Armour in England, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of James the First

by John Starkie Gardner

Plate VIII.—The sword of Charles I. when Prince of Wales, 1616. The hilt entirely covered with raised gold damascened work on blue steel matrix; except the grip of silver wire work. Preserved in Windsor Castle.

Besides the half-dozen really magnificent suits in the Guard-chamber at Windsor, there is a vast collection of arms and weapons in the North Corridor, formed in a great measure by Her Majesty. Among these are three swords intimately connected with our history. Of these, that of Charles I. has a pommel and guard of steel overlaid with raised gold damascening, and a grip covered with silver wire woven like basket-work ([Plate VIII.]). The blade is decorated with Latin inscriptions in Roman capitals along both margins, back and front, and in circles at intervals. Between these are panels, alternately of emblems and ornament, and of arabesqued scrolls, damascened so minutely that the work is almost invisible until magnified. The small portion of the blade in our figure shows the character of the work. The royal arms, Prince of Wales’ feathers, and date 1616 on the blade show that it was made for Charles I. when Prince of Wales. The second sword, with the magnificently-worked basket hilt of chased gold inlay on steel ([Fig. 36]), has a similar blade, marvellously fine arabesques taking the place of the marginal inscriptions. It is otherwise nearly identical with the last, the spread eagles, griffins, etc., being common to both. The presence of the lion of England under a royal crown points to James I. as its owner. The third sword ([Fig. 37]) is that of John Hampden. Its blade is plain, but the hilt is of superb workmanship and of carved steel. The grip is small, and, like the pear-shaped pommel, covered with warriors in relief in Roman dress. The quillons are slightly curved, and carved with pomegranates and foliage, with figures reclining horizontally to form the extremities. The smaller front guard over the blade, known as the “pas-d’âne,” and most elaborately worked with figures and medallions, is a prominent feature of the hilt. All three swords bear the unicorn’s head mark of Nuremberg, but the two enriched blades can be identified, thanks to the assistance of Baron de Cosson, as the work of Clemens Horn of Solingen, 1580-1625. There is a similar sword in the Royal Armoury at Madrid, belonging to the suits made by Desiderius Kolman for Philip II., and another is in the Baron’s own collection. The sword, as the emblem of knightly honour and faith, was from the remotest times a vehicle for the richest decoration; but it is doubtful whether any specimens were ever produced, even by the combined efforts of the swordsmith and jeweller, to equal the work of those here represented, which are not only connected with the history of our country, but happily also the property of the nation.

---

Fig. 37.—The sword of John Hampden, with hilt of carved steel. Preserved at Windsor Castle.

---

[INDEX]

• d’Abernon brass, [36], [40]
• Acre, Siege of, [14]
• Agincourt, Battle of, [46], [48], [49]
• Aldborough Church, [33]
• Alençon, Duke of, [48]
• Alfred, King, [10]
• Allbright (armourer), [46]
• Almayne rivets, [70]
• Appleby Castle, [85]
• Archæological Institute, [30]
• Archers, [17], [20], [43], [46], [47], [58], [74-76]
• Armet, The, [58], [62], [65], [66], [82], [90]
• Armourers’ Album, [81], [82], [86], [92]
• Armourers’ Hall, [18], [86]
• Arthur, King, [7], [10]
• Ash, Effigy at, [40]
• Athelstan, [10]
• Augsburg, [81]
• Auray, Battle of, [44]
• Austin, William (armourer), [52]
• Bacon, Sir Nicholas, [86]
• Badges, Heraldic, [20]
• Barres, William de, [22]
• Base, The, [70]
• Bassinets, [24], [29], [30], [32-34], [36], [46], [48], [56-61]
• Battle-axes, [45]
• Bavier, The, [58], [62], [65], [92]
• Bayeux Tapestry, [12], [32]
• Beauchamp, Richard. See [Warwick, Earl of]
• Beauchamp MS., [52]
• Beauvais, Battle of, [47]
• Beche, De (monument), [19]
• Beckman, [18]
• Beowulf, [9-11]
• Bills, [46], [76]
• Black Prince, The, [30], [32], [35], [40], [48]
• Blount, Sir Walter, [50]
• Böheim, Wendelin, [82], [85], [86]
• Bohun, Sir Humphrey de, [34], [42]
• Boileau, Etienne, [18]
• Boulogne, Siege of, [76]
• Bourgthéroude, Battle of, [14]
• Bows and arrows, [14], [43], [74]
• Brantôme, [78]
• Breastplates, [7], [22], [34], [35], [42], [47], [51], [52], [66], [69], [85], [86]
• Brescia, [81], [82]
• Brigandine, The, [42], [47], [56], [74], [75]
• British Museum, [6], [7], [10], [18], [52], [56], [61], [96]
• Brives, [30]
• Broadwater Church (helmet in), [60]
• Bromley, Sir Thomas, [86]
• Brooke, Sir George, [62]
• Brooke, Sir Thomas, [60]
• Bucarte, Lord, [86]
• Burgess Collection, [33]
• Burgonet, The, [65], [92]
• Burley, Simon, [34]
• “Byrnies,” [9], [18]
• Cabasset, The, [92]
• Cade, Jack, [51]
• Camail, The, [32], [46], [62]
• Cambray, Battle of, [16]
• Canterbury, [30]
• Canute, [11]
• Capel family, [59]
• Caractacus, [7]
• Cassel, Battle of, [30]
• Cassivelaunus, [7]
• Cawne, Sir Thomas (effigy of), [40]
• Cellini, Benvenuto, [81]
• Chain-mail. See [Mail armour]
• Chamfron, The, [48], [89]
• Chandos, Sir John, [34], [44], [56]
• Chapelle-de-fer, The, [20], [29], [30], [32]
• Chariots, [5], [7]
• Charlemagne, [22]
• Charles VII., [62]
• Charles Stuart, Prince, [90], [91]
• Chausse and Chausson, [22], [23]
• Cheney, De, brass, [36]
• Christy Collection, [33]
• Clisson, Sir Oliver de, [44]
• Clypeus, The, [5]
• Cobham, [48], [62]
• Cognizances, [24]
• Commines, Philip de, [56], [61]
• Comnena, Anna, [12-14]
• Cornewall, Sir John de, [49], [58]
• Corselets, [66], [78]
• Cosson, Baron de, [30], [33], [51], [59], [60], [62], [65], [81], [98]
• Courci, Ralph de, [24]
• Courtrai, Battle of, [39]
• Coventry (sallad at), [58]
• Cracowes, [36]
• Crell, de, brass, [40]
• Cressy, Battle of, [43], [46]
• Crests, [20], [21], [29], [30]
• Crinet, The, [48]
• Crossbows, [14], [15], [43], [75]
• Crossbow-men, [16], [46]
• Cuir-bouilli, [28], [29], [34], [42]
• Cuissarts, [52], [85], [91], [92]
• Cumberland, Earl of, [81], [85]
• Damascened armour, [81]
• Danes, The, [12]
• Danish armour, [10]
• Daundelyon brass, The, [51]
• Daunt, Thomas, [48]
• Dillon, Lord, [20], [69], [70], [81], [82], [85], [86], [90], [96]
• Diodorus Siculus, [6]
• Dover Castle Collection, [18], [34], [75], [96]
• Easter Sepulchre, Lincoln, [22], [24]
• Edda, The, [11], [18]
• Edward I., [15-17], [32], [34]
• Elbow-guards, [39], [50], [52], [56], [66]
• Enamelling on bronze, [5-7]
• Enriched armour, [78-81]
• Epaulettes, [50]
• Essex, Earl of, [92], [95]
• Ethelwulf, [10]
• Evans, Sir John, [5]
• Evesham, Battle of, [14]
• Exeter Cathedral, [42]
• Falkirk, Battle of, [14]
• Flint, [7]
• Flodden, Battle of, [75]
• Florence, [81]
• Fluted armour, [73]
• Foix, Comte de, [49]
• Fram, The, [8]
• Francis I., [66]
• Frisian Pirates, [8]
• Froissart, [34], [39], [56], [61]
• Gambeson, The, [16], [19], [23], [28], [40], [46], [47], [55]
• Gardner, Mr. J. E., [18]
• Gauntlets, [39], [40], [56], [69], [70], [85], [90], [92]
• Gauntlets, Forbidden. See [Gauntlets, Locking]
• Gauntlets, Locking, [70], [85]
• Gaveston, Piers, [36], [39], [42]
• Gaynesford, John (his brass), [51]
• Genouillière. See [Knee-cap]
• Gildas, [8]
• Gilded armour, [7], [30], [40-42], [51], [73], [91]
• Gisors, Battle of, [15]
• Gloucester, Richard of, [24]
• Godwin, Earl, [11]
• Gordon, Adam (outlaw), [16]
• Gorget, The, [32], [34], [36], [56], [62], [65], [82], [90], [92]
• Gostwick, Sir John, [60]
• Grand-guard, The, [85], [90]
• Greaves, [23], [35], [36], [42], [74], [85]
• Gussets, [45], [48], [55], [69]
• Habergeon, The, [40]
• Haketon, The, [40]
• Halbards, [75], [76]
• Hampton Court, [62], [76], [78]
• Hanging arms in churches, [30]
• Harold, [12]
• Hastings, Battle of, [12], [14], [15], [20]
• Hatton, Sir Christopher, [82], [85], [86], [90]
• Hauberk, The, [16], [18], [19], [40], [46], [47]
• Hawberk, Sir Nicholas, [48]
• Helmets, [7], [12], [20], [28], [29], [32], [33], [34], [42], [56-66], [90], [92]
• Helm or Heaume, The Great, [20], [24], [28], [29], [48], [56], [60], [61], [62]
• Henry I., [14], [16]
• Henry II., [16]
• Henry III., [16], [20], [22], [24]
• Henry V., [46-50], [75]
• Henry VI., [32], [50]
• Henry VII., [59], [60]
• Henry VIII., [58-62], [66], [69], [70], [73-77]
• Henry Stuart, Prince, [90], [92]
• Hereford Cathedral, [30]
• Herrings, Battle of, [47]
• “Holy-water sprinklers,” [76], [77]
• Hood, Robin, [16]
• Horn, Clemens (armourer), [98]
• Horse-armour, [15], [42], [49], [73], [90]
• Housings, [49]
• Ifield effigy, [39], [40]
• Innsbrück, [81], [82], [86]
• Jacobe (armourer), [82], [86], [90-92]
• John of Eltham (his effigy), [36], [39], [40]
• John, King, [15]
• Joinville, Prince de, [91]
• Joppa, Battle of, [14]
• Julius Cæsar, [5], [7], [11]
• Katharine of Arragon, [8], [70]
• Knee-caps, [22], [29], [35], [36], [42], [52], [66], [85]
• Kolman, Desiderius (armourer), [98]
• Lambespring, Bartholomew (goldsmith), [55]
• Lancaster, Earl of (Edmund Crouchback), [36], [42]
• Lances, [44-46], [74]
• Langford, William, [34]
• Le Botiler, [24]
• Lee, Sir Henry, [82], [85], [86]
• Leicester, Earl of, [81], [86]
• Lewes, Battle of, [22]
• Lincoln, Battle of, [14], [15]
• Littlebury effigy, [36]
• Long-bows, [75]
• Lothian, Lord, [90]
• Louis XI., [49], [59], [62]
• Lucas, Mr. Seymour, [65]
• Madrid armoury, [98]
• Magnus Barefoot, [12]
• Mail armour, [9], [12], [13], [16], [18], [22], [24], [27], [29], [45-47]
• Mantling, [32]
• March, Earl of, [42]
• Matthew of Paris, [24]
• Maule, Peter de, [24]
• Maximilian, The Emperor, [58], [66], [70], [73], [74]
• Melsa, Sir John de, [33]
• Men-at-arms, [43], [46], [47]
• Mentonière, The, [65], [92]
• Meyrick, [6], [65], [73]
• Milan, [82]
• Milanese armour, [52], [81]
• Missaglias, The (armourers), [52], [56], [69]
• Montfort, Simon de, [24]
• Montlhéry, Battle of, [47], [75]
• Monstrelet, [36]
• Morat, Battle of, [76]
• Morions, [78], [92]
• Musée d’Artillerie, [34]
• National Portrait Gallery, [22]
• Neck-guard, The, [52]
• Nottingham, Siege of, [14]
• Noyon, Battle of, [24]
• Nuremberg, [81], [98]
• Parham Collection, [18], [19], [34], [56], [61]
• Partisan, The, [75], [76]
• Paton, Sir Noel, [30], [33], [56]
• Pauldron, The, [69], [85], [86]
• Peascod, The, [92]
• Pembridge, Sir R., [30]
• Pembroke, Earl of, [22], [85]
• Pennant, [81]
• Petticoat, The, [50], [69]
• Philip II., [78], [98]
• Pickering, William (armourer), [90]
• Pikes, [75], [76]
• Pistols, [78]
• Plastron-de-fer. See [Breastplate]
• Plate armour, [21], [22], [28], [29], [45], [47], [50], [74]
• Pliny, [6]
• Poitiers, Battle of, [43], [46], [49]
• Portland, Duchess of, [81]
• Pouleynes, [36]
• Pourpoint, The, [16]
• Quatremayne brass, The, [56]
• Queen Mary’s Psalter, [39], [42]
• Rayne Church, [65]
• Richard I., [10], [14-16], [20-22], [24]
• Robert of Normandy, [22]
• St. George’s Chapel, [61]
• St. Pol, Comte de, [49], [62]
• St. Stephen’s Chapel, [42]
• Sallads, [33], [57-59], [61], [62], [75]
• Sandwich, effigy at, [40]
• Scale-armour, [21]
• Scandinavians, The, [9], [22]
• Schloss Ambras, [82], [86]
• Seusenhofer, Conrad (armourer), [66], [70]
• Seusenhofer, Jörg (armourer), [82]
• Shields, [6], [19], [44]
• Shirland, Sir Robert de, [15]
• Shoulder-pieces, [39], [50], [52], [66]
• Shrewsbury, Battle of, [49]
• Sollerets, [36], [51], [56], [66], [69], [70], [90]
• Somerset, Duke of, [60]
• Sommers, Will, [73]
• South Kensington Museum, [65], [81], [82], [96]
• Spitzer Sale, [82], [85], [96]
• Spurs, [24], [39], [51]
• Staff-weapons, [75-77]
• Stafford, Sir Humphrey, [51]
• Standard, Battle of the, [14]
• Standard of mail, The, [47]
• Stephen, King, [16]
• Stevyns, Thomas (armourer), [55]
• Stothard, C. A., [22], [39], [40]
• Strutt, [12], [81]
• Sulney, De (brass), [36]
• Surcoats, [27], [35], [39], [40], [42], [46], [48]
• Sussex, Earl of, [85]
• Sword, Charles I.’s, [96]
• Sword, James I.’s, [96]
• Sword, John Hampden’s, [96]
• Swords, [10], [85], [96-98]
• Swords, Legendary, [10], [11]
• Tabard, The, [48]
• Tacitus, [7], [8], [12]
• Tancred, [10]
• Tapul, The, [69], [85], [92]
• Tassets, [48], [50], [69], [85], [91], [92]
• Temple Church, The, [22]
• Topf, Jacob (armourer), [82], [86]
• Tower, The, [18], [20], [33], [66], [75], [76], [85], [86], [95], [96]
• Tuilles, [50], [51], [52], [66]
• Valence, Aymer de, [36], [39], [42]
• Vantail, The, [20]
• Venice, [81]
• Vere, De, [23]
• Verneuil, Battle of, [47]
• Vimose, [9]
• Vinsauf, [21]
• Visor, The, [32-34], [46], [56-60], [65], [66], [82]
• Viterbo, Battle of, [49]
• Wace, [15]
• Wallace Collection, [33], [86], [96]
• Wallace, William, [17]
• Waller, J. G., [19]
• Warwick Castle Collection, [18], [34], [36], [48], [73]
• Warwick, Earl of, [17], [51-55], [56], [66]
• Weaver, [39]
• Westminster Abbey, [36], [48], [61]
• Westmoreland, Earl of, [40]
• Whatton effigy, The, [40]
• William the Conqueror, [12], [20]
• William Longespée, [19], [22], [23]
• William the Outlaw, [16]
• William of Toulouse, [30]
• Wilton House, [85]
• Windsor Collection, [81], [90], [91], [92], [95], [96]
• Windsor Tournament, The, [29], [39]
• Woolwich Collection, [18], [33], [56], [61], [96]
• Worcester, Earl of, [85]
• Zouche, Lord, [56]