§ 5. Stationary Water-waves
What is true of the undulations of an India-rubber tube applies to all undulations whatsoever. Water-waves, for example, obey the same laws, and the coalescence of direct and reflected waves exhibits similar phenomena. This long and narrow vessel with glass sides, Fig. 40, is a copy of the wave-canal of the brothers Weber. It is filled to the level A B with colored water. By tilting the end A suddenly, a wave is generated, which moves on to B, and is there reflected. By sending forth fresh waves at the proper intervals, the surface is divided into two stationary undulations. Making the succession of impulses more rapid we can subdivide the surface into three, four (shown in the figure), or more stationary undulations, separated from each other by nodes. The step of a water-carrier is sometimes so timed as to throw the surface of the water in his vessel into stationary waves, which may augment in height until the water splashes over the brim. Practice has taught the water-carrier what to do; he changes his step, alters the period of his impulses, and thus stops the accumulation of the motion.
Fig. 40.
In travelling recently in the coupé of a French railway carriage, I had occasion to place a bottle half filled with water on one of the little coupé tables. It was interesting to observe it. At times it would be quite still; at times it would oscillate violently. To the passenger within the carriage there was no sensible change in the motion of the train to which the difference could be ascribed. But in the one case the tremor of the carriage contained no vibrations synchronous with the oscillating period of the water, while in the other case such vibrations were present. Out of the confused assemblage of tremors the water selected the particular constituent which belonged to itself, and declared its presence when the traveller was utterly unconscious of its introduction.
§ 6. Application of Mechanical Illustrations to Musical Strings
From these comparatively gross, but by no means unbeautiful, mechanical vibrations, we pass to those of a sounding string. In the experiments with our monochord, when the wire was to be shortened, a movable bridge was employed, against which the wire was pressed so as to deprive the point resting on the bridge of all possibility of motion. This strong pressure, however, is not necessary. Placing the feather-end of a goose-quill lightly against the middle of the string, and drawing a violin-bow over one of its halves, the string yields the octave of the note yielded by the whole string. The mere damping of the string at the centre, by the light touch of the feather, is sufficient to cause the string to divide into two vibrating segments. Nor is it necessary to hold the feather there throughout the experiment: after having drawn the bow, the feather may be removed; the string will continue to vibrate, emitting the same note as before. We have here a case exactly analogous to that in which the central point of our stretched India-rubber tube was damped, by encircling it with the finger and thumb as in [Fig. 39 (1)]. Not only did the half plucked aside vibrate, but the other half vibrated also. We can, in fact, reproduce, with the vibrating string, every effect obtained with the tube. This, however, is a point of such importance as to demand full experimental illustration.
To prove that when the centre is damped, and the bow drawn across one of the halves of the string, the other half vibrates, I place across the middle of the untouched half a little rider of red paper. Damping the centre and drawing the bow, the string shivers, and the rider is overthrown, Fig. 41.
Fig. 41.