Curiosities of Science, Past and Present / A Book for Old and Young

by John Timbs

It has been replied, In order to preserve it in a state of purity; which is, however, untenable, mainly from the fact that organic impurities in a vast body of moving water, whether fresh or salt, become rapidly lost, so as apparently to have called forth a special agency to arrest the total organised matter in its final oscillation between the organic and inorganic worlds. Thus countless hosts of microscopic creatures swarm in most waters, their principal function being, as Professor Owen surmises, to feed upon and thus restore to the living chain the almost unorganised matter of various zones. These creatures preying upon one another, and being preyed upon by others in their turn, the circulation of organic matter is kept up. If we do not adopt this view, we must at least look upon the Infusoria and Foraminifera as scavenger agents to prevent an undue accumulation of decaying matter; and thus the salt condition of the sea is not a necessity.

Nor is the amount of saline matter in the sea sufficient to arrest decomposition. That the sea is salt to render it of greater density, and by lowering its freezing point to preserve it from congelation to within a shorter distance of the poles, though admissible, scarcely meets the entire solution of the question. The freezing point of sea-water, for instance, is only 3½° F. lower than that of fresh water; hence, with the present distribution of land and sea—and still less, probably, with that which obtained in former geological epochs—no very important effects would have resulted had the ocean been fresh instead of salt.

Now Professor Chapman, of Toronto, suggests that the salt condition of the sea is mainly intended to regulate evaporation, and to prevent an undue excess of that phenomenon; saturated solutions evaporating more slowly than weak ones, and these latter more slowly again than pure water.

Here, then, we have a self-adjusting phenomenon and admirable contrivance in the balance of forces. If from any temporary cause there be an unusual amount of saline matter in the sea, evaporation goes on the more and more slowly; and, on the other hand, if this proportion be reduced by the addition of fresh water in undue excess, the evaporating power is the more and more increased—thus aiding time, in either instance, to restore the balance. The perfect system of oceanic circulation may be ascribed, in a great degree at least, if not wholly, to the effect produced by the salts of the sea upon the mobility and circulation of its waters.

Now this is an office which the sea performs in the economy of the universe by virtue of its saltness, and which it could not perform were its waters altogether fresh. And thus philosophers have a clue placed in their hands which will probably guide to one of the many hidden reasons that are embraced in the true answer to the question, “Why is the sea salt?”

HOW TO ASCERTAIN THE SALTNESS OF THE SEA.

Dry a towel in the sun, weigh it carefully, and note its weight. Then dip it into sea-water, wring it sufficiently to prevent its dripping, and weigh it again; the increase of the weight being that of the water imbibed by the cloth. It should then be thoroughly dried, and once more weighed; and the excess of this weight above the original weight of the cloth shows the quantity of the salt retained by it; then, by comparing the weight of this salt with that of the sea-water imbibed by the cloth, we shall find what proportion of salt was contained in the water.

ALL THE SALT IN THE SEA.

The amount of common Salt in all the oceans is estimated by Schafhäutl at 3,051,342 cubic geographical miles. This would be about five times more than the mass of the Alps, and only one-third less than that of the Himalaya. The sulphate of soda equals 633,644·36 cubic miles, or is equal to the mass of the Alps; the chloride of magnesium, 441,811·80 cubic miles; the lime salts, 109,339·44 cubic miles. The above supposes the mean depth to be but 300 metres, as estimated by Humboldt. Admitting, with Laplace, that the mean depth is 1000 metres, which is more probable, the mass of marine salt will be more than double the mass of the Himalaya.—Silliman’s Journal, No. 16.