CHAPTER I.
PAGE.
Cromwell, Vane, and Marten[1]
Spoliation of the Church[6]
Opposition to the New Government[11]
Religion in Wales and Ireland[14]
Ministerial Support[15]
Moral Legislation[16]
Decline of Marten's Influence[18]
Religious Policy of Parliament[19]
CHAPTER II.
Charles Stuart[20]
Scotch Treaty with Charles[21]
Royalist Intrigues[25]
Charles in Scotland[31]
Declaration of the Presbyterians[32]
Cromwell in Scotland[35]
Battle of Dunbar[37]
Coronation of Charles in Scotland[39]
Protesters and Resolutionists[41]
The Army and the King[42]
Battle of Worcester[43]
Christopher Love[44]
His Trial[46]
His Death[48]
CHAPTER III.
Little Parliament[51]
Francis Rouse, Speaker[54]
Harrison, Desborough, Lambert, and Tomlinson[55]
Alteration of the Marriage Law[56]
Report of the Tithe Committee[59]
Fifth Monarchy Men[61]
Feake at Blackfriars[65]
Feake and Powell[68]
Cromwell made Protector[72]
State Affairs at the Time[75]
Cromwell's Policy[79]
CHAPTER IV.
CROMWELL'S ECCLESIASTICAL POLICY.
State Recognition[81]
State Control[83]
State Support[88]
State Protection[89]
State Penalties[90]
Cromwell's Establishment not, properly speaking, a Church[93]
Moral Discipline[94]
CHAPTER V.
First Protectorate Parliament[96]
Strength of the Presbyterian Party[98]
Limits of Toleration[99]
Treatment of John Biddle[102]
CHAPTER VI.
Commissioners at Whitehall[104]
Ejection of Scandalous Ministers[107]
Dr. Edward Pocock[109]
Trouble with Episcopalian Royalists[110]
Proceedings against them[111]
Major-Generals[113]
Ecclesiastical Affairs in Scotland[117]
—— in Wales[118]
—— in Ireland[121]
Sir Henry Vane[123]
CHAPTER VII.
Second Protectorate Parliament[128]
Cromwell's Speech[131]
Case of James Naylor[133]
Cromwell's Letters[134]
Extempore Preaching[137]
The New Constitution[138]
Cromwell's Speech[141]
Comprehensiveness of his Views[143]
His Liberal Opinions[145]
Commissioners for Approbation of Public Preachers[146]
Tithes[147]
Catechising[149]
Debates on Sabbath Observance[150]
Cromwell's Second Installation[153]
Re-assembling of Parliament[156]
Cromwell's Opening Speech[157]
Debates[158]
Cromwell's Last Speeches[160]
Parliament dissolved[162]
Council of State[163]
CHAPTER VIII.
Presbyterian System[165]
Herrick at Manchester[168]
Martindale[171]
Newcome[173]
Sion College[174]
Meetings of the London Synod[175]
Presbyterianism in London[177]
Church Discipline[179]
Edmund Calamy[182]
William Jenkyn[183]
William Bates[185]
Samuel Clarke[185]
Peter Vink[187]
Richard Baxter[187]
Thomas Wilson[196]
Thomas Hall[197]
Thomas Gataker[198]
Dr. John Gauden[201]
Dr. Thomas Fuller[202]
Abraham Colfe[204]
CHAPTER IX.
Congregational Churches[207]
Congregationalism and the State[211]
Joseph Caryl[216]
Nye and Greenhill[217]
Matthew Mead[218]
William Bridge[219]
John Flavel[220]
John Howe[220]
Congregationalism in Scotland[225]
—— in Ireland[226]
Cathedral Worship[228]
CHAPTER X.
Early Baptists[230]
John Tombes[238]
Henry Jessy[239]
Thomas Ewins[240]
John Bunyan[241]
Baptists in Wales[243]
—— In Ireland and Scotland[244]
CHAPTER XI.
Oxford University[247]
Owen, Vice-Chancellor[249]
Academical Reforms[253]
University Costumes[253]
Oxford Celebrities[254]
Evelyn's Visit[258]
Loyalty of the University to Cromwell[260]
Walton's Polyglott[261]
Owen's Criticism[263]
Cambridge University[265]
Sydrach Simpson and William Dell[269]
Akehurst[271]
Evelyn at Cambridge[273]
Presbyterianism in the University[274]
Dr. Witchcot[276]
Dr. Lightfoot[277]
Dr. Cudworth[278]
Patrick—More—and Smith[279]
Cambridge Studies[281]
—— Theology[281]
Cambridge and Oxford compared[284]
University of Durham[286]
St. George's Chapel, Windsor[290]
Public Schools[291]
CHAPTER XII.
Episcopalians—George Bull[294]
John Hacket[296]
Barksdale[296]
Peter Gunning[297]
Parsons[298]
Farindon[298]
Nathaniel Hardy[301]
Godfrey Goodman[302]
Ussher[303]
Joseph Hall[305]
Morton and other Bishops[306]
Bishops who survived the Return of Charles II.[308]
Bramhall[309]
Cosin[318]
Morley[319]
Basire[321]
Jeremy Taylor[322]
Sanderson and Hammond[324]
Hammond's Letters and Death[330]
Thorndike[335]
Episcopalians[337]
Forms of Prayer used by them[340]
Episcopalian Loyalty[342]
CHAPTER XIII.
Mysticism[348]
Rise of Quakerism[349]
George Fox[349]
His Meeting with Cromwell[358]
His Disciples[359]
Persecution of Quakers[362]
James Naylor[363]
Number of Sects[365]
Floating Mysticism[369]
CHAPTER XIV.
Private and Social Life[371]
Baptism[371]
Education[374]
Marriage[376]
Puritan Women[378]
Family Worship[380]
Observance of the Lord's Day[381]
Belief in Witchcraft[383]
Clerical Costume[387]
Churches[388]
Public Worship[389]
The Lord's Supper[391]
Psalmody[393]
Seasons of National Humiliation[394]
Recreations[395]
Social Habits[399]
The Protector's Court[401]
Visitation of Sick and Burial Service[405]
CHAPTER XV.
Varieties of Spiritual Life[408]
George Herbert[409]
Hammond[411]
Fuller[412]
George Dalston[413]
Quarles[415]
Montague and Grenville[416]
Evelyn's Son[418]
Richard Fairclough[420]
John Lamot[421]
Sir Nathaniel Barnardston[422]
Christian Women[423]
Ages of Christendom[428]
Differences between Sects[430]
Idiosyncrasies of Individuals[431]
State of Religion[433]
CHAPTER XVI.
Early English Colonization[443]
Pilgrim Fathers[451]
Laud's Colonial Policy[455]
Colonies during the Civil Wars[459]
Colonies during the Protectorate[463]
New England[463]
Rhode Island[467]
Barbadoes[469]
Virginia[472]
West Indies[475]
Maryland[477]
East Indies and Levant[480]
CHAPTER XVII.
Continental Churches[483]
Durie and Laud[484]
Sir Thomas Roe[486]
Protestant Alliance[487]
Persecution of the Piedmontese[490]
Cromwell's Interference[492]
Collections for the Sufferers[495]
Cromwell and Louis XIV.[499]
Other Persecuted Protestants[500]
Cromwell's Foreign Policy[503]
Treatment of the Jews[504]
CHAPTER XVIII.
Cromwell at Hampton Court[508]
His Last Interview with Fox[510]
His Last Days[511]
His Last Words[517]
His Death[520]
APPENDIX.
PAGE
I.Letters respecting the Trial of Strafford[524]
II.Plan of Church Reform[526]
III.Articles of the Church of England, with the alterations made by the Assembly[528]
IV.Solemn League and Covenant[535]
V.Minutes of the Westminster Assembly[538]
VI.Number of the Ejected Clergy[539]
VII.Draft of a Bill for Revising the English Translation of the Scriptures[543]
VIII.Extract from the Records of the Church at Bury St. Edmund's[545]
IX.Note on Ritualism[547]

CHAPTER I.

All ecclesiastical power in England having been long before snatched from royal hands, the death of Charles I. produced no effect upon the condition of the Church. The control of its political destinies had from the year 1641 rested with the House of Commons; and with the remnant of that assembly the control continued, when the kingdom became a Commonwealth in name as well as in fact.

1649, February.

The Presbyterians, immediately after Pride's purge, lost their place in the government of this country, upon which the political Independents at once assumed supremacy in the State. Of the old ecclesiastical reformers who belonged to that party, and had made themselves conspicuous in the year 1641, the chief now remaining in power were Oliver Cromwell, Sir Henry Vane,[1] Henry Marten, Oliver St. John, and Sir Arthur Haselrig; and these remarkable men all took their seats at the table of the new Council of State, being installed as members of it in the month of February, 1649. The other persons occupying places beside them were nothing more than satellites. Neither St. John nor Haselrig held any leading position. The former was more a lawyer than a statesman, and his cold nature and reserved disposition gave him neither influence with his equals nor popularity with his inferiors. Haselrig was no less distinguished by his rashness. Having been simply a follower of Pym, he had not, since his master's death, acquired sufficient influence to make himself a leader; and his want of judgment, though it did not exclude him from the council board, left him without much weight in its deliberations.

Cromwell, Vane, and Marten.