The English now laid claim to the whole of Long Island, and commenced a settlement at its eastern extremity. In the meantime very bitter complaints were sent to Holland respecting the incapacity of the Director Van Twiller. It was said that he, neglecting the affairs of the colony, was directing all his energies to enriching himself. He had become, it was reported, the richest landholder in the province. Though sustained by very powerful friends, he was removed.
William Kieft was appointed in his stead, the fifth Director. He was a man of very unenviable reputation, and his administration was far from successful. Mr. Brodhead gives the following true and very interesting account of the abundant natural resources of the Dutch settlements on the Hudson at this time:
"The colonists lived amid nature's richest profusion. In the
forests, by the water side, and on the islands, grew a rank
abundance of nuts and plums. The hills were covered with
thickets of blackberries. On the flat lands, near the
rivers, wild strawberries came up so plentifully that the
people went there to lie down and eat them. Vines, covered
with grapes as good and sweet as in Holland, clambered over
the loftiest trees. Deer abounded in the forests, in harvest
time and autumn, as fat as any Holland deer can be. Enormous
wild turkeys and myriads of partridges, pheasants and
pigeons roosted in the neighboring woods. Sometimes the
turkeys and deer came down to the houses of the colonists to
feed. A stag was frequently sold by the Indians for a loaf
of bread, or a knife, or even for a tobacco pipe. The river
produced the finest fish. There was a great plenty of
sturgeon, which, at that time, the Christians did not make
use of, but the Indians ate them greedily. Flax and hemp
grew spontaneously. Peltries and hides were brought in great
quantities, by the savages, and sold for trifles. The land
was very well provisioned with all the necessaries of
life."[6]
Thus far, as a general rule, friendly relations had existed between the Dutch and the Indians. But all sorts of characters were now emigrating from the old world. The Indians were often defrauded, or treated harshly. Individuals among the natives retaliated by stealing. When caught they were severely punished. Notwithstanding the government prohibited the sale of muskets to the Indians, so eager were the savages to gain these weapons, so invaluable to them on their hunting-fields, that they would offer almost any price for them. Thus the Mohawks ere long obtained "guns, powder and bullets for four hundred warriors."
Kieft endeavored to tax the Indians, extorting payment in corn and furs. This exasperated them. Their reply, through one of their chiefs, would have done honor to any deliberative assembly. Indignantly the chief exclaimed:
"How can the sachem at the fort dare to exact a tax from us!
He must be a very shabby fellow. He has come to live in our
land when we have not invited him; and now he attempts to
deprive us of our corn for nothing. The soldiers at fort
Amsterdam are no protection to us. Why should we be called
upon to support them? We have allowed the Dutch to live
peaceably in our country, and have never demanded of them
any recompense. When they lost a ship here, and built a new
one, we supplied them with food and all other necessaries.
We took care of them for two winters until their ship was
finished. The Dutch are under obligations to us. We have
paid full price for everything we have purchased of them.
There is, therefore, no reason why we should supply them
with corn and furs for nothing. If we have ceded to them the
country they are living in, we yet remain masters of what we
have retained for ourselves."
This unanswerable argument covered the whole ground. The most illiterate Indian could feel the force of such logic.
Some European vagabonds, as it was afterwards clearly proved, stole some swine from Staten Island. The blame was thrown upon the innocent Raritan Indians, who lived twenty miles inland. The rash Director Kieft resolved to punish them with severity which should be a warning to all the Indians.
He sent to this innocent, unsuspecting tribe, a party of seventy well armed men, many of them unprincipled desperadoes. They fell upon the peaceful Indians, brutally killed several, destroyed their crops, and perpetrated all sorts of outrages.
The Indians never forget a wrong. The spirit of revenge burned in their bosoms. There was a thriving plantation belonging to DeVrees on Staten Island. The Indians attacked it, killed four of the laborers, burned the dwelling and destroyed the crops. Kieft, in his blind rage, resolved upon the extermination of the Raritans. He offered a large bounty for the head of any member of that tribe.