We have hitherto dealt with flames surrounded by resonant tubes; and none of these flames, if naked, would respond in any way to such noise or music as could be here applied. Still it is possible to make naked flames thus sympathetic. This action of musical sounds upon naked flames was first observed by Prof. Le Conte at a musical party in the United States. His observation is thus described: “Soon after the music commenced, I observed that the flame exhibited pulsations which were exactly synchronous with the audible beats. This phenomenon was very striking to every one in the room, and especially so when the strong notes of the violoncello came in. It was exceedingly interesting to observe how perfectly even the trills of this instrument were reflected on the sheet of flame. A deaf man might have seen the harmony. As the evening advanced, and the diminished consumption of gas in the city increased the pressure, the phenomenon became more conspicuous. The jumping of the flame gradually increased, became somewhat irregular, and, finally, it began to flare continuously, emitting the characteristic sound, indicating the escape of a greater amount of gas than could be properly consumed. I then ascertained, by experiment, that the phenomenon did not take place unless the discharge of gas was so regulated that the flame approximated to the condition of flaring. I likewise determined, by experiment, that the effects were not produced by jarring or shaking the floor and walls of the room by means of repeated concussions. Hence it is obvious that the pulsations of the flame were not owing to indirect vibrations propagated through the medium of the walls of the room to the burning-apparatus, but must have been produced by the direct influence of aërial sonorous pulses on the burning jet.”[52]
The significant remark, that the jumping of the flame was not observed until it was near flaring, suggests the means of repeating the experiments of Dr. Le Conte; while a more intimate knowledge of the conditions of success enables us to vary and exalt them in a striking degree. Before you burns a bright candle-flame, but no sound that can be produced here has any effect upon it. Though sonorous waves of great power be sent through the air, the candle-flame remains insensible.
| Fig. 119. | Fig. 120. |
But by proper precautions even a candle-flame may be rendered sensitive. Urging from a small blow-pipe a narrow stream of air through such a flame, an incipient flutter is produced. The flame then jumps visibly to the sound of a whistle, or to a chirrup. The experiment may be so arranged that, when the whistle sounds, the flame shall be either restored almost to its pristine brightness, or that the small amount of light it still possesses shall disappear.
The blow-pipe flame of our laboratory is totally unaffected by the sound of the whistle as long as no air is urged through it. By properly tempering the force of the blast, a flame is obtained of the shape shown in Fig. 119. On sounding the whistle the erect portion of the flame drops down, and while the sound continues the flame maintains the form shown in Fig. 120.
§ 8. Experiments on Fish-tail and Bat’s-wing Flames
We now pass on to a thin sheet of flame, issuing from a common fish-tail burner, Fig. 121. You might sing to this flame, varying the pitch of your voice; no shiver of the flame would be visible. You might employ pitch-pipes, tuning-forks, bells, and trumpets, with a like absence of all effect. A barely perceptible motion of the interior of the flame may be noticed when a shrill whistle is blown close to it. But by turning the cock more fully on, the flame is brought to the verge of flaring. And now, when the whistle is blown, the flame thrusts suddenly out seven quivering tongues, Fig. 122. The moment the sound ceases, the tongues disappear, and the flame becomes quiescent.
| Fig. 121. | Fig. 122. |
Passing from a fish-tail to a bat’s-wing burner, we obtain a broad, steady flame, Fig. 123. It is quite insensible to the loudest sound which would be tolerable here. The flame is fed from a small gas-holder.[53] Increasing gradually the pressure, a slight flutter of the edge of the flame at length answers to the sound of the whistle. Turning on the gas until the flame is on the point of roaring, and blowing the whistle, it roars, and suddenly assumes the form shown in Fig. 124.
When a distant anvil is struck with a hammer, the flame instantly responds by thrusting forth its tongues.