[24] The Papago Indians belonged to the Piman family, but had separated from the Pimas at the time of their conversion by the Spanish missionaries.
[25] The Dipodomys Phillippsii is a species of mouse provided with a pouch and is popularly called the pocket or kangaroo mouse.
[26] Philip St. George Cooke (1809-1895) served under Kearny in the conquest of New Mexico, was given command of the "Mormon battalion," which had been recruited at Council Bluffs from among the Nauvoo refugees, and was sent from Santa Fé to reinforce Kearny in California. The journal of the expedition was printed at the time (Senate ex. doc. No. 2, special session, 31st Cong.) and later in an expanded form as "The Conquest of New Mexico and California" (New York, 1878). Cooke commanded the federal troops during the territorial troubles in Kansas, served with distinction in the Civil War and was brevetted Major General at its close.
[27] James Duncan Graham was a member of Long's first expedition. In 1840 he was appointed commissioner for the survey of the Maine boundary and did good service in the settlement of that controversy. He was for a time principal astronomer of the Mexican Boundary Commission, but was recalled, on account of disagreements with Commissioner Bartlett, and made a separate report (Senate ex. doc. No. 121, 1st session, 32d Cong.). He reached the rank of colonel during the Civil War and died in 1865. Mt. Graham, Arizona, bears his name.
[28] The Pima Indians were called Pimos in the books of fifty years ago. The Maricopas belonged to the Yuman family but had united with the Pimas for protection.
[29] Herman Thorn, soldier in the Mexican War, distinguished himself in the battles of Churubusco and Molino del Rey, and was made captain. He was drowned October 16, 1849, as stated later in the text.
[30] Cave Johnson Couts, a Tennessean and West Pointer, went to California in 1848 as first lieutenant of dragoons in Graham's battalion. He resigned his commission and married the pretty daughter of a prominent Spanish family in 1851, settled in California and acquired considerable property, and died in 1874.
[31] Audubon returned to the Gila at the point of its junction with the Colorado. The usual emigrant road either kept to the south of the Gila or crossed the river at the bend and recrossed it sometime before coming to the Colorado. Audubon must either have kept to the north of the river or omitted to mention the recrossing. The crossing of the Colorado was just below the mouth of the Gila. Lieut. Whipple was making observations at this point at this time. Fort Yuma was established here in 1852, opposite the present town of Yuma.
[32] Amiel W. Whipple, at this time lieutenant of topographical engineers, later made one of the principal Pacific Railroad surveys, and died a major general in 1863 from wounds received at Chancellorsville. The journal of his expedition from San Diego to the Colorado was printed as Senate ex. doc. No. 19, 2d session, 31st Cong. The entry for October 15th, 1849, reads as follows:
"Arrived Colonel Collyer, collector of the port of San Francisco, escorted by Captain Thorne with thirty dragoons. Under their protection is also a party of emigrants, commanded by Mr. Audubon, the younger, naturalist; Lieutenant Browning, of the navy; Mr. Langdon Haven, and a son of Commodore Sloat, were with this party, which was suffering for the want of provisions."