The Care of Books

by John Willis Clark

• Lanciani. R.:
  • discovers a private library in Rome, [22];
  • describes record-house of Vespasian, [26]
• Lanfranc, Abp: decree respecting use of books, [67]
• Langley Marye: library, [258]
• Lateran Museum, Rome: sculpture representing actor with masks, [36]
• Layard: library discovered by him at Kouyunjik, [2]
• Leaver, James: gives press to Bolton school, Lancashire, [264]
• Lectern-system:
  • fittings in early libraries so named, [151-153];
  • at Zutphen, [153-159];
  • Queens' Coll., Camb., [151], [159];
  • Pembroke Coll., S. John's Coll., Peterhouse, Camb., [160];
  • Lincoln Cathedral, [161];
  • MS. Mus. Brit., [162];
  • Nuremberg, [163];
  • the Sorbonne, Paris, [164];
  • the Collège d'Autun, Paris, [166];
  • Monastery of S. Victor, Paris, [166];
  • Trinity Hall, Camb., [168];
  • MS. Fitzwilliam Mus., [169];
  • at University of Leyden, [170];
  • Cesena, [199-203];
  • S. Mark, Florence, [203];
  • Monte Oliveto, ibid.;
  • Assisi, [206];
  • Vatican, [225];
  • Medicean Library, Florence, [235-240];
  • in private houses, [297-301]
• lectrinum = desk, [161]
• Leland, John: his feelings on entering library at Glastonbury, [194]
• Lepidus, Domitius: temple built by him in Rome, [13]
• liber = book: decision of the jurist Ulpian as to what is included under this category, [37]
• Librarian: see [Precentor]—[Armarius]
• Libraries, Assyrian:
  • at Kouyunjik, discovered by Layard, [2-4];
  • at Derr, [4]
• Libraries of Cathedrals:
  • [116-128];
  • Lincoln, [117], [161];
  • Salisbury, [121];
  • Old S. Paul's, [122];
  • Wells, [123];
  • Lichfield, [123];
  • Noyon, [124];
  • Bayeux, [125];
  • York, [125];
  • Troyes, [126];
  • Worcester, [126];
  • Rouen, [128]
• Libraries, Christian:
  • situated in or near churches, [61];
  • at Jerusalem, [62];
  • at Cæsarea, ibid.;
  • at Cirta, ibid.;
  • at Hippo, [63];
  • use of the triple apse, [63]
• Libraries of Colleges:
  • statutes of Merton Coll., Oxford, [133];
  • University, [133];
  • Oriel, [133];
  • Peterhouse, Cambridge, [134];
  • Trinity Hall, [136];
  • New Coll., Oxford, [137];
  • All Souls', [137];
  • Magdalen Coll., Oxford, [138];
  • Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, [137], [138];
  • Pembroke Coll., Cambridge, [139];
  • résumé of regulations, ibid.;
  • loan of books from, [140];
  • rules copied from monasteries, [141];
  • a real library an after-thought, [143];
  • characteristics of this, [143];
  • number of books, [143-148];
  • divided into lending and reference departments, [145];
  • examples of such libraries, [148];
  • Bp Cobham's library, Oxf., ibid.;
  • Queens' Coll., Camb., a type, [151], [159];
  • fittings at Pembroke and other Coll., [160];
  • S. John's Coll., Camb., [248-250];
  • at Peterhouse, [251];
  • at Gonville and Caius, Emmanuel, Jesus, Pembroke, [254];
  • King's Coll., Camb., ibid.;
  • Queen's Coll., Oxf., [255]
• Libraries, Greek:
  • notices of, in Athens and elsewhere, [4], [5];
  • at Alexandria, [6];
  • at Pergamon, [7-12]
• Libraries, medieval: general characteristics, [240-244]
• Libraries, monastic:
  • rule of Pachomius, [64];
  • general considerations [65];
  • Benedictine Rule, [66];
  • Cluniac Customs, ibid.;
  • decrees given to English Benedictines by Lanfranc, [67];
  • Customs of Benedictine Houses, [68];
  • of Carthusians, [69];
  • of Cistercians, [70];
  • of Augustinians, ibid.;
  • of Premonstratensians, [72];
  • of Mendicants, ibid.;
  • general conclusions, [73];
  • divided into library of reference and library for lending, [74];
  • open to strangers, [75];
  • books a necessary possession, ibid.;
  • protection of books, [76];
  • curses, [77];
  • endowment of libraries, [79];
  • work done and books kept in the cloister, [80];
  • furniture used, [81];
  • armarium commune, [82];
  • at Fossa Nuova, ibid.;
  • at Worcester, [84];
  • evolution of Cistercian book-room, [84-89];
  • arrangements in Benedictine Houses, [90];
  • at Westminster Abbey, [91-94];
  • supervision at S. Augustine's, Canterbury, [99];
  • decoration, [100];
  • growth of, [101];
  • at S. Riquier, S. Gall, Bobbio, Lorsch, Durham, Canterbury, [102];
  • construction of a special library, [106];
  • at Canterbury, ibid.;
  • Durham and Gloucester, [107];
  • Winchester, S. Albans, Worcester, Bury S. Edmunds, S. Victor, Paris, Franciscans of London, [108];
  • Citeaux, [109-112];
  • Clairvaux, [112-114];
  • S. Germain des Près, Paris, [114];
  • destruction in England, [246];
  • extension of their libraries in France in 17th cent., [287];
  • library of Jesuits at Rheims, [287-289];
  • of S. Geneviève, Paris, [289];
  • S. Germain des Près, ibid.;
  • Monte Cassino, [290]
• Libraries, parochial:
  • at Grantham, [257];
  • at Langley Marye, [258];
  • Cartmel, ibid.;
  • will of H. Chetham, [259];
  • Gorton, ibid.;
  • Turton, ibid.;
  • Wimborne Minster, [261];
  • Denchworth, [262];
  • All Saints', Hereford, ibid.;
  • Abingdon, ibid.
• Libraries, private:
  • books kept in chests, [292];
  • tower in Louvre fitted up as library, [293];
  • illustration of this, [294];
  • a Carmelite in his study, [296];
  • a scholar's chair, [297];
  • lectern, [297-9];
  • Ship of Fools, [298];
  • library of Margaret of Austria, [299-302];
  • of Anne de Beaujeu, [302];
  • Italian lectern, [304];
  • wheel-desk, [304-8];
  • chairs with desk, [309-312];
  • desks used in Italy, [312];
  • wall-cupboards, [313];
  • scholar's room, [314];
  • study of Duke of Urbino, ibid.;
  • of Montaigne, [315];
  • Palazzo Barberini, [316];
  • library of Dean Boys, [317]
• Libraries, Roman (b.c.):
  • intention of Julius Cæsar to build a library, [12];
  • library of C. Asinius Pollio, ibid.;
  • decorated with busts of departed authors, ibid.;
  • works of Augustus, ibid.;
  • Porticus Octaviæ, [12-14];
  • temple and area of Apollo, [14];
  • other public libraries, [15];
  • of Tiberius, Vespasian, Trajan, ibid.;
  • of Hadrian at Athens, [16-18];
  • organisation of Roman libraries, [18];
  • composition of Palatine library, ibid.;
  • description by Ovid, ibid.;
  • advice of Horace respecting, [19];
  • library of Tiberius, ibid.;
  • of Vespasian in templo Pacis, ibid.;
  • of Trajan (bibliotheca Ulpia), ibid.;
  • loan of books from public collections, [20];
  • fittings, [36];
  • private libraries: of Lucullus, [20], [21];
  • fashion for book-collecting denounced by Seneca, [21];
  • library in Via dello Statuto discovered by Lanciani, [22];
  • at Herculaneum, [23];
  • near Rome, as described by Martial, [31];
  • record-house of Vespasian, [26], [27];
  • contents of Roman libraries, [27-30];
  • fittings of Roman libraries: discussion of words used, [30-33];
  • what the furniture so designated was, [34], [35];
  • representation found at Neumagen, [35];
  • desk for rolls in Lateran Museum, [36];
  • presses (armaria), [36-41]
• Libraries, Roman (a.d.):
  • decoration mentioned by Boethius, [41];
  • by Isidore, [41], [42];
  • library described by Eucherius, [43];
  • of pope Agapetus, [44];
  • of Isidore, Bp of Seville, [45];
  • summary of pagan conception of a library, [47];
  • illustrated by Vatican Library of Sixtus V., [47-60]
• Libraries of Schools:
  • Abingdon, [262];
  • Bicester, ibid.;
  • Rivington, ibid.;
  • Guildford, [263];
  • Bury, ibid.;
  • Bolton, [264]
• Library = bookcase, [244]
• Lichfield Cathedral: library, [123]
• Lincoln Cathedral:
  • library, [117];
  • desks described, [161]
• linea:
  • a shelf for books, [105], [note];
  • at Saint Ouen, [244]
• Linen: books written on, [20]
• L'Isle, Roger: gives books to Oxford, [132]
• Loan of books: from public libraries in Rome, [20]
• Loan of books (for external use):
  • allowed at Abingdon, [68];
  • Evesham, [69];
  • among Carthusians, [70];
  • Augustinians, [71];
  • Premonstratensians, [72];
  • enjoined on monks by Council of Paris 1212, [74];
  • books bequeathed that they may be lent, [75];
  • one House lent to another, ibid.;
  • to Oxford scholars, [132];
  • prescribed in College Statutes, [133-137;]
  • instances of, at Merton Coll., [140];
  • from Vatican Library, [230-1]
• Loan of books (to brethren on written attestation):
  • among Cluniacs, [67];
  • Benedictines, [68];
  • Augustinians, [71];
  • probable meaning of this provision, [74], [note]
• loculamentum = pigeon-hole: receptacle for rolls in Roman libraries, [31], [32]
• lora = straps to keep rolls closed, [29]
• Lorenzo in Damaso: church, [42]
• Lorsch: library, [102]
• Louvre: library fitted up, [293]
• Lucullus: library described, [20], [21]
• Lumen animae: chained book so called, [203]

• Magdalen Coll., Oxf.: library statute at, [137]
• Margaret of Austria: library described, [299-302]
• Mark, S., Florence, Dominican Convent of: library, [205]
• Martin (S.) des Champs, Paris: endowment of library, [79]
• Martin (S.), at Tournai: literary work in cloister, [81]
• Mary (S.) Church in Oxf.: books chained, [132]
• Matthew (S.): Hebrew original of his Gospel at Cæsarea, [62]
• Mazarin, Cardinal, library of:
  • described, [272-274];
  • furniture noted by Wren, [276]
• Meaux, in Holderness: book-room at, and arrangement, [86]
• Medicean Library, Florence: described, [234-240]
• Medicine, Faculty of, Paris: books chained in library 1509, [264]
• Melozzo da Forli:
  • engaged to paint in Vatican Library, [212];
  • his work described, [214]
• Mendicants: libraries, [72]
• Merton Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute, [133];
  • choice and loan of books, [140];
  • reception of a gift, [141];
  • description of library, [178-185];
  • history, [183];
  • sale of old bookcases, ibid.;
  • new cases supplied to south library 1623, [184];
  • chains taken off 1792, [266]
• Mesmin (Saint): curse from MS., [77], [78], and [note]
• Metellus, Quintus:
  • share in building the Porticus Octaviæ, [13];
  • plan may have been derived from Pergamon, [14]
• Michelangelo:
  • builds Medicean Library, [234];
  • his sketch for the bookcases, [236]
• Micklethwaite, J. T.: his plan of Westminster Abbey, [91]
• Monastic influence at Oxf. and Camb., [142]
• Montaigne:
  • visits Vatican Library 6 March, 1581, [230];
  • describes his own library, [315]
• Monte Cassino: library described, [290]
• Monte Oliveto, Benedictine Convent of: library, [205]
• Much Wenlock, Cluniac Priory: book-room, [87]

• Navarre, Collège de: library, [165]
• Netley, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, [86]
• Neumagen near Trèves: representation of a library found at, [34], and [note]
• New College, Oxford: library statute, [137]
• nidus = pigeon-hole: receptacle for rolls in Roman libraries, [30], [31]
• Noyon Cathedral: library, [124]
• Nuremberg: chained books in Stadtbibliothek, [163]
• Nuzio, Matteo: builds library at Cesena, [199]

• Obazine, in Central France: book-press described and figured, [95]
• Odo, Abbat of S. Martin at Tournai: promotes work in cloister, [81]
• Ordericus Vitalis: his work stopped by cold, [80]
• ordo: a shelf, [244]
• Oriel Coll., Oxf.: library statute, [133-134]
• Ouen, Saint: library, [244]
• Ovid: lines from the Tristia describing Palatine library, [18]
• Oxford: destruction of MSS. 1549, [247]

• Pachomius (S.): provisions of his rule, [64], [65], [note]
• Palatine library, Rome: see [Apollo]
• Pamphilus: founds library at Cæsarea, [62]
• Parchment: story of its invention at Pergamon, [8]
• Parkhurst, Bp John: bequeathes books to Guildford school, [263]
• Paul, S., London, Cathedral:
  • library, [122];
  • library built by Wren, [282-4]
• Paulinus, Bp of Nola: describes use of apse in basilica built by himself, [63]
• Peace, library in Temple of, at Rome: see [Vespasian]
• pegmata = shelves:
  • use and meaning discussed, [32];
  • in Cicero's library, [33];
  • conclusion respecting, [34]
• Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens: said to have collected a library, [5]
• Pembroke Coll., Camb.:
  • library statute, [139];
  • library fittings, [160];
  • bookcases at, [254]
• Peñiscola: library of Boniface XIII., [244]
• Pergamon:
  • description of site, [7];
  • foundation of library by Eumenes II., [8];
  • given to Cleopatra by Antony, ibid.;
  • plan of temple and precinct of Athena, [9];
  • account of German exploration, [9-11];
  • plan possibly copied at Rome by Q. Metellus, [14];
  • described to Romans by Crates of Mallus, ibid.;
  • copied by Hadrian at Athens, [18];
  • by Pope Damasus at Rome, [42]
• Peter (S.), Liverpool, Ch. of: books bequeathed by John Fells, mariner, 1815, to be chained, [266]
• Peterborough: cloister windows glazed, [100]
• Peterhouse, Camb.:
  • library statutes, [134-136];
  • discussion of catalogue dated 1418, [145-148];
  • lecterns in old library, [160];
  • bookcases put up between 1641 and 1648, [251];
  • chaining of books bequeathed by Dr Perne 1588, [265]
• Peter (S.) Mancroft, Norwich: wooden press in vestry, [96], [note]
• Philobiblon:
  • description of libraries of Mendicants quoted from, [72];
  • injunction to handle MSS. carefully, [76], [note];
  • book-chest prescribed in, [297]
• Pigeon-hole system: used in Roman libraries, [47]
• Pilkington, Bp James: statutes for school at Rivington, [262]
• Platina, Bartolommeo:
  • appointed librarian of Vatican, [208];
  • engages a binder, [209];
  • writes inscription in Latin library, [215];
  • rooms for himself and his assistants, [216];
  • orders desks for Latin library, [217];
  • selects subjects for frescoes in Ospedale di Santo Spirito, [225];
  • his assistants, [231-2];
  • provides all articles required for maintenance, [232]
• Pliny (the younger): describes armarium sunk in wall of his bedroom, [38]
• pluteus = shelf: use of word discussed and illustrated, [32], [33], [34]
• Pollio, C. Asinius: builds a library and an atrium libertatis in Rome b.c. [39], [12]
• Polycrates, tyrant of Samos: said to have collected a library, [4]
• Pompeii: reproduction of fresco shewing way to hold roll, [27]
• Pontis, Wm.: builds staircase in Rouen Cathedral, [129]
• Porticus Octaviæ, [12-14]
• Portraits of departed authors used to decorate libraries:
  • at Pergamon, [11];
  • by C. Asinius Pollio, [12];
  • by Augustus, [14];
  • in private libraries, [35];
  • inscriptions accompanying them, ibid.;
  • described by Eucherius, Bp of Lyons, in a private library, [43];
  • in library designed by pope Agapetus, [44]
• Precentor:
  • called also armarius and entrusted with care of books by Cluniacs, [67];
  • Benedictines, [68];
  • Augustinians, [71];
  • Premonstratensians, [72];
  • supervises use of press at S. Augustine's, Canterbury, [99]
• Premonstratensians: rules for books among, [72]
• Procurator bibliothecarum: officer appointed by Augustus, [18]
• Protection of MSS.:
  • rule for holding a MS., [76];
  • hands to be clean, ibid.;
  • handkerchiefs to be wrapped round, ibid.;
  • entreaties to use carefully, ibid.;
  • curses on those who damage or steal, [77]

• Queens' Coll., Camb.:
  • number of books in library 1472, [145];
  • equidistant windows of library, [148];
  • library selected as type, [151];
  • analysis of catalogue dated 1472, [167]
• Queen's Coll., Oxf.: library built by Hawkesmoore, [255]

• Ramsey Abbey, Hunts: bad weather in cloister at, [80]
• Remi, S., at Rheims: library belonging to, [286]
• Reserved library:
  • in collegiate libraries, [145];
  • at Assisi, [207];
  • at Vatican, [211]
• Rheims: library of S. Remi, [286]; of the Jesuits, [287]
• Riquier (S.): library, [102]
• Rivington:
  • school library, [262];
  • Bp Pilkington's statute for, ibid.
• Roche, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, [86]
• roe,
  • a wheel = a book-desk, [294];
  • explained, [295];
  • illustrated, [304-308]
• Rolls:
  • dimensions, use, etc., [27];
  • fastened to stick, [28];
  • this decorated with knobs (cornua), ibid.;
  • edges (frontes) of roll cut, ibid.;
  • ticket (index) appended, [29];
  • closed with straps (lora), ibid.;
  • wrapped in covers, ibid.;
  • carried in a capsa or scrinium, [30];
  • receptacles for, [30-34];
  • desk for reading, [36];
  • armarium to contain, [37]
• Rome: see[ Libraries, Roman]
• Rouen: Cathedral library, [128-130]

• Salisbury: Cathedral library, [121]
• Sarcophagus:
  • in Mus. Naz., Rome, with shoemaker at work in front of a press, [38];
  • in Villa Balestra, with physician reading, ibid.
• scrinium: box for carrying rolls, [30]
• Scriptorium:
  • endowment, at Ely, [79];
  • at S. Albans, [80]
• Scrivener, Matt.: bequeathes £50 to Univ. Library, Camb., 1687, to buy chains, [265]
• sedile: meaning discussed, [243]
• Sellyng, Prior, at Canterbury:
  • sets up carrells in the cloister, [99];
  • glazes the windows, [100];
  • fits up library, [106]
• Seneca: denounces fashion for book-collecting, [21]
• Ship of Fools: lectern used in, [297]
• Shiryngton, Walt.: builds library at Old S. Paul's Cathedral, [122]
• [σιλλιβος]
  • = ticket bearing the name of a roll, [29];
  • used in Cicero's library, [33]
• Simon, abbat of S. Albans: book-chest, [292]
• solarium = press, [207]
• Sorbonne:
  • library, [164];
  • glass in windows of library, [242]
• spalera or spalliera: a settle, [228]
• Stained glass: instances of, in libraries, [241]
• stalla or stallum: meaning discussed, [242]
• Stall-system:
  • term explained, [172];
  • type at Corp. Chr. Coll., Oxf., ibid.;
  • description of these cases, [173];
  • chaining used, [174-8];
  • fittings at Merton Coll., Oxf., [178-185];
  • at S. John the Baptist Coll., Trinity Coll., Bodl. Library, Oxford, [185];
  • at Clare Coll., Camb., [186];
  • Westminster Abbey, [187];
  • Wells Cathedral, [188];
  • Durham Cath., [189];
  • origin probably monastic, [190];
  • Christ Church, Cant., [190-4];
  • Clairvaux, [196-8];
  • Howley-Harrison library at Canterbury, [256]
• Student-monks: at Oxf. and Camb., [142]
• Sudbury, John, dean of Durham: fits up Frater as library, [189]

• tabula, board covered with wax and parchment to record loan of books, [139]
• textus = bookshelf: at Ch. Ch., Canterbury, [192], [243]
• theca: a shelf or cupboard, [87], [note]
• Theodmarus Cassinensis: his letter to Charlemagne quoted, [76] and [note]
• Tiberius, Emperor:
  • his library in Rome, [15], [16];
  • this mentioned by Aulus Gellius, [19];
  • contained public records, ibid.
• Tibur = Tivoli: story of library in temple of Hercules, [20]
• Tintern, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, [86]
• Titchfield: book-room and arrangement, [87]
• titulus = ticket bearing the name of a roll, [28]
• Tournai: see [Martin (S.)]
• Trajan:
  • library in his forum in Rome, [15];
  • statements of Aulus Gellius and Vopiscus respecting, [19];
  • described by Nibby, [37]
• trichora;
  • applied to a triple apse, [63];
  • use of the word by Dioscorides, [64]
• Trigg, Fra.: founds library at Grantham, [257]
• Trinity Coll., Camb.:
  • chaining of books given in 1601, [265];
  • Wren's library built, [277-281]
• Trinity Hall, Camb.:
  • library statute, [136];
  • library described, [168]
• Troyes: library in Cathedral, [126]
• Turton: library, [259]

• Udine, Giovanni da: supplies stained glass to Medicean Library, [235]
• Ulpian, jurist: decisions respecting libraries and their furniture, [37]
• Ulpian library, at Rome: see [Trajan]
• umbilicus = stick to which roll was fastened, [28]
• Universities: visited by Commissioners of Edward VI., [247]
• University Coll., Oxf.: library statute, [133]
• University Library, Camb.:
  • subjects of books catalogued 1424, [144];
  • ditto 1473, [145];
  • bookcases supplied to, 1731-4, [285]
• Urbino:
  • account of library, [233];
  • private study of Duke, [314]