Beaming.
Beaming machines exist in great variety, but they may be classed under the heads of (1) press beaming, and (2) tension beaming machines. An example of the first-named type, as made by Butterworth and Dickinson, Ltd., is illustrated in [Fig. 33]. If beaming is accomplished from back beams prepared by a beam warping machine, a creel or stand capable of holding several beams is situated in the rear of the headstock of the beaming machine; but if beaming is from ball-warps, yarn from the latter is passed in a circuitous manner under and over tension and guide rollers A, B, for the purpose of tautening and separating warp-ends, which are finally passed through the dents of an expending comb, C, and on to a weaver’s beam. By causing weighted levers, D, to bear upon the beam-ends during winding, a hard and compact beam is made.
A tension beaming machine of the type known as a Yorkshire dressing machine, as made by Hattersley & Sons, is shown in [Fig. 34]. Yarn from a warp, A, or from several sections of warps, is conducted under and over the bars of a tension ladder, B, thence around dividing bars, C, between tension rollers, D, and finally through a wraith or coarse reed on to a weaver’s beam, E; but if Yorkshire dressing proper is adopted, warp-ends are passed through the dents of a reed in groups of two to four, and disposed according to pattern (if any) before passing on to a weaver’s beam ready for weaving in the loom. By means of stepped speed pulleys, F, G, the velocity of a beam may be retarded at intervals, to compensate for the gradually increasing diameter of a beam, and thereby maintain a uniform rate of winding.
CHAPTER II
HAND AND POWER LOOMS
THE three principal movements in weaving are shedding, picking, and beating up the weft. By shedding is meant opening the warp threads to allow the shuttle containing the weft to pass over certain ends and under others. In the common hand loom the shed is made by the weaver operating treadles with his feet. [Fig. 35] shows the method of connecting the shafts or staves with the treadles for weaving a plain cloth. There are two treadles, A and B, placed underneath the loom, and centred at C. The stave E is connected to the treadle A through the lever G. The stave F is connected to the same treadle through the “tumbler” T and the lever M. When the treadle A is pressed down it will take the stave E down, and the stave F up. For the second pick, the stave F is connected to the treadle B through the lever H, and the stave E is connected to the same treadle through the “tumbler” R and the lever N. Therefore, when the treadle B is pressed down, it will take the stave F down and stave E up. By alternately pressing first one treadle and then the other, we get each stave up for one pick and down for the next, alternately, as required for weaving plain cloth. The levers M and N are usually called “long lams,” the levers G, H “short lams,” and the top levers R, T “tumblers.” The cords PP connect the long lams and tumblers together at the side of the loom.
FIG. 35.
In mounting this loom for weaving a three-shaft twill, three treadles are required, one treadle for each pick in the pattern. Supposing one stave to be down and two up for each pick. The stave required to be taken down for the first pick must be connected to the first treadle through a short lam, and the two staves required to be taken up must be connected to the same treadle through their long lams and tumblers. Each pick in the pattern must be gone through in this manner. A separate treadle is required for every pick in the pattern, unless the same pick is repeated, in which case one treadle will do for more than one pick. It is not advisable to break the regularity in the order of treading in order to save a treadle; but in diaper patterns and similar weaves the effect of a point draft is obtained by reversing the order of treading.
