Passing from square plates to round ones, we also obtain various beautiful effects. This disk of brass is supported horizontally upon an upright stand: it is blackened, and fine white sand is scattered lightly over it. The disk is capable of dividing itself in various ways, and of emitting notes of various pitch. I sound the lowest fundamental note of the disk by touching its edge at a certain point and drawing the bow across the edge at a point 45° distant from the damped one. You hear the note and you see the sand. It quits the four quadrants of the disk, and ranges itself along two of the diameters, Fig. 72, A (next page). When a disk divides itself thus into four vibrating segments, it sounds its deepest note. I stop the vibration, clear the disk, and once more scatter sand over it. Damping its edge, and drawing the bow across it at a point 30° distant from the damped one, the sand immediately arranges itself in a star. We have here six vibrating segments, separated from each other by their appropriate nodal lines, Fig. 72, B. Again I damp a point, and agitate another nearer to the damped one than in the last instance; the disk divides itself into eight vibrating segments with lines of sand between them, Fig. 72, C. In this way the disk may be subdivided into ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen sectors, the number of sectors being always an even one. As the division becomes more minute the vibrations become more rapid, and the pitch consequently more high. The note emitted by the sixteen segments into which the disk is now divided is so acute as to be almost painful to the ear. Here you have Chladni’s first discovery. You can understand his emotion on witnessing this wonderful effect, “which no mortal had previously seen.” By rendering the centre of the disk free, and damping appropriate points of the surface, nodal circles and other curved lines may be obtained.
Fig. 72.
The rate of vibration of a disk is directly proportional to its thickness, and inversely proportional to the square of its diameter. Of these three disks two have the same diameter, but one is twice as thick as the other; two of them are of the same thickness, but one has half the diameter of the other. According to the law just enunciated, the rules of vibration of the disks are as the numbers 1, 2, 4. When they are sounded in succession, the musical ears present can testify that they really stand to each other in the relation of a note, its octave, and its double octave.
§ 10. Strehlke and Faraday’s Experiments: Deportment of Light Powders
The actual movement of the sand toward the nodal lines may be studied by clogging the sand with a semi-fluid substance. When gum is employed to retard the motion of the particles, the curves which they individually describe are very clearly drawn upon the plates. M. Strehlke has sketched these appearances, and from him the patterns A, B, C, Fig. 73, are borrowed.
Fig. 73.
| Fig. 74. | Fig. 75. | Fig. 76. |
An effect of vibrating plates which long perplexed experimenters is here to be noticed. When with the sand strewed over a plate a little fine dust is mingled, say the fine seed of lycopodium, this light substance, instead of collecting along the nodal lines, forms little heaps at the places of most violent motion. It is heaped at the four corners of the plate, Fig. 74, at the four sides of the plate, Fig. 75, and lodged between the nodal lines of the plate, Fig. 76. These three figures represent the three states of vibration illustrated in Figs. 64, 65, and 66. The dust chooses in all cases the place of greatest agitation. Various explanations of this effect had been given, but it was reserved for Faraday to assign its extremely simple cause. The light powder is entangled by the little whirlwinds of air produced by the vibrations of the plate: it cannot escape from the little cyclones, though the heavier sand particles are readily driven through them. When, therefore, the motion ceases, the light powder settles down at the places where the vibration was a maximum. In vacuo no such effect is observed: here all powders, light and heavy, move to the nodal lines.