
subject to the East-Saxons, 59;
to Mercia, 85;
beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138;
resists Swein, 142;
submits to him, 143;
to the Conqueror, 165;
its election of Stephen, 215;
expels Matilda, 219;
its share in religious revival, 222, 223;
Normans in, 303;
Henry I.'s charter to, 304;
relations with Oxford, 308, 309;
strife of classes in, 318-320;
meeting of barons at, 340;
joins the barons against John, 346;
its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352;
barons blockaded by John in, 355;
defies the Pope, ib.; ii. 8;
Franciscans settle in, 12;
Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32;
supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70;
its charter annulled, 82;
its mayor imprisoned, 83;
occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89;
supports Wyclif, 309, 310;
threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322;
its Lollardry, 345;
welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379;
Richard II. brought captive to, 381;
betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142;
its petition to Richard III., 168;
evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251;
Protestants in, 347;
Walloons in, iv. 51;
unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71;
its Protestant sympathies, ib., 75;
attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85;
Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144;
supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119;
its commerce under Elizabeth, 280;
Flemish settlers in, 281;
traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324;
its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358;
its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77;
its increase checked, 198, 199, 277;
its welcome to Prince Charles, 233;
colonizes Derry, 289;
sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376;
fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4;
train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14;
Independents and Baptists in, 28;
petitions against toleration, 37;
rises against the Parliament, 56;
Plague at, 226;
Fire at, 239;
supports the Exclusion Bill, 308;
riots in, 322, 323;
supports Shaftesbury, 334;
turns against him, 335, 336;
Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14;
Methodists in, 208;
supports Pitt, 256, 305;
supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12;
petitions to George III., 16, 20;
supports the younger Pitt, 69;
riot in, 113;
"barons" of, i. 319;
"boatmen" of, 308;
St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223;
Dooms of, 300;
Gilds of, 299;
"lithsmen" of, 300;
merchants of, ib.;
Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284;
materials for its municipal history, i. 274;
portreeves of, i. 303;
first theatres in, v. 22, 23;
Tower of, i. 166;
weavers of, 317, 318;
Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153
Londonderry
colonized, v. 289;
siege of, vii. 57, 58
Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264
"Lord" and "man,"
their mutual relations, i. 133;
and villeins, i. 323-325
Lords, House of,
origin of its judicial character, i. 256;
its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99;
under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14;
rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii. 15, 22;
its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77;
assents to bills for Church reform, 291;
its address to the Pope, 297;
increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200;
relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360;
charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63;
rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67;
abolished, 67, 69;
Cromwell's substitute for, 144;
the Bishops restored to, 204;
rejects the Exclusion Bill, 320;
proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191;
its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20;
refuses Catholic emancipation, 196
Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326.
See [Argyle]
Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215
Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267
Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147
Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154
Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266
Louisiana,
French settlement in, vii. 242;
ceded to England, 307
Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33
Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230
Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42
Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225
Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132
Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345
Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344
Luddite riots, viii. 194
Ludlow, General, vi. 109;
his Memoirs, v. 72
Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268
Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37
Lunéville, Peace of, viii. 143
Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257
Lutherans
in England, iii. 262;
their progress on the Continent, 275;
importation of their books forbidden, 304;
Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336;
growth in Germany, iv. 31;
refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36;
reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36;
defeated at Muhlberg, 50;
take refuge in England, 51;
again invited to Trent, 193;
position after Peace of Passau, v. 176
Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344
Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8
Luttrell's Diary, vi. 158
Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201
Luxemburg
seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335;
restored to Spain, vii. 91
Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80
Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124
Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40;
Caxton's edition of, 157
Lyly, John, v. 5
Lymne, its fall, i. 33
Lynn,
King John at, i. 356;
its charter annulled, ii. 79
Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323
Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378
Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249
Mabinogion, i. 7; ii. 50, 51
Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37
Machyn's Diary, iv. 3
Mackay, General, vii. 52
Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198
Madras,
its origin, vii. 232;
razed by Labourdonnais, 233
Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23
Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64
Magesætas, i. 66
Magna Carta. See [Charter, the Great]
Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31
Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
Maine
conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212;
by William of Normandy, 158, 213;
by Philip Augustus, 269;
ceded to France, ii. 63
"Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105
Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267
Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119
Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123
Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146
Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197
Maldon, battle of, i. 139
Malet, Robert, i. 201
Malet, William, i. 343
"Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201
Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123
Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244
Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136
Malta
conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
blockaded by a British fleet, viii. 162;
surrenders, 165
"Maltôte," ii. 166
Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
its rise, vii. 196
Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (see [Mandeville]),
head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18;
quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34;
retires, 35
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343
Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358.
See [Manchester]
Manor, the, i. 322-323
Mans, Le,
seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212;
rebels against William Rufus, 197;
Henry II. besieged in, 258;
surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62
Mansel, John, ii. 8
Mansfield, Count, v. 239
Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259
Mansion, Colard, iii. 155
Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190
Manton, Thomas, vi. 252
Mantua,
siege of, viii. 123;
surrenders to Buonaparte, 125
Manufactures,
growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280;
in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281;
English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60;
altered conditions of, 193, 194;
of linen, in Ireland, v. 291;
of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14
Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325
Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249
Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183
March, Edward, Earl of. See [Edward IV.]
March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. See [Mortimer]
March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378
March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30
Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85
Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124
Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311
Marengo, battle of, viii. 142
Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199;
queen of Hungary, 220;
her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246
Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61;
her policy, 72, 74;
flies to Scotland, 75;
victory at St. Albans, 79;
defeated at Towton, 80;
appeals to Lewis XI., 121;
defeated at Hexham, 123;
reconciled with Warwick, 137;
lands at Weymouth, 143;
captured at Tewkesbury, 145
Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii. 185;
her second marriage, 231;
strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248;
with her husband, iv. 22
Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135
Margaret of York,
schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130;
marries Charles the Bold, 131;
patroness of Caxton, 155;
supports Lambert Simnel, 176;
supports Perkin Warbeck, 180
Margaret Beaufort. See [Beaufort]
Marignano, battle of, iii. 233
Marisco. See [Marsh]
Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89
Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (see [Churchill]), vii. 50, 110;
campaign in Ireland, 72, 73;
plans of treason, 77;
relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112;
Captain-General, 112;
relations with the allies, 113, 114;
his temper, 115, 116;
his military genius, 117;
campaign in 1702, ib.;
difficulties with the Dutch, 118;
Duke, ib.;
campaign of 1704, 119-122;
supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
relations with the Tories, ib., 124;
with the Whigs, 125;
troubles with the Allies, 125;
campaign of 1706, 126, 127;
difficulties at home, 131-133;
campaign of 1708, 134;
of 1709, 136;
attacked by the Tories, 138, 140;
his fall, 141;
imbecility, 182
Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138
Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35
Marmont, General, viii. 199
"Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343
Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249
Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41
Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke,
opposes John, i. 328, 329;
character and position, 345;
counsels John to accept the Charter, 347;
his fidelity to John, ii. 1;
"governor of king and kingdom," 2;
death, 3
Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36
Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34
Marshall, Stephen, v. 354
Marston, John, v. 42
Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19
Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193
Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to France, ib.
Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII.,
betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235;
to Charles V., 242, 250;
refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58;
proclaimed queen, 71;
enters London, 74;
person and character, ib.;
her aim, 75, 76;
schemes for her marriage, 78-80;
relations with Parliament, 81, 85;
revolt against her, 82-84;
marriage, 86;
persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144;
disappointment, 98;
relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106;
refounds abbeys, 106;
war with Franco, 108;
dealings with Ireland, 109, 111;
effect of her persecutions, 118;
Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131;
death, 145
Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282;
plan for her marriage, 283;
married, 290;
refuses to reign alone, vii. 46;
declared queen, 47;
death, 88
Mary Stuart
born, iv. 25;
proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28;
crowned, 28;
marries the Dauphin, 53, 169;
her claims to the English crown, 79, 153;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176;
returns to Scotland, 196, 201;
person and character, 196-198;
policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212;
relations with Elizabeth, 205;
scheme of marriage with Leicester, ib.;
with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221;
relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218;
turns to the Lennoxes, 222;
proposes to marry Darnley, 223;
expels Murray, 225;
demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226;
her plans for Scotland and England, ib.;
quarrel with Darnley, 227;
captured, 229;
escapes to Dunbar, ib.;
returns, 230;
birth of her son, 231;
relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243;
sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245;
marries Bothwell, ib.;
captured by the Lords, 246;
prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258;
forced to resign, 259;
escapes, 260;
defeated at Langside, 261;
flies to Carlisle, ib.;
refuses to clear herself, 262;
plans for her marriage with Arran, 263;
for her marriage with Norfolk, ib., 265;
plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272;
given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268;
imprisoned at Coventry, 269;
scheme of marriage with Don John, 310;
joins Babington's plot, 351;
trial and death, 352;
bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353;
materials for her history, 4
Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28;
Regent, 112;
relations with the Protestants, 118, 168;
with France, 170;
death, 176
Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34
Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46
Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71
Masham, Mrs., vii. 132
Massachusetts,
first settlement in, v. 310;
first charter granted to, 311;
protests against English taxation, vii. 326;
proposes a congress, 330;
its assembly dissolved, viii. 14;
resists the tea-duty, 15;
its charter altered, 18;
takes up arms against England, 19;
repudiates English government, 23;
refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204
Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191
Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25
Massinger, Philip, v. 303
Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159
Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246
Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220
Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217
Maud. See [Matilda]
Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253
Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223
Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22
Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147;
marries Mary of Burgundy, 151;
war with Lewis XI., ib.;
treaty with him, 170;
supports Perkin Warbeck, 180;
relations with France, 232-234;
death, 239;
policy towards Luther, iv. 18
May's History of the Long Parliament, v. 72
Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372
Mayflower, the, v. 309
Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309
Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329
Mayor of a town,
successor of portreeve, i. 303;
right of electing, 315;
of Oxford, 310
Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190
Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352
Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362
Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242
Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17
Melrose,
Cuthbert at, i. 75;
Chronicle of, 273;
English raid on, iv. 29
Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165
Menou, General, viii. 164, 166
Meonwaras, i. 85
Merchadé, i. 265
Merchant Adventurers,
English, in Flanders, iii. 155;
of London, iv. 283, 284
Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283
Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300;
struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318;
of London, 319
Mercia
under Penda, i. 66, 70-73;
submits to Oswiu, 73;
becomes Christian, ib.;
its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85;
struggle with Wessex, 90-91;
greatness under Offa, 97, 98;
struggle with Wales, ii. 46;
civil strife in, i. 101;
conquered by Ecgberht, 102;
attacked by northmen, 104;
conquered by them, 105;
English, under ealdorman Æthelred, 117;
annexed to Wessex, 118;
revolts against Eadwig, 137;
submits to Cnut, 143;
earldom of, 146
Mercians, their settlement, i. 37
Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42
Merlin,
legend of, i. 247;
prophecies of, ii. 57, 119
Merton, school of, i. 225
Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211;
their influence, viii. 46
Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39
Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201
Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329
Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3
Middle English
settle round Leicester, i. 37;
become Christian, 72
Middle Saxons, i. 54
Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7
Middleton, Thomas, v. 42
Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181
Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322
Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380
Millenary Petition, v. 151
Milton, John,
his early life, v. 98-101;
life at Horton, 302, 303;
early poems, 304;
Comus, 305, 306;
Lycidas, 332;
views on Church reform, 355;
change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32;
his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123;
his Defence of the English People, 231;
his later life, 232, 233;
Paradise Lost, 234-237;
Areopagitica, 305
Minden, battle of, vii. 264
Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57
Minorca
ceded to England, vii. 142;
lost, 248;
restored, 307;
ceded to Spain, viii. 41
Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268
Mise
of Amiens, ii. 68;
of Lewes, 71
Model, New. See [Army]
Modus Tenendi Parliamentum, i. 275
Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234
Monaco, soldiers of, at Crécy, ii. 236
Monarchy,
growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89;
new policy, 89;
causes of its power, 111;
its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7;
changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232;
James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171;
change in its relations to the country, 183, 184;
abolished, vi. 68;
proposal to restore it, 119-121;
restored, 152;
character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184;
character since the Revolution, vii. 60;
its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175.
See [King]
Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13
Monasticism,
revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222;
its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310
Monk, George,
subdues the Highlands, vi. 108;
commander in Scotland, 150;
gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, ib.;
leads his army to London, 151;
restores Charles II., 152;
Duke of Albemarle, 193;
fight with De Ruyter, 238
Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309;
schemes for his succession, 309, 310;
comes to court, 312;
ordered to leave London, ib.;
returns, 314;
his progresses, 316, 322;
arrested, 335;
flight, 337;
finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8;
his attempt on England, 9;
defeat and death, 10
Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258
Monopolies,
sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291;
abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58;
revived by James I., 222;
by Charles I., 279
Mons
surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298;
captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76
Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350
Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113;
victory at Hexham, 123;
relations with Edward IV., 137, 138;
joins Warwick and Clarence, 139;
joins Warwick again, 142;
slain, ib.
Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299
Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267
Montague, Charles, vii. 85;
founds the Bank of England, 86;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88;
reforms the currency, 89;
dismissed, 98;
impeached, 105
Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246;
bishop of Chichester, 267, 298
Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269
Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298
Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159
Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35
Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35
Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83
Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109
Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81
Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233
Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83
Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35
Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35;
marriage, 36;
earl of Leicester, ib., 37;
relations with the barons, ib.;
heads reforming party, 37, 38;
protests against papal exactions, 38;
Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40;
quarrel with Henry III., 40;
regency of France offered to, ib.;
character, 40-42;
returns to England, 59;
swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63;
negotiations with France, ib.;
breach with Gloucester, 64;
goes to France, 66;
returns, 67;
alliance with Llewelyn, ib.;
heads the barons in arms, ib.;
rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69;
victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
his rule, 71;
summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153;
quarrel with Gloucester, 75;
last campaign, 76, 77;
death, 78;
his corpse mutilated, 80;
his adherents disinherited, 82, 83;
miracles at his tomb, 83
Montfort, Simon, the younger,
taken prisoner, ii. 70;
defeated by Edward, 76;
advances to Alcester, 77;
falls back to Kenilworth, 80;
releases his prisoners, ib.;
goes to Axholme, 84;
surrenders to Edward, 85;
flies over sea, 86
Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47
Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269
Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30
Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342;
relations with Charles I., 359, 364;
raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23;
his victories, ib., 38, 41;
defeat at Philiphaugh, ib.;
executed, 78
Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187
Moot, the, i. 17, 18
Morat, battle of, iii. 150
Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213.
See [Randolph]
More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47
More, Thomas,
his person and character, iii. 216, 217;
first appearance in Parliament, 218;
his home-life, ib., 219;
returns to court, 219;
his lectures on "The City of God," 197;
Life of Edward the Fifth, 83, 218;
Utopia, 189, 220-228;
Speaker of the Commons, 245;
his reply to Luther, 257;
Chancellor, 286, 289;
resigns, 299;
summoned to take the oath of succession, 317;
refuses, 318;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321;
his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9;
Roper's Life of, iii. 83
More, Thomas de la, ii. 177
Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143
Moriæ Encomium, iii. 219
Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194
Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132.
See [Wellesley]
Morrison, Robert, vi. 167
Mortemer, battle of, i. 158
Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56
Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. See [March]
Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13
Mortimer, Roger,
supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85;
defeated by Llewelyn, 88;
head of regency, 102
Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198;
Earl of March, 206;
fall, 207
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78
Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167, 285;
his "fork," 177
Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114;
Chancellor of Scotland, 224;
aids Darnley against Mary, 228;
flies, 230;
recalled, 243;
joins Argyle against Mary, 245;
beheaded, 346
Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268
Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200
Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62
Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290
Moveables, taxation of,
under Henry II., i. 257;
under Richard I., 350
Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192
Mowbray, Roger, i. 254
Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50
Munster,
the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377;
English conquest of, iii. 329;
revolt in, v. 62
Münster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227
Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177
Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (see [Stuart]), iv. 199;
his policy, ib., 200, 201, 205;
opposes the Darnley marriage, 223;
plots with Elizabeth, 224;
rises against Mary, ib.;
defeated, 225;
returns, 229;
pleads for Morton's recall, 243;
goes to France, 244;
Regent of Scotland, 259;
defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261;
his charges against Mary, 262;
murdered, 271; v. 122
Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166
Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131
Nalson's historical collections, v. 72
Namur
surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79;
taken by the Allies, 88
Nanci, battle of, iii. 150
Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13
Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18
Naples
threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223;
attacked by Austria, 224
Napoleon, Emperor of the French (see [Buonaparte]),
his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171;
victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173;
at Jena, 174;
at Eylau and Friedland, 175;
his Berlin Decree, 176;
Milan Decree, 181;
masters Spain, 185;
military successes there, 187;
victory at Wagram, 188;
seeks the alliance of America, 192;
marches on Russia, 198, 200;
retreats, 200, 201;
last victories, 201;
fall, 203;
at Elba, 205;
re-enters France, 206;
raises an army, 207;
victory at Ligny, ib.;
defeat at Waterloo, 208-210;
exile to St. Helena, 211
Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
Naseby, battle of, vi. 40
Nash, Thomas, v. 8
Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298
Navarete, battle of, ii. 284
Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206
Navy. See [Fleet]
Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89
Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107
Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173
Nennius, i. 3
Netherlands,
their importance to Philip II., iv. 255;
rise against him, 256, 297, 298;
alliance with Elizabeth, 311;
English sympathy with, 323, 324;
choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338;
Parma's successes in, 347;
prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359;
league with France and England, v. 60;
submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101;
Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127;
invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225;
war in, 227, 231;
conquered by France, viii. 109
Neufmarché, Bernard of, ii. 47
Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149
Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353
Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140
Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73
Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123;
Archbishop of York, 113;
deprived of the seals, 130;
betrays London to Edward, 142
Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379
Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113
Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243
New Amsterdam, vi. 243
Newark,
king John dies at, i. 356;
siege of, vi. 19
Newburgh, William of, i. 174
Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24
Newcastle-on-Tyne
founded, i. 189;
occupied by the Scots, v. 342;
besieged by the Scots, vi. 23;
Charles I. and the Scots at, 48;
Parliament at, ii. 160
Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4, 18, 19
Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218;
head of the ministry, 246;
refuses subsidy to Russia, 247;
jealous of Pitt, 250;
resigns, ib.;
joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251;
opposes Pitt, 304;
retires, 305
New England,
its settlement, v. 310-314;
return of Independents from, vi. 28;
its progress, vii. 237, 238
New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198
Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12
New Holland, vii. 277
New Jersey, vii. 236
"New men," the, i. 325
New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205
New River, the, v. 77
New South Wales, vii. 278
Newton, Isaac, vi. 167
Newton, John, viii. 47
Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58
New York, vi. 243, vii. 236;
its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14
New Zealand, vii. 278
Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210
Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267
Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244
Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219
Nile, battle of the, viii. 133
Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291
"Nithing," i. 151, 192
Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224
Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27
Nonconformists,
their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213;
attitude in 1665, 229;
persecution of, ib., 230;
the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252;
renewed persecution of, 335;
position under James II., vii. 22;
under William III., 64;
under Anne, 123;
under Walpole, 198
Nonjurors, vii. 65
Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88
Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331
Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (see [Surrey]), iii. 287
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (see [Surrey]), iii. 270, 287;
his policy, 291, 294;
puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324;
arrests Cromwell, 352;
returns to power, iv. 17;
hostility to Protestants, ib.;
marches against Scotland, 23, 24;
sent to the Tower, 45;
leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173;
plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266;
sent to the Tower, 268;
released, 271;
again plots with Mary, ib., 272;
arrest and death, 274
Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (see [Nottingham]), ii. 372, 378
Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80
Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207
Norfolk, Earls of. See [Bigod]
Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136
Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223
Normandy,
its relation to English history, i. 154;
settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155;
relations with France, 155, 156;
with English kings, 156;
Æthelred II. in, 143, 156;
condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159;
pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197;
conquered by Henry I., 202;
invaded by Lewis VII., 254;
by Philip Augustus, 263;
laid under interdict, 263;
conquered by Philip, 269;
ceded by Henry III., ii. 63;
invaded by Edward III., 235;
conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
Bedford's rule in, 55;
regained by Charles VII., 62;
historians of, i. 6
Normans,
their settlement, i. 155;
temper, ib., 158;
in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151;
their flight, 153;
fusion with the English, 200, 281;
settlers in London, 303;
in Wales, ii. 48
Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368
North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10
North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33
Northallerton, battle of, i. 217
Northampton
reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
John's deposition proclaimed at, 333;
John and Langton at, 340;
Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2;
Assize of, i. 255;
battle of, iii. 75;
councils at, i. 237; ii. 120;
treaty of, ii. 205
Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237
Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23
Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191
Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47
North folk, i. 42
North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239
Northmen,
their temper, i. 100;
attack Britain, 101;
settle in Ireland, 103;
victorious at Charmouth, ib.;
defeated at Aclea, ib.;
conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104;
attack Wessex, 105;
defeated at Ashdown, ib.;
invade Mercia, ib.;
Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117;
attack Wessex, 118;
character of their attack, i. 125, 126;
fusion with English, 126, 127;
their work in England, 129;
settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, ib.;
again threaten England, 139;
victory at Maldon, ib.;
bought off by Æthelred, 140;
mercenaries in England, massacred, 141;
settlement in Gaul. See [Normandy], [Normans]
Northumberland
granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134;
lead-mines in, i. 30
Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (see [Warwick]), iv. 65, 67-69, 71
Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14, 18, 19
Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74
Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80
Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172
Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274
Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358
Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60;
greatness under Eadwine, 62-63;
accepts Christianity, 64-65;
greatness under Oswald, 67;
Irish missionaries in, 69;
struggle with Penda, 70-73;
Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76;
monasteries in, 76, 77;
religious strife in, 78-80;
its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87;
struggle with the Picts, 88, 89;
with Mercia, 89;
schools and learning in, 91;
repulses Æthelbald, 96;
anarchy in, 97;
submits to Ecgberht, 102;
conquered by northmen, 104;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by Æthelstan, ib.;
rises against him, 120;
against Eadmund, ib.;
against Eadwig, 137;
earldom of, 146;
revolts against Tostig, 160;
against William I., 168;
northern, conquered by the Scots, 146
Norway, its monarchy founded, i. 128, 129
Norwich,
French settlers in, i. 303;
clothiers of, resist benevolences, iii. 251;
rising at, against Somerset, iv. 55;
centre of the worsted trade, 279
Nothelm, friend of Bæda, i. 94
Nottingham,
Æthelred I.'s treaty with the northmen at, i. 104;
one of the Five Boroughs, 117;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
Edward III. arrests Mortimer at, ii. 207;
Charles I. raises his standard at, vi. 2
Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second Earl of, vii. 28, 88, 124
Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, second Earl of, ii. 353, 370.
See [Norfolk]
Nottingham, John Mowbray, fourth Earl of, iii. 18
Nova Scotia,
French settlers driven from, vii. 242;
ceded to England, 307
Novi, battle of, viii. 140
Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, iv. 165
Noy, William, v. 317
Noyon, treaty of, iii. 234
Oates, Titus, vi. 294-297; vii. 66
Ockham, William, ii. 276
Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 137
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 167, 183, 189, 191
Offa, king of Mercia, i. 96-98; ii. 46
Oglethorpe, General, vii. 236
O'Hara, General, viii. 109
Ohio Company, vii. 242
Olaf, king of Norway, i. 140
Oldcastle, Sir John, ii. 345; iii. 19.
See [Cobham]
Olivares, Count of, v. 233
Olney, treaty of, i. 143
O'Neal, Sir Phelim, v. 365
O'Neill, Hugh, vi. 79
O'Neill, Hugh, second Earl of Tyrone, v. 61, 62
O'Neill, Owen Roe, vi. 71
O'Neill, Shane, iv. 240, 241
Opdam, Admiral, vi. 225
Orange, William I., Prince of, iv. 264, 297, 300, 312, 338, 347
Orange, William II., Prince of, vi. 70
Orange, William III., Prince of. See [William]
"Orangemen," viii. 119, 120
"Ordainers," the Lords, ii. 188
Ordeal, trial by, i. 239
Orderic, i. 6, 173
Orders in Council,
Lord Grenville's, viii. 178;
Canning's, 181;
repealed, 197
Ordinance,
Self-Denying, vi. 35;
for suppression of blasphemies and heresies, vi. 60
Ordinances
changed into statutes, ii. 298;
of 1311, 189, 191, 194, 195
Orkneys, Northmen in the, i. 129
Orleans,
Henry V. repulsed from, iii. 36;
siege of, 45, 46;
relieved, 50, 51
Orleans, Charles, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 28
Orleans, Lewis I., Duke of, iii. 5, 6, 12, 16, 17
Orleans, Lewis II., Duke of, iii. 170.
See [Lewis XII.]
Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of France, vii. 185, 213
Ormond, James Butler, twelfth Earl of, vi. 16;
invites Charles II. to Ireland, 71;
besieges Dublin, 76;
Duke, 182, 193;
Lord Steward, 193;
retires, 244;
returns to the Council, 278;
supports Parliamentary government, vii. 1
Ormond, James Butler, second Duke of,
Warden of the Cinque Ports, vii. 145;
joins the Pretender, 168;
tries to stir up a rising, 184;
commands a Spanish fleet, 187
Orosius, Ælfred's translation of, i. 114
Orthez, battle of, viii. 202
Orvieto, Edward I. visits the Pope at, ii. 102
Osbern's Lives of English Saints, i. 243
Osgod Clapa, i. 148
Osney,
abbey of, i. 284;
annals of, 273
Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71
Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86
Otterbourne's Chronicle, ii. 179
Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264;
his alliance with John, 334, 337;
invades France, 338, 342
Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134
Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192
Oxford,
first mention of, i. 305;
submits to Swein, 143;
siege of, 220;
condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307;
in the twelfth century, 283-285;
relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308;
with London, 308, 309;
mayor substituted for reeve, 310;
town-life, ib., 311;
barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227;
Richard I. born at, 259;
Friars settle in, ii. 12;
Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4;
blockade of, 19;
"bargemen" of, i. 308;
charters, 309;
church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310;
of St. Mary, 287, 288;
Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129;
merchant-gild, i. 308;
Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323;
Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309;
Port-meadow, 296, 306;
Provisions of, ii. 61;
University of, i. 285-287;
Gerald of Wales at, 285;
a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42;
study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294;
foreign students at, 291;
revival of theology at, ii. 14;
Roger Bacon at, 16, 17;
attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22;
Wyclif at, 276;
ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310;
condemns him, 337;
displaces his opponents, ib.;
Wykeham's College at, 308;
Lollardry at, 339-341;
Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161;
decay of scholarship at, 98;
revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202;
Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265;
Lutheranism at, 262, 263;
forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162;
religious changes in, 304;
Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317;
protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152;
declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1;
James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26;
Jacobitism in, 184;
Methodists at, 205;
supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69
Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. See [Vere]
Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. See [Vere]
Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177
Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358
Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23
Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (see [Harley]), vii. 145
Packenham, General, viii. 205
Palatinate,
war in the, v. 220;
the Elector driven from, 226;
reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276
Pale, the English,
in Ireland, ii. 374;
divided into counties, 376
Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202
Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6
Papacy, the,
its relations with England under Henry III., ii. 1, 26-28, 59;
English protests against its exactions, 38, 42;
its relations with the Empire, 217, 218;
with France, ib., 224;
with England under Edward III., 218, 219, 221-223, 273-275, 303;
complaints of King and Parliament against, 225;
private arrangements with Edward III., 296;
beginning of its struggle with Luther, iii. 253;
England's relations with, under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 297, 299, 300;
appeals to, forbidden, 302;
judicial and financial connexion with, broken, ib.;
its jurisdiction transferred to the Crown, 305, 306;
submission to, under Mary, iv. 88, 89;
its revival under Paul IV., 99, 100;
relations with Elizabeth, 155;
position and policy under Pius V., 250-253;
under Gregory XIII., 306, 313
Paris
rises against the Regent Charles, ii. 264;
threatened by Edward III., 265;
Henry VI. crowned at, iii. 55;
welcomes Charles VII., 56;
besieged by Henry IV. (of France), iv. 369;
relieved by Parma, 370;
rising in, viii. 83;
surrenders to the Allies, 203;
Peace of, vii. 307;
University of, i. 225, 282, 285, 290
Paris, Matthew, i. 273; ii. 43, 44
Parish system, its introduction, i. 84
Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 165;
his historical collections, v. 4;
Strype's Life of, iv. 4
Parker, Bishop of Oxford, vii. 25, 26
Parkhurst, John, iv. 119
Parliament,
its origin, ii. 156;
first scheme for representation of Commonalty in, 61;
its summons forbidden by Henry III., 64;
knights summoned to, 66, 150, 151;
Commons summoned to, 73;
representation of boroughs in, ib., 120, 121, 152-154;
finally constituted in 1295, 156;
attempt to include the clergy in, 157;
fixed at Westminster, 158;
Edward I.'s plan for representation of Scotland in, 171;
relations with the Crown, 181-183;
protests against papal exactions, 38, 222, 223, 225;
demands the dismissal of Gaveston, 187;
deposes Edward II., 199;
growth of its power, 201;
internal developement, ib., 202;
grouping of Estates in, 202, 203;
confirms recognition of Scotch independence, 205;
progress under Edward III., 230-232;
two Houses, 231;
repudiates John's submission to Rome, 275;
Edward III.'s relations with, 292;
its assent made necessary for subsidies on wool, 298;
English language first used in opening, 300, 356;
petition for due election of knights to serve in, 300;
acknowledges Richard II.'s claim to the succession, 307;
refuses to enfranchise serfs, 335;
struggle with Richard II., 352;
deposes him, iii. 1;
recognizes Henry IV., 2;
its relations with him, 3, 4, 22, 23;
importance at opening of Wars of the Roses, 86;
relations with York and Lancaster, 91, 92;
suspension under Edward IV., 91, 152;
recognizes Henry VII., 174;
Henry VIII.'s relations with, 288;
asks for Church reform, 290;
forbids appeals to Rome, 302;
Cromwell's dealings with, iv. 8, 9;
More's reverence for, 9;
developement under Henry VIII., 9-11;
temper under Edward VI., 66;
packing of, 67, 234;
relations with Mary, 77, 81, 85;
advance under Elizabeth, 233-239; v. 56-58;
"Admonition to," iv. 296;
suspension under Charles I., 272;
Pym's theory of, 346, 347;
schemes of the Convention for its reform, vi. 99;
first representation of Scotland and Ireland in, ib., 101;
new constitution of, in 1657, 122;
its strength and its weakness, 301, 302;
secures control over taxation and the army, vii. 61;
annual assembly, 62;
control over trade, 63;
the Whigs' management of, 176;
its duration fixed at seven years, 185;
relations with the people after the Revolution, 286-288;
need for its reform, 289-292;
George III.'s dealings with, 308, 309;
its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
publication of its debates, viii. 11;
composition after Union with Ireland, 139;
at Berwick, ii. 162;
at Coventry, iii. 75;
at Gloucester, ii. 289, 315;
at Marlborough, 89;
at Newcastle, 160;
at Norham, 136;
at Oxford, 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 323;
at St. Albans, ii. 66;
at Shrewsbury, 121, 371;
at Winchester, 66, 80, 82;
at York, 195;
the Addled, v. 196;
the Barebones, vi. 95;
the Cavalier, 201-204, 207;
moves to Oxford, 226;
its attitude towards France, 228;
relations with Charles, 240, 241;
rejects a scheme of Protestant comprehension, 252;
its distrust of the Cabal, 253;
grants a subsidy for the fleet, 260;
action in 1673, 271-274;
in 1674, 280, 281;
Danby's dealings with, 284-286;
action in 1678, 290;
dissolved, 299;
the Convention, vi. 194;
its dealings with the regicides, 195, 196;
settlement of the nation, 196-198;
of the Church, 199, 200;
dissolved, 200, 201;
the Club, iii. 91;
the Good, ii. 177, 304-307;
Long, its assembly, v. 349;
proceedings in 1640, 350, 351;
in 1641, 352-357, 362, 363, 369-371, 373-379;
raises an army, 377; vi. 1;
alliance with Scotland, 14, 15;
takes the Covenant, 16;
its ecclesiastical policy, 29, 30;
negotiates with Charles, 38;
attitude towards religious liberty, 45, 46;
proposes terms to the king, 47;
sets up Presbyterianism, 50;
negotiates with the Army, 54;
dealings with heresy, 60;
negotiates again with Charles, 63;
struggle with the Army, 65, 66;
its ruin, 67;
the Merciless, ii. 354;
the Rump, vi. 66;
its unwillingness to dissolve, 74, 77, 81, 84, 87;
struggle with the army, 89;
driven out, 90, 91;
recalled, 149;
driven out again, 150;
second return and dissolution, 151;
the Short, v. 340, 341;
the Wonderful, ii. 354;
of 1246, 38;
of 1248, ib.;
of 1254, 73;
of 1257, 59;
of 1258, 60;
of 1259, 64;
of 1260, ib.;
of 1261, 66;
of 1264, 71;
of 1265, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 153;
of 1266, 87;
of 1267, 89;
of 1275, 103, 107;
of 1283, 121;
of 1289, 123;
of 1295, 143, 154, 156, 157, 160;
of 1296, 160;
of 1309, 187;
of 1311, 189;
of 1313, 191;
of 1322, 195, 196;
of 1327, 199;
of 1328, 205;
of 1340, 231;
of 1341, 232;
of 1351, 256, 273;
of 1354, 299;
of 1365, 274;
of 1371, 301;
of 1376, 289;
of 1377, 310, 311;
of 1378, 289, 312, 315;
of 1379, 289, 316;
of 1380, 316;
of 1381, 334;
of 1385, 352;
of 1386, ib.;
of 1388, 353;
of 1397, 370;
of 1398, 371;
of 1399, iii. 1;
of 1404, 15;
of 1413, 25;
of 1426, 91;
of 1447, 61;
of 1450, 68;
of 1451, ib.;
of 1454, 72;
of 1455, 74;
of 1461, 118;
of 1484, 168;
of 1485, 174;
of 1515, 221;
of 1523, 244;
of 1529, 284, 288;
its action in 1531, 297;
in 1534, 305;
of 1539, 345;
of October 1553, iv. 75;
of November 1554, 88;
of 1559, 156, 157;
of 1563, 214, 215;
of 1570, 272;
of 1571, 292;
of 1581, 319;
of 1604, v. 153-155, 157, 160-163;
of 1610, 179-182;
of 1614, 195, 196;
of 1621, 220, 221, 225, 227-229;
of 1624, 235;
of 1625, 245-247;
of 1626, 249, 253;
of 1628, 259-264, 268-271;
of 1640, see Parliament, [Long] and [Short];
of 1654, vi. 101-106;
of 1655, 117, 123;
reassembles in 1658, 143;
its strife with Cromwell, 144;
dissolved, 145;
of 1659, 148, 149;
of 1660, see Parliament, [the Convention];
of 1661, see Parliament, [the Cavalier];
of 1679, vi. 299, 300, 304-306, 308;
of 1680, 312, 319, 320;
of 1681, 322-324;
of 1685, vii. 7, 9, 14, 15, 23;
of 1687, 23;
of 1689, 60-67, 69;
of 1690, 69, 88;
of 1695, 88, 89;
of 1699, 97, 98;
of 1701, 101-105, 107;
of 1702, 107;
of 1705, 125;
of 1714, 168;
of 1768, viii. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12;
of 1784, 69;
Irish, of 1634, v. 291, 292;
its condition in eighteenth century, viii. 35;
rejects free trade with England, 79, 118;
action in question of the Regency, 138;
Scottish, accepts Calvinism, iv. 187;
the Drunken, vi. 180;
of 1543, iv. 26, 28;
of 1563, 218;
of 1566, 228, 229;
of 1568, 260;
of 1703, vii. 127.
See [Commons], [Lords], [Statutes]
Parma, Alexander Farnese, prince of, iv. 312, 337, 347, 348;
prepares to invade England, 356;
his difficulties, 357, 359;
raises the siege of Paris, 370;
of Rouen, 371;
dies, 373
Parpaglia, Papal Legate, iv. 191, 192
Parr, Catharine, iv. 24, 56
Parry, William, iv. 350
Parsons, Robert, iv. 318, 320, 345
Partition Treaty, the first, vii. 93;
second, 96
Passau, treaty of, iv. 65; v. 175
Paston Letters, ii. 180; iii. 104, 154
Paterson, William, vii. 86
Patrick, St., i. 68
"Patriots," the, vii. 203, 204, 218
Paul III., Pope, iii. 350; iv. 21, 35, 51, 64
Paul IV., Pope (see [Caraffa]), iv. 99, 101;
his demands on England, 102, 145;
on Elizabeth, 155, 156;
death, 160
Paul, emperor of Russia, viii. 137, 160-163
Paulinus, St., i. 64, 67
Pavia, battle of, iii. 250
Peasant Revolt, the, ii. 319-332;
its results, 333-335
Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 118
Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, iii. 96
Pedro the Cruel, king of Castille, ii. 282-284
Peerage, increase of,
under James I., v. 200;
under Charles I., ib.;
under Charles II., 201.
See [Lords]
Peerage Bill, vii. 190, 191
"Peep o' Day Boys," viii. 119
Pelham, Henry, vii. 218, 226, 246, 250
Pembroke
surprised by the Royalists, vi. 59;
besieged by Cromwell, 61;
surrenders, 62
Pembroke, William Herbert, first Earl of, iv. 65, 66, 70, 108, 268
Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of, v. 43
Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of, vii. 23
Pembroke, Earls of. See [Clare], [Marshal], [Tudor], [Valence]
Pembrokeshire, Flemish and English settlement in, ii. 48
Pencrych, Richard, ii. 357
Penda, king of Mercia, i. 66, 70-73
Pengwern becomes Shrewsbury, i. 98
Peninsular War, viii. 186-188, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202
Penn, William, vi. 335
Pennsylvania, settlement of, vi. 335; vii. 236
Penry, John, iv. 343
Pepys, Roger, vi. 203
Pepys, Samuel, vi. 174;
his Diary, 157
Perceval, Spencer, viii. 189, 195, 196
Perche, Thomas, count of, ii. 2
Percies, the, ii. 378, 379; iii. 12
Percy, Henry (Hotspur), ii. 378;
constable of North Wales, iii. 10;
recovers Conway, 11;
defeats the Scots at Homildon Hill, 12;
plots against Henry IV., 13;
slain, 14
Percy, Thomas, v. 158
Périgord restored to Edward III., ii. 266
Perrers, Alice, ii. 304, 306, 307
Perth,
Convocation at, ii. 171;
Protestant riot at, iv. 169
Perth, James Drummond, fourth Earl of, vii. 17
Peru conquered by Pizarro, iv. 329
Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, vii. 189
Peter of Savoy, ii. 32
Peterborough
founded, i. 86;
burnt by northmen, 104
Peterborough, John Mordaunt, first Earl of, vii. 37
Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, second Earl of, vii. 126, 131, 133
Peters, Hugh, vi. 28, 66
Petition
of the Commons to Henry VIII., iii. 290;
the Millenary, v. 151;
of Right, 260, 261;
accepted by Charles I., 263
Petitions
to the king in Parliament, ii. 159;
changed into Statutes, iii. 90;
Triers of, ii. 159
"Petitioners" and "Abhorrers," vi. 314
Petrarch, his influence on Chaucer, ii. 360
Petre, Father Edward, vii. 20
Petty, Sir William, vi. 132, 169
Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at, i. 162
Phelips, Sir Robert, v. 247, 248
Philadelphia, Congress at, viii. 19
Philip I., king of France, i. 190
Philip Augustus, king of France,
leagues with Richard against Henry II., i. 258;
quarrels with Richard, 259, 260;
plots with John, 261;
struggle with Richard, 263, 264;
conquers Normandy, 268, 269;
conquers Aquitaine, 270;
charged by the Pope to depose John, 333
Philip III., king of France, ii. 102
Philip IV., the Fair, king of France,
his relations with Scotland, ii. 141, 160;
seizes Guienne, 142;
truce with Edward, 168;
treaty, 170;
relations with the papacy, ib., 217, 224;
his Royal Book, iii. 161
Philip VI., of Valois, king of France, ii. 209;
relations with Pope and Emperor, 218;
attacks the Agénois and occupies Cambray, 219;
withdraws, 220;
supports Charles of Blois in Britanny, 233;
offers to restore Aquitaine, 235;
defeated at Crécy, 237-239;
fails against Edward and the Flemings, 244
Philip, son of Charles V. (Philip II. of Spain), iv. 79, 80;
king of Naples, 86;
marries Mary, ib.;
person and manners, ib.;
policy in England, 89, 90;
lord of Burgundy and king of Spain, 98;
leaves England, ib.;
returns, 107;
war with France, 108;
policy towards Elizabeth, 137, 138, 154, 159, 175;
hopes for her conversion, 190;
compels Pius IV. to recall Parpaglia, 192;
urges Elizabeth to send envoys to Trent, 194;
sends help to the Guises, 209;
delays the Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 214;
turns towards Mary Stuart, 222;
relations with Mary and the Pope, 254, 255;
difficulties in the Netherlands, 255, 256;
refuses to join the French against England, 268;
his rule, 326-328;
character, 328;
policy, ib., 329;
king of Portugal, 335;
assembles the Armada, 344;
despatches it, 356;
designs on France, 369;
sends troops to the Leaguers, 371;
sends a second Armada, v. 60;
supports Irish rising, 62
Philip IV., king of Spain, vi. 190
Philip, Duke of Anjou, vii. 99, 100;
king of Spain (Philip V.), 101, 141, 142, 186
Philip, Archduke of Austria, iii. 170, 186, 208
Philiphaugh, battle of, vi. 41
Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III., ii. 198, 245-247
Philippines,
the, conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to Spain, ib.
Philpot, John, ii. 312
Picardy
ceded to Burgundy, iii. 120;
restored to France, 122
Pichegru, General, viii. 110
Pickering, Sir Gilbert, vi. 325
Picts, the, i. 30;
defeated by Hengest and Horsa, 32;
own Ecgfrith's supremacy, 88;
defeat him at Nectansmere, 89
Piers the Ploughman, ii. 178, 269-272
Pilgrim Fathers, the, v. 308-310
Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 323
Pillnitz, conference at, viii. 96
Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, iv. 53
Pitt, William, vii. 204, 220;
opposes treaty with Russia, 247;
his relations with Walpole and the Pelhams, 249-251;
his lofty spirit, 251-255;
patriotism, 255-257;
eloquence, 257-259;
statesmanship, 259, 260;
supports Frederick II., 262, 263;
his place among English statesmen, 275, 276;
rejects peace with France and supports Frederick, 302;
plans of war in 1761, 303;
resigns, 304;
relations with George III. and the Whigs, 316;
denounces the Stamp Act, 327;
recalled to office, 328;
again withdraws, 329;
supports American resistance, 331;
demands repeal of the Stamp Act, 331;
his policy towards America, 337;
attacks the Declaratory Act, 338;
forms a ministry, 339, 340.
See [Chatham]
Pitt, William, the younger, viii. 52, 62;
his Reform Bill, 63, 64;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 65;
new scheme for parliamentary reform, 67;
First Lord of the Treasury, 69;
his temper, 70-72;
statesmanship, 72-74;
his plans of parliamentary reform, 75, 76;
finance, 77;
treaty of commerce with France, 79;
advocates abolition of slave-trade, ib.;
resists the prince's claim to the regency, 84;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95;
supports Fox's Libel Act, 92;
gives a constitution to Canada, ib.;
endeavours to maintain peace, 102, 103;
position after the declaration of war, 104, 105;
his financial difficulties, 113, 114;
negotiations with France, 121, 126;
introduces the Income-Tax, 137;
effects union with Ireland, 138, 139;
his position during the war, 148-151;
revives plans for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 152-155;
retires, 148, 155;
opposes Russia, 161;
returns to office, 170;
subsidizes a league against Napoleon, 172;
death, 173, 174
Pittsburg, vii. 266
Pius II., Pope, iii. 162
Pius IV., Pope,
his policy, iv. 190, 191;
recalls the council to Trent, 192, 193;
forbids attendance of Catholics at English Church service, 214
Pius V., Pope, iv. 226, 250;
relations with Philip II., 254, 256;
sends envoys to the English Catholics, 264;
issues a Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 265;
sanctions the plans of Mary and Norfolk, 272
Pius VI., Pope, viii. 136
Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 329
Place Bill, vii. 62, 82
Plassey, battle of, vii. 261, 262
Plattsburg, English attempt on, viii. 205
Plauen, battle of, vii. 264
Pleas,
Common, Court of, ii. 109;
of the Crown, i. 264; ii. 109
Plymouth (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310
Poinet, Bishop of Winchester, iv. 119, 129, 131
Poitiers
captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 235;
battle of, 261-263
Poitou,
Henry III.'s campaign in, ii. 35;
ceded to France, 63;
recovered by Henry of Derby, 243;
restored to Edward III., 266;
won by Du Guesclin, 287
Poland,
contested election to the throne of, vii. 214;
partitions of, viii. 85, 108
Pole, Sir Geoffrey, iii. 349
Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, iii. 176
Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, ii. 350-353
Pole, Reginald, iii. 333, 349; iv. 20;
his attainder reversed, 88;
received as Legate, ib.;
chief minister, 98, 99;
suspected by the Pope, 102;
deprived of the legation, 145;
dies, 165
Pole, Sir Richard, iii. 349
Pole, William de la. See [Suffolk]
"Politicals," the, iv. 139, 141-143
Poll-tax, ii. 311;
renewed under Richard II., 316;
resistance to, 319, 321;
in 1641, v. 363
Pont-de-l'Arche seized by Henry V., iii. 33
Pontefract,
Thomas of Lancaster executed at, ii. 195;
Richard II. imprisoned at, iii. 7;
Pilgrimage of Grace at, 323, 324
Ponthieu,
Harold wrecked on coast of, i. 159;
Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II. for, ii. 197;
granted in full sovereignty to Edward III., 266;
seized by Charles V., 285
Pontigny, St. Edmund of Canterbury at, ii. 42
Pontlevoi, battle of, i. 212
Pontoise,
negotiations between France and England at, iii. 35;
relieved by Talbot, 56
Poor Laws, Elizabeth's, iv. 276, 277
Pope, Alexander, vii. 204, 217, 294-297
Popish Plot, the, vi. 294-298, 311, 313
Porter, John, v. 82
Portland, Breton descent on, iii. 16
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of, viii. 104, 180, 189
Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of. See [Weston]
Port Mahon taken by the French, vii. 248
Portmannimote, the, i. 296;
of Oxford, 306, 309
Porto Bello, capture of, vii. 219
Portreeve, the, i. 315;
of London, 303
Portsmouth,
Robert of Normandy lands at, i. 200;
Bishop Moleyns of Chichester slain at, iii. 63
Portsmouth, Louise de Quérouaille, Duchess of, vi. 176, 315, 321; vii. 5
Portugal
annexed to Spain, v. 335;
its colonies, 330, 336;
revolts, vi. 190, 192;
joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119;
conquered by Napoleon, viii. 185;
Wellesley's campaigns in, 186-188, 190, 191
Portugal, Don Antonio of, iv. 367
"Post-nati," v. 162, 163
Powell, Vavasour, vi. 223
Powys
conquered by Offa, i. 97;
annexed by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55
Poynings, Sir Edward, iii. 181
Pragmatic Sanction, the, vii. 199, 200
Prague
seized by Frederick II., vii. 225;
battles of, v. 220; vii. 248
Prayer, Book of Common, iv. 49, 59;
set aside, 76;
adopted in Scotland, 118;
retained in Essex, 144;
restored, 158;
declared schismatic by the Pope, 214;
bill for its reform, 292;
restored again, vi. 208;
Scottish, of 1636, v. 327, 328
Preachers, "poor," ii. 317, 335;
unlicensed, forbidden by Convocation, iii. 20, 21
Presbyterianism in England
under Elizabeth, iv. 294, 296;
attempts to establish it, v. 58;
its relations with Puritanism, 59, 60;
established in Scotland, 137, 138, 140, 335;
the Long Parliament's relations with, 354, 355; vi. 14, 50;
re-established in Scotland, vii. 54
Presbyterians,
their hostility to the sectaries, vi. 45;
dominant position after the Restoration, 193;
Clarendon's policy towards, 207;
Charles II.'s, 209
Press,
censorship of, iv. 343;
liberty of, established, vi. 305;
growth of its power, viii. 11-13
Preston,
battle of, vi. 62;
surrender of Jacobites at, vii. 184
Prestonpans, battle of, vii. 228
"Pride's Purge," vi. 65
"Priests, Simple," ii. 317, 339
Primers, English, iv. 40
Printing, introduction of, iii. 155
Prior, Matthew, vii. 138
Privy Seals, Elizabeth's, iv. 233
Proclamations, James I.'s use of, v. 168, 172
"Protector," office of, offered to Oliver Cromwell, vi. 100
Protestantism,
its area at accession of Pius V., iv. 249, 250;
in England, its advance under Edward VI., 59;
effects of its spread among the people, 121, 122;
growth under Elizabeth, 292, 302-305;
position at her death, v. 107-109;
in Germany, growth after Peace of Passau, 175;
progress in Scotland, iv. 168, 169
Protestants, English,
More's dealings with, iii. 289;
their outrages, 343-345;
their position after Cromwell's fall, iv. 15, 16;
their outrages, 91, 97;
martyrdoms, 91-96, 144;
growth of extreme views among, 119, 120;
attitude towards the royal supremacy, 122;
position under Elizabeth, 149;
refugees, their leaning to Calvinism, 127;
strife among, ib., 128;
their writings, 128, 129, 133;
foreign, in England, 51, 74, 305;
German, Union of, v. 177
Protestation of the Parliament to James I., v. 228, 229
Provisions
of Oxford, ii. 61;
of Westminster, 62;
annulled by the Pope, 65;
by Mise of Amiens, 68
Prussia,
its alliance with England and France, vii. 199;
attacked by Napoleon, viii. 174;
rises against him, 201
Prynne, John, v. 305, 306, 329, 352
Pucklechurch, Eadmund the Magnificent slain at, i. 123
Puiset, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, i. 260
Pulteney, William, vii. 204
Puritanism,
its beginnings, iv. 132, 133, 339;
its relations with Presbyterianism, v. 59, 60;
with Calvinism, 86-88;
growth among the people, 88, 89;
among the clergy, 89, 90;
relation to politics, 91-93;
influence on society, 94-95;
on conduct, 95-97;
its relation to culture, 97, 98;
its narrowness, 101, 102;
its extravagance, 102-104;
its persecution of witches, 106, 107;
its doctrinal bigotry, 115;
hatred of sectaries, 116-118;
wish for reforms, 118, 119;
its ideal of the State, vi. 127, 128;
its political failure, 129;
reaction from, ib., 130, 142, 143, 162-165;
its fall, 153;
its after-results, 154;
its epic, 235-237
Puritans,
Elizabeth's relations with, iv. 339, 340;
their temper at her death, v. 109, 110;
appeal to James I., 151;
Laud's dealings with, 295-297;
their panic, 301, 302;
migration to America, 310-314, 319, 320;
Charles II.'s dealings with, vi. 208, 209
"Purveyance," ii. 290, 298
Pym, John, v. 262, 344, 345;
his political theory, 346, 347;
genius, 347, 348;
carries Strafford's impeachment, 350;
proposals for Church reform, 354;
one of the "five members," 373;
member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
resists the abolition of Episcopacy, 14;
agrees to the adoption of the Covenant, 14, 15;
dies, 17;
outrage on his corpse, 201
Quakers,
persecution of, vi. 230, 231;
their settlement in Pennsylvania, 335
Quarles, Francis, v. 303
Quebec, capture of, vii. 267, 268
Queen's County, English settlement of, iv. 111
Queensberry, William Douglas, first Duke of, vii. 19
Quiberon, battle of, vii. 265
Quinci, Saher de, Earl of Winchester, i. 343
"Quo warranto," ii. 117
Rachentege, i. 221
Radnor captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10
Rædwald, king of East Anglia, i. 59, 62
Rahere founds St. Bartholomew's Priory, i. 223
Raikes, Robert, viii. 47
Raleigh, Sir Walter,
discovers Virginia, iv. 345; v. 307;
sent to the Tower, 215;
last expedition, ib., 216;
death, 216;
his History of the World, 4;
Lives of, iv. 5
Ralph Niger, i. 174
Ramillies, battle of, vii. 126
Randolph, Sir Thomas, ii. 204, 210.
See [Moray]
Rastadt, treaty of, vii. 141
Ratæ (Leicester), i. 37
Ratisbon, conference at, iv. 101
Ravenspur,
Henry of Lancaster lands at, ii. 379;
Edward IV. lands at, iii. 141
Ray, John, vi. 167
Reading, John Cook, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
Redman, Robert, his Life of Henry V., ii. 179
Reeves
of towns, i. 296;
of royal demesnes, summoned to council at St. Albans, 339
Reformation
in England, iv. 58-60;
in Ireland, 62, 63.
See [Calvinism], [Calvinists], [Huguenots], [Lutherans], [Protestantism], [Protestants]
Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, chosen archbishop, i. 329
Religion
of the old English people, i. 22-24;
Christian, see [Christianity], [Church];
revival in twelfth century, 222
Remonstrance,
the Grand, v. 369, 370;
of the Council of officers, vi. 64;
on the State of the Realm, v. 262, 264
Renascence, the, iii. 188-190, 195;
its influence on English literature, v. 1-3
Réole, La, captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 234
Representation,
principle of, in old England, i. 20;
parliamentary, its origin, ii. 149, 150
Representation, Humble, of the army, vi. 53
Repyngdon, follower of Wyclif, ii. 340, 341
Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, iv. 300, 301, 310
Reresby's Memoirs, vi. 157
"Reserves," Papal, ii. 28
Revolution,
the English, its effect on the monarchy, vii. 60;
on Parliament, 62;
on the Church, 63, 64;
the French, see [France]
Reynolds, Edward, Bishop of Norwich, vi. 200
Rhode Island, settlement of, v. 313
Rhys ap Tewdor, Prince of South Wales, i. 246; ii. 48
Rich, Edmund. See [Edmund]
Richard (I.),
born at Oxford, i. 259;
rebels against Henry II., 254, 258;
crowned, 259;
releases the Scot-king from homage, ii. 134;
crusade, i. 259, 261;
prisoner, 261;
homage to the emperor, 262;
return, ib.;
exactions for his ransom, 350;
character, 263;
struggle with Philip Augustus, ib., 264;
builds Château-Gaillard, 265-267;
death, 267, 268
Richard (II.), son of the Black Prince, ii. 303;
his claim to the succession questioned, 306;
acknowledged by Parliament, 307;
king, 311;
dealings with the Peasant Revolt, 322-324, 331, 332;
his person, character, and policy, 350, 351;
opposition to the Parliament, 352;
struggle with Gloucester, 353, 354;
his rule, 354, 355;
campaign in Ireland, 367, 378;
change in his temper, 368;
marries Isabella of France, ib.;
quarrel with the Commons, 370, 371;
tyranny, 372;
seizes Lancastrian estates, 373;
second expedition to Ireland, 379;
return, 380;
betrayed to Henry of Lancaster, 381;
deposed, iii. 1;
prisoner at Pomfret, 7;
death, 8;
burial, 28;
authorities for his reign, ii. 178, 179
Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester,
patron of Caxton, iii. 161, 163;
expedition to Scotland, 163;
Protector, 164;
King, ib.;
rising against him, 167;
his policy, 168, 169, 171;
death, 172
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, ii. 36;
heads reforming party among the barons, 37;
king of the Romans, 71;
taken prisoner, ib.;
spared, by the younger Simon, 80;
intercedes for him, 85
Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, i. 155, 156
Richard Fitz-Neal. See [Fitz-Neal]
Richard of Devizes, i. 174
Richardson, Chief-Justice, v. 297
Richardson, Samuel, vii. 297
Richelieu, Cardinal, v. 274, 338, 339
Richelieu, Duke of, vii. 248
Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, iii. 165
Richmond, Margaret, Countess of. See [Beaufort]
Ridley, Bishop of London, iv. 91
Ridolfi, Robert, iv. 265, 272, 273
Right,
Claim of, vii. 51;
Petition of, v. 260, 261, 263
Rights, Book of, i. 8
Rights, Declaration of, vii. 46, 47, 60
Rishanger, chronicler, i. 273, 274
Rising, Castle, Queen Isabella imprisoned at, ii. 207
Rivers, Sir Richard Woodville, first earl (see [Woodville]), iii. 127, 134
Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second earl (see [Scales]), iii. 161-163
Rivoli, battle of, viii. 125
Rizzio, David, iv. 222, 226, 228
Robartes, Richard, first Lord, v. 200
Robartes, John, second Lord, vi. 220, 301
Robert I., king of Scots. See [Bruce]
Robert (II.), Steward of Scotland, ii. 213;
king, 286
Robert III., king of Scots, iii. 7, 15, 16
Robert (the Magnificent), Duke of Normandy, i. 157
Robert, son of William the Conqueror, i. 190;
Duke of Normandy, 191;
pledges Normandy to Rufus, 197;
goes on crusade, ib.;
returns, 198;
invades England, 200, 201;
defeated at Tenchebray, 202
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, i. 216, 217, 219, 220
Robespierre, Maximilien, viii. 96
Robinson, John, v. 308
Rochelle, La,
protests against severance from France, ii. 280;
surrendered to France, 287;
attempt to relieve it, 291;
revolts, v. 256;
siege of, ib.;
English expeditions to, 259, 263;
surrenders, 266, 274
Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester and justiciar, i. 341, 347; ii. 32, 34
Rochester
surrenders to William the Red, i. 192;
to John, 354;
diocese of, i. 83
Rochester, Robert Carr, Viscount, v. 190-193.
See [Somerset]
Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (see [Hyde]), vii. 2, 20, 98
Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, vi. 162
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, second Marquis of,
prime minister, vii. 329, 331;
relations with Burke, 332;
resigns, 339;
draws away from Chatham, viii. 16;
returns to office, 38;
opposes reform, 64;
death, 65
Rocroi, battle of, vi. 190
Rodney, Admiral, viii. 40
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 215, 218, 219
Roger (the Poor), chancellor, i. 218
Rogers, John, iv. 91, 95
Roland, Song of, i. 163
Romance, growth of, i. 246, 247
Romances,
the French, ii. 357;
their influence on Chaucer, 360
Rome,
disappearance of its influence in England, i. 41, 44, 45;
returns with Augustine, 58, 59;
Ælfred's intercourse with, 113;
stormed by the Duke of Bourbon, iii. 269
Romorantin taken by the Black Prince, ii. 261
Romsey, Abbey of, i. 199
Rookwood of Euston Hall, iv. 308
Roper's Life of More, iii. 83
Rosbecque, battle of, ii. 349
Roses, Wars of the,
their beginning, iii. 77;
their results, 86, 87
Ross, General, viii. 204
Rossbach, battle of, vii. 263
Rostopchin, Count, viii. 162
Roucoux, battle of, vii. 231
Rouen,
William I. dies at, i. 190;
besieged by Lewis VII., 254, 255;
Arthur murdered at, 268;
siege of, by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
Jeanne d'Arc burnt at, 54;
Henry VI.'s court at, 55;
besieged by Henry IV. of France, iv. 371;
relieved by Parma, ib.
Rouergue restored to Edward III., ii. 266
"Roundheads," v. 372
Roundway Down, battle of, vi. 6
Royal Society, its beginnings, vi. 132, 165, 166
Rudolf II., Emperor, v. 177
Runnymede, i. 347
Rupert, Prince,
captures Brentford, vi. 3;
his raid on Buckinghamshire, 9, 10;
Bristol surrenders to, 12;
defeated at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
commands royalist ships, 71, 78;
struggle with Blake, 78;
sea-fights with the Dutch, 238, 277;
returns to the Council, 278;
his "drops," 166
Rushworth's collection of State papers, v. 72
Russell, John, Lord, iv. 47, 56.
See [Bedford]
Russell, William, Lord,
head of the Country party, vi. 272;
correspondence with Barillon, 298;
takes office, 300;
supports the Exclusion, 306;
resigns, 315;
beheaded, 337;
his attainder reversed, vii. 66
Russell, Edward,
signs the invitation to William III., vii. 35;
goes to the Hague, 37;
commands the fleet, 77;
victory at La Hogue, 78;
member of the Junto, 85, 88;
resigns, 98;
impeached, 105
Russia,
its alliance with Maria Theresa, vii. 246;
treaty with George II., 247;
invaded by Napoleon, 198, 200
Russia Company, iv. 284
Ruthin burnt by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10
Ruthven, Patrick, third Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230
Rutland, Edward, Earl of (Duke of Albemarle), iii. 7, 8.
See [Albemarle]
Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, iii. 78
Rutland, John Manners, ninth Earl of, vii. 23
Ruyter, Admiral De,
his fights with Blake, vi. 88, 115;
with Monk and Rupert, 238;
with the Duke of York, 268
Rye-House plot, vi. 337
Rygge, Robert, chancellor of Oxford, ii. 340
Ryswick, Peace of, vii. 90, 91
Sacheverell, Dr., vii. 137
Sackville, Lord John, vii. 265
Sæberht, king of the East Saxons, i. 59
St. Albans,
risings of townsfolk at, ii. 84, 322, 325, 330-332;
battles at, iii. 73, 74, 78;
chroniclers of, i. 174, 273; ii. 43, 177;
council at, i. 339;
Parliament at, ii. 66
St. Andrews, Cardinal Beaton murdered at, iv. 33
St. Asaph's, John Trevor, bishop of, iii. 10
St. Cloud, battle of, iii. 23
St. Domingo
discovered, iv. 329;
English descent on, vi. 117
St. Edmundsbury,
abbey of, i. 104;
town of, 311-313;
battle near, 254;
meeting of barons at, 344;
strife of town and abbey, ii. 325-330
St. John, Henry, vii. 124;
his political writings, 138;
returns to office, 139;
intrigues against Marlborough, 140.
See [Bolingbroke]
St. John, Oliver, v. 341, vi. 81
St. Leger, Sir Anthony, iv. 62
St. Lucia conquered by England, vii. 307
St. Malo, John of Gaunt defeated at, ii. 315
Saintonge
restored to Edward III., ii. 266;
won by Du Guesclin, 287
St. Pierre, Eustache de, ii. 245
St. Pol, Waleran, count of, iii. 6
St. Quentin, battle of, iv. 108
St. Ruth, General, vii. 73
St. Vincent, Cape, battles of, viii. 40, 127
St. Vincent, island of, conquered by England, vii. 307
Saladin tithe, i. 257
Salamanca, battle of, viii. 199, 200
Salisbury,
cathedral at, ii. 106;
Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
Salisbury, Margaret, countess of, iii. 349
Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first earl of. See [Cecil]
Salisbury, James Cecil, third earl of, vi. 288
Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, i. 337, 342, 343, 345
Salisbury, William de Montacute, second earl of, ii. 306, 345, 352
Salisbury, John de Montacute, third earl of, ii. 380; iii. 8, 9
Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, fourth earl of, iii. 45
Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, iii. 73, 74, 75, 78, 112
Salt-springs in Worcestershire, ii. 107
Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 30, 45, 65
Sanders, Nicholas, iv. 316
Sandwich, Edward Montagu, first earl of, vi. 193, 214
San Graal, poem of the, i. 174, 247
San Sebastian, siege of, viii. 202
Santa Cruz, Blake's victory at, vi. 124
Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, viii. 26
Sardinia
conquered by Spain, vii. 187;
the duke of Savoy made king of, 188
Sarsfield, Patrick, vii. 72, 73
Sarum, Old, captured by the West Saxons, i. 37
Saunders, Lawrence, iv. 91
Sautre, William, iii. 5
Savile, Sir Henry, v. 229
Savile, Sir John, v. 284
Savoy
joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119;
joins the Triple Alliance, 187, 188
"Savoy," the, ii. 32, 263, 321;
conference at, vi. 204
Saxe, Marshal, vii. 226, 231
Saxons,
their early home, i. 10;
attack Britain, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34.
See [East Saxons], [Middle Saxons], [South Saxons], [West Saxons]
Saxony, Frederic III., elector of, iii. 254
Saxony, Maurice, Duke of, iv. 50, 51, 64
Say and Sele, James Fiennes, first Lord, iii. 66
Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, first Viscount, v. 320, 354, 358; vi. 194
Scales, Anthony Woodville, Lord, iii. 130, 131.
See [Rivers]
Scarborough,
Piers Gaveston besieged in, ii. 190;
peasant revolt at, 324
Schmalkald, League of, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50
Scholasticism, ii. 21, 22;
its political influence, 22, 23
Schomberg, duke of, vii. 70, 71
Schools,
English language supersedes French in, ii. 356, 357;
founded by Ælfred, i. 114;
under Henry VIII., iii. 200, 201;
under Edward VI., 201; iv. 62;
under Elizabeth, iii. 201;
at Bec, i. 159;
at Canterbury, 92;
at Jarrow, 91;
at York, ib.;
of the Friars, ii. 14;
Sunday, viii. 47
Science, physical,
Roger Bacon's plea for, ii. 20;
its beginnings in England, iii. 190; vi. 131, 132, 166, 167
Scone,
crowning-place of the Scottish kings, ii. 162;
Robert Bruce crowned at, 173;
Edward Balliol crowned at, 210;
Charles II. crowned at, vi. 82.
Scotland,
its relations with William the Conqueror, i. 189;
with William Rufus, 197;
three divisions of the kingdom, ii. 131;
relations with England in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 132-134;
English claims to its homage, 134, 135;
claimants of the crown, 136;
Edward I. acknowledged as its overlord, 137;
question of appeals from, 140;
relations with France during Hundred Years' War, 141, 197, 213;
submits to Edward I., 161;
rises against him, 167-170;
its overlordship claimed by the Pope, 170;
Edward's first conquest and settlement of, 171, 172;
his plan for its representation in English Parliament, 171;
rises again, 173;
Bruce's successes in, 191-193;
truce with England, 196;
renewed strife, 204;
its independence recognized, 205;
struggle with Edward III., 210-214;
David Bruce's plans for the succession, 264;
relations with Henry IV., iii. 7, 9;
with Owen Glyndwr, 11;
condition after Neville's Cross, 182, 183;
relations with France and England, 184;
with Henry VII., 185;
condition after 1524, iv. 22, 23;
league with France, 23;
relations with Henry VIII., 26-28;
Hertford's invasion of, 29;
Somerset's relations with, 52, 53;
Protestantism in, 111, 112, 115, 117;
condition under Mary of Guise and the Lords of the Congregation, 168, 169;
strife of religions in, 218;
unites against Mary, 245;
condition during minority of James VI., v. 122, 124;
work of the Stuarts in, 125, 126;
political effect of the Reformation in, 127;
character and rise of the people, 129, 130, 135;
proposal for its union with England, 154;
relations with Charles I., 325-328, 330, 333, 334;
revolution in, 334, 335;
rising in, 337;
seeks help of France, 338, 339;
struggle with Charles, 341, 342;
pacification, 363;
Charles I. in, ib., 364;
treaty with the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16;
first union with England, 85, 108;
its first representation in the English Parliament, 99, 101;
condition under Cromwell, 108, 109;
its union with England dissolved, 180;
Covenant abolished and Episcopacy restored in, 181;
policy of Lauderdale in, 259;
condition under James II., vii. 16, 17;
William III. recognized as king in, 51;
Jacobite risings in, 52, 183, 228-230;
Presbyterianism restored in, 54;
union with England, 127-129
Scots, i. 31;
submit to Eadward the Elder, 119;
league with Cumbrians and Welsh against Æthelstan, 119, 120;
alliance with Eadmund, 123;
conquer northern Northumbria, 146;
cession of Lothian to, its results, 147;
invade England, 217, 254;
their mode of warfare, ii. 204, 205;
recapture Berwick, 259, 263;
defeated at Homildon Hill, iii. 12;
besiege York, vi. 18;
besiege Newcastle, 23;
give up Charles I. to the Parliament, 49;
invade England again, 62;
defeated at Preston, ib.
Scrope, Henry, Lord, iii. 30
Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, iii. 18
Scutage, i. 233, 257, 344, 350, 351; ii. 104
"Sea-dogs," the, iv. 331-333
Sectaries,
their rise, v. 117;
in London, vi. 28
Sedgemoor, battle of, vii. 10
Sedley, Sir Charles, vi. 163
Selden, John, v. 306, 322
Seminary priests, the, iv. 307-309, 354;
banished, v. 156
Senlac, i. 162, 163
Serfs, manumission of, i. 325.
See [Villeins]
Seven Years' War,
its beginning, vii. 248;
its importance, 273-275;
its end, 307
Seville, Treaty of, vii. 200
Seymour, Sir Edward, vi. 253
Seymour, Jane, iii. 326, 351
Seymour, Thomas, Lord, iv. 47, 56
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Cooper, first earl of (see [Ashley Cooper]),
Lord Chancellor, vi. 271;
speech on the war, 272;
relations with the king, 275;
change of policy, 276, 277;
dismissed, 278;
his plans, 279, 280;
committed to the Tower, 288;
released, 295;
attitude towards the Popish plot, 295-297;
correspondence with Barillon, 298;
President of the Council, 300;
supports the Exclusion, 306, 307;
project for Monmouth's succession, 309, 310;
dismissed again, 311;
revives the plot, 312, 313;
struggle with Charles, 313-315, 321, 324;
arrested, 324;
bill of his indictment thrown out, 334;
popularity in London, ib.;
flight and death, 336
Shakspere, William,
his early life, v. 27-31;
first plays, 31-35;
historical plays, 35-36, 38-40;
attitude towards religion, 37, 38;
political sympathies, 39, 40;
prosperity, 41, 42;
gloom, 42-44;
last plays, 45, 46;
demand for his works in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, vii. 292
Sharp, Rev. Dr., vii. 18
Shaxton, bishop of Salisbury, iii. 336, 347
Shelburne, William Fitzmaurice, second earl of,
President of the Board of Trade, vii. 315-319;
protests against the prosecution of Wilkes, 318;
resigns, 319;
advocates repeal of the Stamp Act, 331, 338;
takes office under Chatham, 340;
resigns office, viii. 6;
heads a ministry, 65;
makes peace with America, ib.;
resigns, 66.
See [Lansdowne]
Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, vi. 162
Sheriffmuir, battle of, vii. 183
Sheriffs,
their position under William I., i. 185;
appointment regulated by Provisions of Oxford, ii. 61;
functions in the shire-court, 149;
disqualified from serving in Parliament, 300
Ship-money, v. 317;
Laud's developement of, 318;
Hampden's resistance to, 323;
its legality asserted by the judges, ib.;
trial of Hampden's case, 324, 330;
judgement on, 331;
declared illegal, 352
Shires, i. 185;
restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102;
the six, of York, i. 295
Shire-court. See [County Court]
Shire-reeves, i. 131
Shirley, James, v. 303
Shore, Jane, iii. 117
Shrewsbury (Pengwern), i. 98;
castle at, 168;
reduced by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55;
Parliament at, 121, 371;
battle of, iii. 14;
Charles I. at, vi. 2
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, first Earl of (see [Talbot]), iii. 70, 71
Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and first Duke of, vii. 23, 28;
signs the invitation to William, 35;
sends him funds, 37;
Secretary of State, 67;
negotiates with James, 77;
member of the Junto, 88;
President of the Council, 146
Shropshire ravaged by the Welsh, iii. 19
Sicily,
crown of, offered to Edmund of England, ii. 59;
ceded to Savoy, vii. 142, 186;
conquered by Spain, 187
Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first Viscount (see [Addington]), viii. 174, 179, 183
Sidney, Algernon,
supports the Independents, vi. 45;
relations with Lewis XIV., 229, 298;
holds meetings with Monmouth, etc., 336;
beheaded, 337;
his attainder reversed, vii. 66
Sidney, Sir Henry, iv. 241
Sidney, Sir Philip, v. 6, 7, 11, 12
Sikhs, the, vii. 234
Simeon of Durham, i. 6, 173, 243
Simnel, Lambert, iii. 176
Siward, Earl of Northumbria, i. 150, 152, 153
Sixtus V., Pope, iv. 353
Skeffington, Lord Deputy in Ireland, iii. 328
Skelton, John, iii. 273; iv. 43
Slanning, Sir Nicholas, vi. 6
Slave-trade
at Bristol, i. 250;
negro, its beginning, iv. 283;
in the eighteenth century, viii. 52;
proposals for its abolition, ib., 79;
abolished, 178, 179
Slavery
in Old England, i. 16, 17;
dies out, 321, 322
Sluys, sea-fight off, ii. 228
Smerwick, slaughter of its garrison, iv. 316
Smith, Adam, viii. 73
Smith, John, settler of Virginia, v. 307
Smith, Sir Sidney, viii. 141
Smithfield,
Priory of St. Bartholomew at, i. 223;
Archbishop Boniface's visitation of, ii. 32
Smollett, Tobias, vii. 297
Snowdon, Lords of, ii. 53
Solway Moss, battle of, iv. 25
Somers, John, vii. 46;
member of the Junto, 85;
Lord Keeper, 88;
retires, 98;
impeached, 105;
arranges the Union with Scotland, 128;
President of the Council, 133;
of the Royal Society, vi. 166;
death, vii. 182
Somerset
conquered by West Saxons, i. 90;
rises against William I., 168;
lead-mines in, 30
Somerset, John Beaufort, Earl of, (Marquis of Dorset), iii. 7
Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, iii. 59
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of (see [Beaufort]),
Regent of France, iii. 62;
recalled, 67;
arrested, 68;
released, ib.;
captain of Calais, 69;
committed to the Tower, 71, 72;
released, 72;
slain, 74
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, iii. 78, 80, 126
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, iii. 140, 143-145
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (see [Rochester]), v. 193, 204-207
Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (see [Hertford]), iv. 46;
Protector, 47;
his policy, 48, 53, 54;
relations with Scotland, 52;
victory at Pinkie Cleugh, 513;
revolts against, 55;
his misrule, 56;
fall, 57;
beheaded, 65
Somerset, Charles Seymour, sixth Duke of, vii. 21, 146
Somerset, Frances, Countess of. See [Howard]
Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, iii. 161
Somerton captured by Æthelbald, i. 91
Somerville, plotter, iv. 350
Soranzo's Despatches, iv. 3
Sophia, Electress of Hanover, vii. 103, 144
Soult, Marshal, viii. 188, 200, 202
Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, first Earl of (see [Wriothesley]), iv. 47
Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of, v. 41, 43
Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of, vi. 193, 244
South-Engle, i. 37, 119
Southey, Robert, viii. 135
South-folk, i. 42
South-Saxons, kingdom of, i. 34
South Sea Bubble, vii. 192
Southwark
burnt by William the Conqueror, i. 165;
Bishop Beaufort's palace at, attacked, iii. 44
Spain,
its relations with Aquitaine and France, ii. 281, 282;
Edward III.'s policy in, 282, 283, 287;
its growth under Ferdinand and Isabel, iii. 186;
its greatness under Philip II., iv. 325-327;
possessions in the New World, 329;
ruin of its power, 366;
its relations with James I., v. 212-214, 226, 227, 230-233;
decline, vi. 113, 190;
Cromwell's war with, 117;
relations with Charles II., 187;
with Lewis XIV., 249, 250;
joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 49;
dispute for the succession in, 90, 92-94, 98, 99;
English descent on, 118;
Peterborough's campaign in, 126;
attempts to regain its lost possessions, 186-188;
end of the succession quarrel, 188;
relations with Austria, 199, 200;
with France, 213-216;
efforts to regain monopoly of trade in America, 216, 217;
war with England, 219, 306;
cedes Florida, 307;
league with France and America, viii. 30;
mastered by Napoleon, 185;
rises against him, 186;
Wellesley's campaigns in, 187, 188, 199, 200;
the French driven from, 202
Speed's Chronicle, v. 4
Spencer, George John, second Earl, viii. 104, 156
Spenser, Edmund, v. 11-19
Spice Islands conquered by England, viii. 112
Spinola, Ambrogio, v. 219, 220
Spires, Diet of, iv. 19
Sports, Book of, v. 296
Spottiswood, Archbishop of St. Andrews, v. 326
Sprigge's Anglia Rediviva, v. 73
Spurs, battle of the, iii. 210
Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118
Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, vi. 321
Stafford, Henry, iii. 166
Stafford, Sir Humphrey, iii. 66
Stafford, Thomas, iv. 107
Stair, John Dalrymple, second Earl of, vii. 229
Stamford,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119
Stamford Bridge, battle of, i. 162
Stamford, Henry Grey, first Earl of, vi. 5
Standard,
battle of the, i. 217;
Harold's, at Senlac, 163, 164;
of Wessex, the Golden Dragon, 96, 163
Stanhope, James, first Earl, vii. 182, 190, 192
Stanley, Thomas, Lord, iii. 171, 172
Stanley, Sir William, iii. 172
Staple, Gild of the, ii. 304;
reform of, under Richard II., 355
Star-Chamber, Court of, i. 256; ii. 112; iii. 178;
regulates the Press, iv. 343;
developement under Charles I., v. 278;
Laud's use of, 329;
its civil jurisdiction abolished by Long Parliament, 363
States-General, the French, viii. 83;
become a National Assembly, 86
Statutes
substituted for Ordinances, ii. 298, 299;
Petitions changed into, iii. 90;
of Apparel, 65;
of Appeals, 302;
of Occasional Conformity, vii. 123;
repealed, 184:
Conventicle, vi. 220;
Corporation, 207;
Declaratory, vii. 338;
of Economical Reform, viii. 64. 76;
of First-fruits, iii. 302, 304;
Five Mile, vi. 229;
of Grace, vii. 69;
Habeas Corpus, vi. 305, 306;
suspended, vii. 184; viii. 105, 113;
of Heresy, iii. 4, 5;
repealed, iv. 61;
re-enacted, 89;
of Indemnity and Oblivion, vi. 194, 196, 204;
of Kilkenny, ii. 377;
of Labourers, 255;
attempts to enforce, 289, 313;
demand for their repeal, iii. 65;
of Libel, viii. 92;
of Liveries, iii. 118, 177;
of Maintenance, ii. 355; iii. 105;
of Merchants, ii. 122;
Mutiny, vii. 61, 62;
of Mortmain, ii. 118, 119;
Navigation, vi. 86; vii. 310;
Poor Laws, iv. 276, 277;
Poynings', iii. 181;
repealed, viii. 37, 39;
of Præmunire, ii. 274, 355;
of Provisors, 273, 275, 355;
"Quia Emptores," 124, 151;
"de Religiosis," 118;
of Rights, vii. 60;
Schism, 143;
repealed, 184;
of Security, 129;
Septennial, 185;
of Settlement, 103, 127;
Stamp, 326, 327;
American resistance to, 330;
Pitt and Shelburne demand its repeal, 331;
repealed, 338;
of Succession, iii. 317; iv. 45, 67;
of Supremacy, iii. 305; iv. 157;
Test, iv. 215, 273, 308; vi. 273;
James II.'s endeavours to procure its repeal, vii. 22, 23;
Toleration, 64;
of Treason, ii. 292; iii. 314, 319;
Triennial, v. 352; vii. 88;
of Union with Scotland, 128;
of Union with Ireland, viii. 139;
of Uniformity, iv. 159; vi. 208;
of Uses, ii. 355;
of Wales, 121;
of Westminster, the first, 103;
second, 122;
third, 124;
of Winchester, 122;
against Witchcraft, v. 105, 106
Steam-engine, invention of the, viii. 57-59
Steel Yard, the, iv. 282
Steele, Richard, vii. 158
Steinkirk, battle of, vii. 79
Stephen of Blois, i. 214;
chosen king, 215;
crowned, 216;
his charter, ib.;
revolts against him, 216, 217;
quarrel with the Church, 218, 219;
struggle with Matilda, 219, 220;
proposes to crown his son, 226;
treaty with Henry, 227;
death, 228
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 161, 187
Stillingfleet, Edmund, vi. 252; vii. 19
Stirling,
battle of, ii. 168;
surrenders to Edward, 171;
invested by Bruce, 191;
Lords of the Congregation muster at, iv. 245
Stoke, battle of, iii. 176
Stokes, Peter, ii. 340
Stow, battle of, vi. 42
Stowe's Chronicle, v. 4
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of (see [Wentworth]),
his war policy, v. 340-342;
impeached, 350;
trial, 356;
attainder, 357;
death, 361
Stralsund, siege of, v. 274
Strassburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335
Stratford-on-Avon, Shakspere's home at, v. 28, 41, 46
Stratford-le-Bow, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 144
Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 232
Strathclyde,
its struggle with Æthelfrith, i. 60;
submits to Eadward the Elder, 119
Streoneshealh. See [Whitby]
Strickland, member of Parliament in 1571, iv. 292
Strode, one of the "five members," v. 373
Strongbow. See [Clare, Richard of]
Strype's historical collections, iii. 84; iv. 3, 4
Stuart, Arabella, v. 121
Stuart, Charles Edward, vii. 227-230
Stuart, Esmé. See [Lennox]
Stuart, James Francis, son of James II., vii. 34, 35;
known as the "Old Pretender," 103;
acknowledged as king by Lewis XIV., 106;
attainted, 107;
withdraws to Lorraine, 143;
plans a rising in Scotland, 183;
proclaimed as "James VIII." at Edinburgh, 228
Stuart, Lord James, Prior of St. Andrews, iv. 114, 199.
See [Murray]
Stuarts, the,
their work in Scotland, v. 125, 126;
their lack of sympathy with England, 148, 149
Stubbs, John, iv. 337, 338
Stukely, Sir Thomas, iv. 315
Suchet, General, viii. 191
Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 320, 323
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of,
his campaign in France, iii. 247;
policy at home, 270, 277;
President of the Council, 286;
marriage, iv. 46, 69
Suffolk, Frances Grey, Duchess of, iv. 69
Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, iv. 65, 69, 82, 84
Suffolk, Thomas Howard, first Earl of, v. 191, 204
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of. See [Pole]
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, iii. 59, 61-63
Sunderland, Robert Spencer, second Earl of, vi. 301;
opposes the Exclusion, 307, 310;
urges Charles II. to yield to it, 319, 321;
relations with Charles, vii. 2;
with James II., 12;
betrays James to William, 37;
urges the calling of a Parliament, 39;
dismissed, 40;
character, 82;
his ministerial system, 83, 84, 98
Sunderland, Charles Spencer, third Earl of,
ambassador at Vienna, vii. 125;
Secretary of State, 131;
his policy, 132;
dismissed, 139;
in the Stanhope ministry, 190
Surajah Dowlah, vii. 261, 262
Surrey, rising in, iii. 64
Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of (Earl of Kent), iii. 7, 8
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, iv. 42-45
Surrey, Thomas Howard, second Earl of, iii. 210.
See [Norfolk]
Surrey, Thomas Howard, third Earl of, iii. 244, 248.
See [Norfolk]
Surrey, Earls of. See [Warenne]
Sussex
accepts Wulfhere's overlordship, i. 85;
conquered by Ine, 90;
rising in, iii. 64;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96;
ironworks in, iv. 279.
See [South Saxons]
Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, third Earl of, iv. 111, 240, 241, 269
Swan, Edward I.'s vow on the, ii. 95, 173, 174
Sweden united under King Eric, i. 128
Swein I., king of Denmark, i. 140-143
Swein II., Estrithson, king of Denmark, i. 167
Swein, son of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151, 152
Swereford, Alexander de, ii. 43
Swift, Jonathan, vi. 158; vii. 138
Swineshead, abbey of, i. 356
Swinford, Catherine, ii. 369; iii. 59
Sydenham, Thomas, vi. 166
Table, the Round,
legends of, i. 247;
of Edward I., ii. 95;
of Edward III., 249, 290
"Tables," the, v. 331, 333
Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 35
Taillefer, i. 163
Tailors' gild at Exeter, i. 318
Talavera, battle of, viii. 188
Talbot, John, Lord, iii. 56, 63.
See [Shrewsbury]
Taliesin, ii. 53, 57
Tallard, Marshal, vii. 120
Talleyrand, Maurice de, viii. 206
Tamworth fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118
Tancred, king of Sicily, i. 260
Tangier
ceded to England, vi. 192;
English garrison withdrawn from, vii. 4
Taunton
founded by Ine, i. 89;
Blake's defence of, vi. 78;
Monmouth at, vii. 9
Taxation
under the Norman kings, ii. 104;
under Richard I., i. 264, 350;
under John, 330, 322, 351;
regulated by Great Charter, 351; ii. 105, 145;
under Edward III., 291;
Wolsey's plans of, iii. 245, 246;
character under Elizabeth, iv. 233;
Parliament regains control over, vii. 60, 61;
during the French war, viii. 114, 137;
arbitrary, abolished, v. 352;
indirect, its introduction and growth, ii. 105;
of personal property, i. 257; ii. 105;
of boroughs, 152, 153;
of wool, 107;
of America, schemes for, vii. 311, 326; viii. 3, 4, 14;
papal, of the clergy, ii. 42
Taylor, Jeremy, vi. 134-137, 326
Taylor, Rowland, iv. 92-94
Teignmouth burnt by the French, vii. 76
Temple, Richard Grenville, second Earl, vii. 250, 304, 328, 339
Temple, Sir Peter, v. 323
Temple, Sir William,
ambassador at Brussels, vi. 227;
at the Hague, 249;
Secretary of State, 301;
reorganizes the council, 302-304;
opposes the Exclusion, 307, 311;
retires from politics, 315;
assents to the Exclusion, 319;
his Memoirs, 157
Tenchebray, battle of, i. 202
Testament, the New, Erasmus's edition of, iii. 213, 215
Tewkesbury, battle of, iii. 144, 145
Thames entered by northmen, i. 116
Thanes, gild of, at Canterbury, i. 299
Thanet,
Jutes land in, i. 31, 32;
Augustine lands in, 57, 58
Thanet, Thomas Tufton, sixth Earl of, vii. 23
Theatre, first public, in London, v. 22
Thegns, i. 50-52;
of the royal household, 132
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 223;
legate, 225;
his policy, 226, 227;
study of law in his court, 283;
retires from politics, 232;
dies, 234
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 81, 83, 84;
his school at Canterbury, 92
Theology, revived study of, in thirteenth century, ii. 13, 14
"Theow," the, i. 322
Thirty Years' War, its beginning, v. 217, 219;
its end, vi. 113
Thomas of Canterbury, St. See [Beket]
"Thorough," Stafford's, v. 292
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, iv. 175
Thurlow's State Papers, v. 73
Thurstan, Archbishop of York, i. 217
Ticonderoga, Fort, vii. 244, 266, 267
Tilbury, muster at, iv. 357, 359
Tillotson, John, vi. 169, 252; vii. 19;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 65
Tilly, Count, v. 232
Tilsit, peace of, viii. 175
Tin,
export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279;
mines, i. 30; ii. 107
Tippermuir, battle of, vi. 23
Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, viii. 131, 140
Tithes, introduction of, i. 84
Tithing, i. 322
Titus Livius, his Gesta Henrici V., ii. 179; iii. 41
Tone, Wolfe, viii. 120
Torbay, William of Orange lands at, vii. 40
Torgau, battle of, vii. 302
"Tories,"
origin of the name, vi. 315;
their policy in 1689, vii. 45, 46;
attack Marlborough, 138;
their helplessness, 166, 167;
withdraw from politics, 167, 168;
return, 299;
oppose the abolition of the slave-trade, viii. 179;
govern during the war with Napoleon, ib., 180
Torres Vedras, Wellington's defence of, viii. 190
Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of. See [Herbert]
Tortulf the Forester, i. 209
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 153, 160-162
Toulon, revolt of, viii. 109
Toulouse,
battle of, viii. 202;
war of, i. 233, 234
Touraine
conquered by the Angevins, i. 212;
by Philip Augustus, 269;
ceded to France, ii. 63
Tournaments under Edward III., ii. 251
Tournay besieged by Edward III., ii. 228
Tours
won by Geoffry Martel, i. 212;
by Philip Augustus, 258;
council of, 235
Tourville, Admiral, vii. 75, 78
Towns, English,
their origin, i. 294, 295;
early constitution, 296;
common lands, ib.;
relation to their lords, ib., 297;
administration of justice in, 297, 313;
emancipation, 300-302;
struggle of classes in, 315-318;
their liberties secured by Great Charter, 352;
settlement of Friars in, ii. 10, 11;
support Simon de Montfort, 68, 69;
represented in county court, 73;
representatives of, summoned to Parliament, ib.;
taxation of, 152, 153;
forced labour in, 257;
strikes and combinations in, 267;
support the House of York, iii. 76;
restriction of franchise in, 99-101;
Charles II.'s dealings with, vii. 3.
See [Boroughs]
Townshend, Charles, second Viscount,
Secretary of State and Prime Minister, vii. 182, 189;
resigns, 190;
returns to office, 191;
Secretary again under Walpole, 193;
turned out, 203
Townshend, Charles, vii. 247;
takes office under Pitt, 250;
deserts him, 303;
President of Board of Trade, 310;
refuses office under Grenville, 315;
accepts it again under Chatham, 341;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, viii. 3;
death, 4
Townshend's Journal of Parliamentary Proceedings, iv. 5
Township, the Old English, i. 11
Towton, battle of, iii. 79, 80
Trade, English,
under Eadgar, i. 138;
growth after Norman Conquest, 177;
regulated by Great Charter, 352;
under Edward I., ii. 106, 107, 122;
Richard's II.'s care for, 355;
increase in fifteenth century, iii. 106;
Edward's IV.'s laws for protection of, ib.;
growth under Richard III., iv. 282;
under Henry VII., ib.;
under Elizabeth, 279-283; v. 77;
struggle of the Commons for its freedom, 57, 58;
Parliament gains control over, vii. 63;
foreign, regulated by Statute of Staples, ii. 292;
extension under Charles I., v. 281;
effects of the Continental System on, viii. 177;
effect of the American embargo on, 183;
growth during the French war, 194;
with English colonies in America, monopoly of, vii. 195, 241;
with India, vii. 232;
with Spanish America, 192, 216;
Board of, established, 89.
See [Iron], [Tin], [Wool], [Slave]
Trade and Plantations, Board for, vii. 240
Trade-gilds, i. 316-318
Trafalgar, battle of, viii. 173
"Trail-bastons," ii. 116
Treasurer, the,
origin of his office, i. 132;
right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38
Treaties, commercial,
with Florence, iv. 282;
with France, viii. 79
Trent, Council of, iv. 32, 35, 36;
dispersed, 51;
reassembles, 64;
breaks up again, 65;
reassembled again, 192
Tresham, Francis, v. 159
Tresilian, Chief-Justice, ii. 353
Trevanion, Sir John, vi. 6
Trevisa, John of, ii. 357
Trichinopoly, Clive's relief of, vii. 235
Triploe Heath, meeting of the army at, vi. 52
Tristram,
story of, i. 247;
rimes of, ii. 360
Trivet's Annals, i. 274
Trokelowe's Annals, ii. 177
Tromp, Martin, vi. 86, 88, 115
Tromp, Cornelius, vi. 277
Troyes, treaty of, iii. 35
Trussel, Sir William, ii. 199
Tudor, Edmund. See [Richmond]
Tudor, Henry. See [Henry VII.]
Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, iii. 132, 143, 165
Tudor, Owen, iii. 165
"Tulchan-bishops," v. 137
"Tun," the, i. 11, 295
Tunstall, Cuthbert, iii. 256
Turenne, Marshal, vi. 124
Turgot, annalist of Durham, i. 243
Turin, siege of, vii. 131
Turkey, schemes for its partition, viii. 161, 162
Turks capture Constantinople, iii. 189
Turner, Sir James, v. 73
Tyburn, Roger Mortimer beheaded at, ii. 207
Tyler, Walter, ii. 319, 321, 323
Tyndale, William, iii. 258, 259
Tyrconnell, Richard Talbot, first Earl and Duke of, vii. 17, 55-57
Tyrone, rising in, v. 62
Tyrone, Con O'Neill, first Earl of, iv. 110, 240
Udall, John, iv. 343
Ulm, capitulation of, viii. 173
Ulster,
John de Courcy in, ii. 374;
rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, v. 61, 62;
colonization of, 288, 289
Universities,
rise of, i. 282;
their cosmopolitan spirit, 290;
democratic constitution, 291;
relations with the Church, 292, 293;
Friars at, ii. 13;
revival of theology at, ib., 14;
English, their decline during Wars of the Roses, iii. 98;
the New Learning at, 201, 202;
Henry VIII.'s appeal to, 291, 292;
decline under Edward VI., iv. 62;
James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24-26
Urban V., Pope, ii. 275
Uriconium burnt by the West Saxons, i. 38
Usher, Archbishop of Armagh, v. 290, 353; vi. 199
Utrecht,
treaty of, vii. 141;
Union of, iv. 312
Uxbridge, negotiations at, vi. 38
Vacarius, i. 283, 285
Valence, Aymer de, Bishop of Winchester, ii. 33
Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 174, 183
Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33
Val-ès-Dunes, battle of, i. 158
Valois, Charles of, ii. 208
Vane, Sir Harry, the elder, vi. 102
Vane, Sir Harry (the younger),
leader of the Independents, v. 354; vi. 45;
negotiates with Scotland, 14, 108;
opposes ordinance against heresy, 60;
re-creates a navy, 78;
his policy, 86, 89;
attacks the Protectorate, 148;
exempted from pardon, 195;
executed, 204
Vannes, Henry of Lancaster sails from, ii. 373
Varangians, i. 167
Varaville, battle of, i. 158
Vassy, massacre of Protestants at, iv. 208
Vaudois, massacre of, vi. 123
Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, vii. 134
Venner, leader of Fifth-Monarchy men, vi. 182
Verden, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189
Vere, Robert de (third Earl of Oxford), i. 343
Vere, Robert de (ninth Earl of Oxford), ii. 350, 351, 353;
Duke of Ireland, 377
Vere, Sir Horace, v. 219
Vergil, Polydore, ii. 180
Verneuil, battle of, iii. 39
Verney, Sir Edmund, v. 369
Verney, Sir Ralph, v. 72
Vernon, Admiral, vii. 219, 221
Vervins, treaty of, v. 60, 62
Vesci, Eustace de, i, 335, 347
Vienne, John de, ii. 349
Village, the English, i. 10, 11;
its organization after the Norman Conquest, 322
Villars, Marshal, vii. 134
Villenage
unknown in Kent, ii. 320;
demand for its abolition in the eastern counties, 321;
dies out, 333; iii. 65
Villeneuve, Admiral, viii. 172
Villeins, i. 133, 321-323;
their relations with the lord, 323-325;
rise into yeomen, ii. 240, 241;
attempts to check their enfranchisement, 256, 257, 266, 267, 335;
revolt of, see [Peasant Revolt]
Villeroy, Duke of, vii. 125, 126
Villiers, George, v. 207-210.
See [Buckingham]
Vimiera, battle of, viii. 187
Vinegar Hill, battle of, viii. 130
Virginia discovered, iv. 345;
settled, v. 307, 308;
heads resistance to the Stamp Act, vii. 330;
remonstrates against taxation, viii. 14;
adheres to England, 20
Vitoria, battle of, viii. 202
Voltaire, his visit to England, vii. 152
Volunteers, the Irish, viii. 37
Wace, i. 174, 247
Wake, Baldwin, ii. 84, 86
Wakefield, battle of, iii. 78
Walcourt, skirmish at, vii. 50
Walcheren, English expedition to, viii. 188
Walden, Roger, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 371
Wales,
sources of its early history, i. 7;
its struggle with Mercia, ii. 46;
subject to the West Saxon kings, ib.;
Harold's campaign in, i. 153, ii. 47;
William I.'s, i. 189, ii. 47;
William II.'s, i. 198, ii. 48;
Henry I.'s dealings with, 48;
Henry II.'s campaigns in, i. 232; ii. 53, 54;
Gerald de Barri's account of, i. 245, 274;
John's campaigns in, ii. 54, 55;
national revival in, 49-58;
Edward's first campaign in, 59;
outbreaks in, 65, 66;
Edward I.'s annexations in, 109;
conquest of, 119-121;
incorporated with England, 121;
revolts, 142, 143; iii. 9-12;
students from, at Oxford, i. 291;
Council of, v. 168.
See [Welsh]
Walker, Obadiah, vii. 25
Wall, the Roman, i. 30
Wallace, William, ii. 167-169, 171
Wallenstein, v. 274
Waller, Edmund, vi. 325
Waller, Sir William,
defeated at Lansdowne Hill and Roundway Down, vi. 6;
his reception by the Parliament, 13;
joins Essex, 18, 19;
defeated at Cropredy bridge, 22;
retires, 35
Wallingford, treaty of, i. 227
Wallington, Nehemiah, v. 72, 73, 94
Wallis, Dr. John, vi. 132
Wallis, Captain, vii. 277
Walloons, fugitive Protestant, in England, iv. 51, 58
Walpole, Robert, vii. 134;
his temper, 178;
policy, 179-181;
in the Townshend ministry, 182;
resigns, 190;
defeats the Peerage Bill, 191;
returns to office, ib.;
head of the Government, 192, 193;
his peace policy, 193, 194;
finance, 195, 196;
his policy of inaction, 197;
towards Catholics and Nonconformists, 198;
relations with George II., 200;
Excise Bill, 195, 201-203;
his jealousy of his colleagues, 203;
strives to avoid war, 215, 217;
loss of his power, 218;
consents to war with Spain, ib.;
plans of alliance with Russia and Prussia, 220;
fall, 222;
rejects the project for an American Excise, 241
Walsingham, Sir Francis, iv. 119; v. 63
Walsingham's History, i. 274; ii. 177, 179; iii. 98
Walter of Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, i. 260, 261, 266
Walter of Coventry, i. 273
Walters, Lucy, vi. 176
Walworth, William, ii. 312, 323
Wanborough, battle of, i. 90
Warbeck, Perkin, iii. 180, 181, 184, 185, 187
Ward, Dr. Seth, vi. 132
Wareham, northmen encamp at, i. 106
Warenne, William, sixth Earl of, i. 345
Warenne and Surrey, John, seventh Earl of, ii. 117
Warenne and Surrey, John, eighth Earl of, ii. 162, 168
Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury,
his patronage of the New Learning, iii. 196-198;
protects Colet, 204;
helps Erasmus, 212, 215;
the seals offered to, 289;
death, 303
Warner's Albion's England, v. 35
Warwick, Guy Beauchamp, second Earl of, ii. 187, 190
Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 370, 371
Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (see [Lisle]), iv. 47;
puts down revolt in Norfolk, 56;
Protector, 57.
See [Northumberland]
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, iii. 73, 75;
defeated at St. Albans, 79;
victor at Towton, ib., 80;
his greatness, 112, 113, 118;
character, 114, 115;
policy, 119, 122;
negotiations with Lewis XI., 123, 124;
rivalry with the Woodvilles, 127;
mission to France, 129;
estranged from Edward, 131;
submits to him, 132;
intrigues with Clarence, 133;
revolts, 134, 135;
repulsed from Calais, 135;
difficulties with Burgundy, 136;
alliance with the Lancastrians, 137;
lands at Dartmouth, 138;
restores Henry VI., 139;
slain, 142
Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, iii. 175, 187
Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl of,
resists a forced loan, v. 255;
plans to emigrate, 319;
put in command of the fleet, 378
Warwick, Sir Philip, v. 72
Washington, George,
his attack on Duquesne, vii. 243;
takes it, 266;
his influence in Virginia, viii. 15;
his character, 21, 22;
his defence of Boston, 23;
evacuates New York, etc., 24;
his campaign of 1777, 25;
forces Cornwallis to surrender, 32
Washington city burnt by the English, viii. 204
"Water-beggars," the, iv. 298
Waterford besieged by Cromwell, vi. 77
Waterloo, battle of, viii. 208-211
Watling Street, i. 120
Watt, James, viii. 58
Waverley, Annals of, i. 273
Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 66
Weald, iron-mines in the, ii. 107
Wearmouth,
Benedict Biscop's abbey at, i. 91, 92;
plundered by northmen, 101
Weavers,
gild of, i. 317;
Flemish, in England under Edward III., ii. 226
Wedmore, Peace of, i. 107
Weights, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352
Welles, Sir Robert, iii. 135
Wellesley, Sir Arthur,
his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 186, 188.
See [Wellington]
Wellesley, Richard, Marquis (see [Mornington]), viii. 140;
his devotion to Pitt, 71;
words on Pitt's death, 174;
Foreign Secretary, 189
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first Viscount and Duke of (see [Wellesley]),
his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 190, 191, 199, 200, 202;
enters France, 202;
campaign in Belgium, 207-211
Welsh, the,
defeated by Cenwealh, i. 87;
by Offa, 97;
league with Scots and Cumbrians against Æthelstan, 119;
rise against Æthelred II., 139;
subdued by Harold, 153; ii. 47;
rise against William I., i. 167;
against John, 333, 334; ii. 55;
national revival, 49-58;
ravage Shropshire, iii. 19;
Oxford students join Owen Glyndwr, 11;
North, tributary to Æthelstan, i. 119, 120;
West, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120;
driven from Exeter, ib.
See [Britons], [Wales]
Welwood's Memoirs, vi. 158
Wendover, Roger of, i. 273; ii. 43
Wentworth, Paul, iv. 238
Wentworth, Peter, v. 56
Wentworth, Thomas,
member for Yorkshire, v. 195, 260, 282-284;
policy and character, 285-287;
Deputy in Ireland, 290;
his rule there, 290-292, 364, 365;
returns, 338.
See [Strafford]
Wenzel of Bohemia, king of the Romans, ii. 348
Wesley, Charles, vii. 207
Wesley, John, vii. 207-210
Wessex,
its power under Ceawlin and Cuthwulf, i. 56;
fall, ib.;
attacked by Eadwine, 63;
subdued, 64;
greatness under Ine, 89, 90;
civil strife in, 90;
subject to Mercia, ib., 91;
rises against Æthelbald, 96;
anarchy in, 97;
greatness under Ecgberht, 102;
attacked by northmen, 103, 105, 106;
revival under Ælfred, 107, 112, 113;
submits to Swein, 143;
to Cnut, ib.;
its Golden Dragon standard, 96, 163;
earldom of, 146.
See [West Saxons]
Westfold, Harald of, i. 128
West Indian Company, vi. 223
West Indies, English conquests in, vii. 307
Westminster, Eadward the Confessor's abbey at, i. 149;
rebuilt by Henry III. ii. 25;
completed under Edward I., 106;
William I. crowned at, i. 166;
the Scotch coronation stone removed to, ii. 162;
refounded by Mary, iv. 106;
Henry VII.'s chapel in, iii. 174;
Assembly of Divines at, vi. 30;
Caxton's press at, iii. 156;
chapel of St. Stephen at, ii. 290;
Chaucer's home at, 366;
the Jerusalem Chamber at, iii. 25;
Parliament fixed at, ii. 158;
Provisions of, 62;
Statutes of, 103, 122, 124
"Westminster, Matthew of," ii. 43
Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, first Earl of, iii. 14, 18
Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, fourth Earl of, iii. 323
Westmoreland, Henry Neville, fifth Earl of, iv. 162
Westmoreland, Charles Neville, sixth Earl of, iv. 268, 269
Weston, Lord Treasurer, v. 265;
Earl of Portland, 276;
revives monopolies, 279;
success of his financial measures, 280;
death, 315
Westphalia,
kingdom of, viii. 185;
treaty of, vi. 113, 187
West Saxons,
foundation of their kingdom, i. 34;
defeated by Arthur, ib.;
defeated in a raid upon Chester, 38;
take Old Sarum, 37;
conquer Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, ib.;
victory at Deorham, 38, 61;
burn Uriconium, 38;
driven back across Thames, 85;
advance to south-west, 87;
defeated at Bensington, 98.
See [Wessex]
Wexford, massacre at, vi. 77;
revolt at, viii. 129
Wharton, Philip, fourth Lord, v. 343; vi. 288;
member of the Junto, viii. 85;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 133;
death, 181
Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Albans, iii. 40
"Whiggamore Raid," vi. 62
"Whigs,"
origin of the name, vi. 62, 315;
their policy in 1689, vii. 45;
struggle with Marlborough and Anne, 132, 133;
refuse peace, 136;
dismissed from office, 139;
invite Marlborough's aid, 145;
their relations with the Church, 169;
with the Crown, 172, 174;
with Parliament, 175, 176;
fidelity to the principles of the Revolution, 177;
relations with public opinion, 289;
with Pitt, 301;
the "Old," viii. 104;
in Scotland, their outrages, vii. 16
White, Sir Thomas, iv. 157
Whitefield, George, vii. 205, 209
Whitehall built, iii. 236
Whitelock, Bulstrode, v. 306, 322, 323;
his Memoirs, 72
White Ship, wreck of the, i. 207, 208
Whitby (Streoneshealh),
Hild's abbey at, i. 77;
synod of, 79, 80;
its effect on England, 80, 81
Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341, 343; v. 58;
his Articles, iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116;
Strype's Life of, iv. 4
Whittingham, Dean of Durham, iv. 127
Wight, Isle of, annexed to Sussex, i. 85
Wilberforce, William, viii. 48, 52
Wilfrid, St., i. 79, 92;
Eddi's Life of, 4
Wilkes, John, vii. 249;
his services to the Constitution, 313;
attacks the Government in the North Briton, 314, 317, 318;
arrested, 318;
prosecuted for libel, ib.;
flies to France, ib.;
returned for Middlesex, viii. 5;
imprisoned, 6;
struggle with the Government, 7;
with the House of Commons, ib., 8;
his proposal for Parliamentary reform, 75
Wilkins, Dr. John, vi. 132, 166
William the Conqueror,
duke of Normandy, i. 157;
visits England, 158;
subdues Maine and Britanny, ib.;
his claim on England, 160;
lands at Pevensey, 162;
exploits at Senlac, 163, 164;
chosen king, 165;
crowned, 166;
returns to Normandy, 167;
risings against him, ib., 168;
his vengeance on the north, 168, 169;
march on Chester, 169, 179;
master of England, 170;
receives the Scot king's fealty, ib.;
his character, 178, 179;
rule, 179-181;
dealings with feudalism, 181-185;
with Old English judicial and administrative organization, 185;
finance, 186;
dealings with the Church, 187, 188;
with Wales, 189; ii. 47;
suppresses slave-trade at Bristol, i. 250;
last war and death, 190
William the Red,
king, i. 191;
revolts against him, ib., 192;
his rule, 192;
dealings with the barons, 193;
with the Church, ib.;
with Anselm, 196;
with Normandy and Scotland, 197;
with Wales, 198; ii. 48;
death, i. 198
William III.,
Prince of Orange, vi. 225;
his youth, 269;
repels the French invasion of Holland, 270, 277;
his diplomatic success, 277;
plans for his marriage, 283;
defeated at Cassel, 289;
marriage, 290;
plans the Grand Alliance, 317;
policy in England, ib., 318;
visits England, 334;
shelters Monmouth, vii. 8;
forbidden to visit England, 12;
relations with James II., 26-28;
invited to England, 35;
his preparations, 37;
lands at Torbay, 40;
his advance, 42;
enters London, 44;
calls a Convention, ib.;
declines to be Regent, 46;
the Crown offered to, 47;
he accepts it, 48;
his foreign aims, ib.;
dealings with Scotland, 51;
signs the warrant for the massacre of Glencoe, 53;
relations with Parliament, 62, 63, 66, 69;
campaign in Ireland, 71;
goes to Flanders, 76;
defeated at Steinkirk, 79;
struggle with the Commons, 81, 82;
treaty with Lewis, 90, 91;
policy as to the Spanish succession, 92, 93;
his unpopularity, 95;
forced to send home his Dutch guards, 97;
forms a new Grand Alliance, 107;
his relations with Marlborough and Anne, 110;
death, 112
William the Ætheling, i. 207
William the Lion, king of Scots, i. 255, 259; ii. 134
William Longsword, duke of Normandy, i. 155
William, son of Robert of Normandy, i. 203, 208, 213, 214
William of Jumièges, i. 6
William of the Long Beard, i. 319, 320
Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, v. 255, 353, 371
Williams, Roger, v. 312, 313
Willis, Thomas, vi. 166
Willoughby, Hugh, iv. 282; v. 9
Wiltshire, rising in, iii. 67
Wiltshire, Thomas Boleyn, Earl of, iii. 291.
See [Boleyn]
Wiltshire, William Scrope, Earl of, iii. 18
Winceby, skirmish at, vi. 33
Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury,
opposes Edward I., ii. 163, 165, 170;
head of the "Ordainers," 188
Winchester
surrendered to William the Conqueror, i. 165;
welcomes Stephen, 215;
battle at, 220;
pillaged by the younger Simon de Montfort, ii. 82;
marriage of Philip and Mary at, iv. 86;
Ælfred's abbey at, i. 113;
Wykeham's college at, ii. 307;
the royal hoard at, 180, 188;
Parliament at, ii. 66, 80, 82
Winchester, William Paulet, first marquis of, iv. 65
Winchester, John Paulet, fifth marquis of, vi. 42
Winchester, Charles Paulet, sixth marquis of, vii. 37
Windebank, Secretary of State, v. 351
Windham, William, viii. 104, 156, 171
Windsor Castle
seized by John, i. 261;
surrendered by Edward to the barons, ii. 67;
rebuilt by Edward III., 252
Winter, Admiral De, viii. 127
Winthrop, John, v. 311, 313
Winwæd, battle of, i. 72, 73
Wippedsfleet, battle of, i. 33
Wishart, George, iv. 112
Witchcraft,
belief in, v. 105;
statute against, 105, 106;
Puritan action against, 106, 107
Witenagemot, the, i. 19, 132, 134, 135
Wither, George, v. 303
Witt, John de, vi. 242, 249, 268, 269
Wolsey, Thomas,
his rise, iii. 230;
policy, 231;
greatness, 236;
his industry, 237;
legate, 238;
negotiations with Francis and Charles, 240, 243;
hopes of the Papacy, 240, 241, 249;
revives benevolences, 244, 251;
demands a forced loan, 244;
struggle with the Commons, 245;
with the clergy, 246;
his power shaken, 253;
attitude towards Lutheranism, 261, 263;
founds Cardinal College, 202, 263;
action in the king's divorce, 269, 270;
embassy to France, 271;
negotiations with the Pope, ib., 272;
his unpopularity, 273;
commissioner for the divorce, 272;
his fall, 279, 280;
suppresses monasteries, 311;
arrested, 292;
death, 293;
Cavendish's Life of, 83
Woodstock, Edmund, earl of, ii. 293
Woodstock, Thomas of, ii. 293.
See [Gloucester]
Woodville, Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV., iii. 124, 167, 168, 171, 176
Woodville, Sir Richard, iii. 124.
See [Rivers]
Woodward, John, vi. 167
Wool,
grants of, by Parliament to the king, ii. 230;
taxation of, 107, 164, 298;
trade in, under Edward I., 107;
under Edward III., 226;
monopolized by him, 229;
in the eighteenth century, viii. 53
Woolsack, the Lord Chancellor's, ii. 226
Worcester,
rising at, under Harthacnut, i. 148;
threatened by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 18
Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of, iii. 13, 14
Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of, iii. 162
Worcester, William of, ii. 179; iii. 40
Worcestershire, salt springs in, ii. 107
Wordsworth, William, viii. 135
Worms,
diet at, iii. 254;
Tyndale at, 260
Worsted trade, iv. 279
Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, iv. 46.
See [Southampton]
Wulfhere, king of Mercia, i. 78, 85-87
Wulfstan, St., bishop of Worcester, i. 192, 250
Wulfstan explores the coast of Esthonia, i. 113
Wurmser, General, viii. 123
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the elder, iv. 42
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the younger, iv. 82, 84, 85
Wycherly, William, vi. 157, 163
Wyclif, John, ii. 275-277;
his treatise De Dominio Divino, 278, 279;
commissioner for negotiations with the Pope, 303;
his denunciation of Church property, 308, 309;
summoned to trial for heresy, 309, 310;
his "Simple Priests," 317;
denies Transubstantiation, 337;
condemned at Oxford, ib.;
at Blackfriars, 339;
his English tracts, 338, 356;
petition to king and Parliament, 342;
his Fasciculi Zizamorum, 178;
Trias, ib.;
his Bible, 178, 343;
cited to Rome, 343;
death, 344
Wykeham, William of, bishop of Winchester, ii. 302, 305, 307-309
Wykes's Chronicle, i. 274
Wyndham, Sir William, vii. 168, 184
Wolfe, General, vii. 267, 268
Yeoman, the English, ii. 240, 241
Yonge's (Walter) Diary, v. 71
York,
capital of Roman Britain, i. 36;
occupied by William I., 167;
stormed by rebels, 168;
massacre of Jews at, ii. 129;
provincial council at, 120;
Parliament at, 195;
held for Elizabeth by Lord Sussex, iv. 269;
Charles I. at, v. 337, 378;
besieged by Manchester, Fairfax, and Leven, vi. 18;
surrenders, 22;
its common pastures, i. 296;
school at, 91;
six shires of, 295;
four wards, 296
York, Edmund of Langley, Duke of (see [Cambridge]),
supports Richard II., ii. 370;
regent, 379
York, Edward, duke of (see [Albemarle], [Rutland]), iii. 15
York, Frederick, duke of, viii. 108, 110, 140
York, Richard, duke of (see [Cambridge]), iii. 30;
Regent of France, 56, 57;
recalled, 60;
sent to Ireland, 62, 63;
returns, 67;
struggle with Henry VI., 68-70;
Protector of the Realm, 72;
marriage, 73;
rises in arms, ib.;
Protector again, 74;
raises his standard at Ludlow, ib.;
flies to Ireland, 75;
victory at Northampton, ib.;
his claims to the crown, 75-77;
slain, 78
York House (Whitehall) built, iii. 236
Yorkshire,
Pilgrimage of Grace in, iii. 322;
rise of manufactures in, v. 281
York Town, Cornwallis's surrender at, viii. 32
Young, member for Bristol in 1450, iii. 68
Zaragoza, siege of, viii. 187
Zorndorf, battle of, vii. 263
Zürich Letters, the, iv. 4
Zutphen, battle of, iv. 349

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

Transcriber's Notes:

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Page 213: Æthelflæd{original has Ætheflæd}, Lady of the Mercians

Page 222: under the entry, Burgundy, Philip III., withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans{original has Orléans}

Page 237: under the entry, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession{original has sucession}

Page 244: Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial{original has terrestial} magnetism

Page 282: Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley{original has Wroithesley}, fourth Earl of