IV. Steam and Iron Ships.—Preble, “History of Steam Navigation”; Colden, “Life of Fulton”; Porter, “Progress of the Nation,” section 3, chap. iv; Nimmo, “Report to the Secretary of the Treasury in Relation to the Foreign Commerce of the United States and the Decadence of American Shipping” (1870); Dingley's Report, pp. 4, 23; Kelley, “The Question of Ships,” Appendix ii, p. 208.
V. Decline of American Shipping.—“Report on Commerce and Navigation” (1881), pp. 927, 928; Lindsay, ibid., iii, pp. 83, 187, 593, 645; ibid., iv, pp. 163-180, 292, 316, 376; “North American Review,” October, 1864, p. 489; “Report on Commerce and Navigation,” 1881, lxv, pp. 915, 916, 922, 934; Lynch, Report to House of Representatives on “Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage,” February 17, 1878, pp. ix, 80, 176, 195-213; remission of duties, Revised Statutes of the United States (edition of 1878), section 2,513; Report on “Commerce and Navigation,” xi, 83, 210; Dingley's Report; Nimmo, “Decadence of American Shipping” (which gives several charts), p. 17, “The Practical Workings of our Relations of Maritime Reciprocity” (1871); Kelley, ibid.; Reports of the New York Chamber of Commerce; Sumner, “Shall Americans own Ships?” in “North American Review,” June, 1880; Codman, “Free Ships”; for high-rate profit in the United States, Dingley's Report, p. 4.
VI. Burdens on Ship-Owners.—Tonnage duties, Wells, p. 179; sailors' wages, Revised Statutes, sections 4,561, 4,578, 4,580-4,584, 4,600; consular fees, Dingley's Report, p. 9; pilotage, taxation, Wells, p. 172, et seq.; see also Act of 1884, abolishing many of these burdens.
Appendix II. Examination Questions.
The following problems and questions have been arranged to indicate to the reader the character of examinations set by English[374] and American universities. They have been taken in each case from papers actually given. It is hardly necessary to state, perhaps, that these questions do not exhaust the subject, and are only some of a kind of which many more might be added:
Definitions.
1. Define briefly, Fixed Capital; Unproductive Consumption; Law of Diminishing Returns; Effective Desire of Accumulation; Law of Increase of Labor; Communism; Wages Fund; Wages of Superintendence; Real Wages; Value; Price; Demand; Medium of Exchange; Gresham's Law.
2. Explain carefully the following terms: Productive Consumption, Effectual Demand, Margin of Cultivation, Cost of Production, Value of Money, Cost of Labor, Wealth, and Abstinence.