14 Gillespie Crescent, Edinburgh,
15th March 1883.
CONTENTS.
| LECTURE I. | |
| CHRISTIAN AND PAGAN BURIAL—VIKING BURIALS. | |
| Reasons for the division of the general subject into two sections, comprising Christian Times and Pagan Times—Survival of Pagan customs in Christian burial—Burial clothed, and with arms, ornaments, and insignia of office—Burial with shoes on the feet—Burial with holy-water vessels—Burial with incense vases of clay—Viking burials—Graves in the sandhills at Ballinaby, Islay—Their characteristics—Arms, implements, and ornaments associated with them—Characteristics of the art of these objects—Their art not Celtic—Phenomena of the burials not Christian—Their unusual and suggestive character—Determination of the typical relations of the objects found in the graves—The sword, spear, and shield are of the Viking types—The brooches and silver ornaments are of Scandinavian types—Comparison of their art with the art of the Celtic school—No such groups of arms and ornaments associated with Celtic burials—Their forms are those of the Norwegian area—Typical character of the Norse burials of the heathen Viking time—Burials, burnt or unburnt, with grave-goods—Identity of their characteristics with those of the Islay burials—Determination of the area of this type of burial in Scotland—Other burials of the same type in Islay, in Mull, in Tiree, in Barra, in Sangay, in St. Kilda, in Sutherland, in Caithness, in Orkney, in Shetland—Character of the art of the Norse brooches of the Viking time—Their number in Scotland exceeds that of the Celtic brooches—This excess an archæological result of the difference between Paganism and Christianity—The range of the Viking burials in Scotland establishes an archæological area coincident with the area colonised by the Norwegians—Viking graves in Eigg—A Viking cemetery in Westray, Orkney—Ship-burial in Scotland—Testimony of the earlier Sagas—Evidence of the grave-mounds—A ship-burial, burnt, at Möklebust—Ship-burials, unburnt, at Tune and Gökstad | Pages [1–65] |
| LECTURE II. | |
| NORTHERN BURIALS AND HOARDS. | |
| Modified types of the intruded Paganism of the northern area—Burials with urns of steatite in Orkney and Shetland—Their relation to Norwegian burials in the Pagan Period of the Viking time—Deposits of objects not associated with burials—Hoard of silver ornaments found at Skaill, Orkney—Dated by Kufic and Anglo-Saxon coins found in it—Typical characteristics of its brooches—Special features of their ornament—Characteristics of its neck and arm rings—Difference in character from the Norries Law hoard—No other hoard of similar character found in Scotland—Similar hoards found in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark—Character of the objects found in them—Question of their Oriental origin—The hoard of silver ornaments found at Cuerdale—Character of its brooches—Some of them distinctively Celtic—Determination of the typical relations of the Skaill brooches—Their form Celtic—Their art partly Celtic and partly Scandinavian—Its affinities with the art of the Scandinavian Pagan times—A figure like that of the god Thor represented on one of the Skaill brooches—Thor’s hammer—Thor’s face as represented on monuments—The mixed art of these brooches implies a mixed race—They are probably products of the area in which they were found—Dress of the period—Hood found in a moss in Orkney—Relations of the neck and arm rings of silver to ornaments in gold found in Orkney and the Western Isles—Their special forms and ornamentation are peculiar to the area of the Scandinavian colonies in Scotland | Pages [66–111] |
| LECTURE III. | |
| THE CELTIC ART OF THE PAGAN PERIOD. | |
| Bronze headpiece, with horns, found at Torrs, Kirkcudbrightshire—Bronze headpiece, with horns, found in the Thames—Typical relations of their ornament—Other objects found in Scotland possessing the same character—Swine’s head of bronze found at Liechestown, Banffshire—Character of its ornamentation—Other objects exhibiting the same style of art—Sword-sheath of bronze found on the Pentland Hills—Bridle-bit, with red and yellow enamels, found at Birrenswark, and harness-mountings found in Annandale—Difference of the art of these objects from that of the Celtic Christian times—Technical skill displayed in their manufacture—The testimony of Philostratus to the skill of the Barbarians of the Ocean in working enamels—Such enamelled horse-trappings found only in Britain—Bronze mirror and other objects found at Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright—The character of their ornament—Such mirrors found associated with interments of Pagan times—Pagan Cemetery at Mount Batten, near Plymouth—Bronze mirror found in one of the graves—Character of its ornament—Similar mirrors found in graves at Trelan-Bahow, Cornwall, and at Birdlip, near Gloucester—Character of their ornament—Other bronze mirrors found in Britain—They differ in form and ornamentation from Roman mirrors—Their ornament discloses the existence of a native school of art differing from the Roman style—Bronze spoons found at Weston, near Bath, and Llanfair, Denbighshire—Bronze collar found at Stitchell, in Roxburghshire—Bronze armlet found at Plunton Castle, Kirkcudbrightshire—Hoard of gold objects found on the Shaw Hill, Peeblesshire—This group of objects, in bronze and gold, includes characteristic examples of the work of a special school of decorative art—Its distinctive character—Its Celticism—Another group of objects in bronze peculiar to Scotland—Massive enamelled bronze armlets found at Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire—The character of their ornament—Enamelled bronze armlets found at Pitkellony, near Muthil—Others of similar character found in Scotland—One found at Stanhope, Peeblesshire, associated with a bronze vessel of Roman type—The period of this distinctively native style of art reaches back beyond the time of the Roman occupation—Another group of personal ornaments in bronze, exhibiting the special features of this school of decorative art—Armlet, in the form of a double-headed snake, found in the Culbin Sands—Its form and decoration—Its character as a work of art—Armlets of similar form found at Pitalpin, near Dundee, and at Grange of Conan, near Arbroath—Bronze ball, with Celtic decorations, found at Walston, Lanarkshire—Stone balls, with ornaments of similar character, found in various parts of Scotland—Their probable purpose—Their area—This group of objects presents a series of examples of the art which characterised the Iron Age Paganism of Scotland—Its difference from the art of the Christian time—Its special qualities and characteristics | Pages [112–173] |
| LECTURE IV. | |
| THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE BROCHS. | |
| The Broch of Mousa, Shetland—Its situation and appearance—Its peculiarities of construction—Its chambers, stairs, and galleries—Its features not related to those of any variety of castle of historic times—Many similar structures in different parts of Scotland—The Brochs of Glenelg—Broch at Loch Duich—Their typical plan—Evidence as to height—Typical characteristics of the Brochs—They point to a double intention in the minds of the builders—Their admirable adaptation for purposes of shelter and defence—Range or area of the typical form—Broch on Cockburn Law in Berwickshire—Broch at Torwood, Stirlingshire—Broch at Coldoch, Perthshire—Their numbers north of the Caledonian Valley—More than three hundred examples in the five northern counties—Significance of this result—They are the remains of a period of architectural activity which has no parallel in the history of the country—No example of the type is known except in Scotland—Instances of Brochs with peculiar features—Defensive works, wells, and drains—Construction of the doorway—The general adoption of such a peculiar system of strongholds points to the existence of peculiar circumstances in the history of the people—Uniformity of plan and construction a striking feature alike of the Round Towers of Ireland and the Brochs of Scotland—Dissimilarity of the two types of structure—Idea of which the Broch structure is the actual embodiment—The archæology of Scotland is largely composed of typical forms that occur nowhere else—Her monuments and metal-work demonstrate the existence of a National School of Decorative Art in Early Christian and Pagan times—The remains of these structures demonstrate the existence of a National School of Architecture as truly unique—Significance of these facts in relation to the unwritten history of Scotland | Pages [174–208] |
| LECTURE V. | |
| THE BROCHS AND THEIR CONTENTS. | |
| Excavation of the Broch of Kettleburn, Wick, by the late Alexander Henry Rhind of Sibster—Group of objects found in it—Their deposit in the National Museum gave a new character to the collection of Scottish antiquities and a new direction to Scottish archæology—Description of the relics—Implements in stone, bone, bronze, and iron—The food of the inhabitants of the Broch—No reason for attributing to them an exceptionally low condition of culture and civilisation—Excavation of the Brochs of Kintradwell and Carn-liath, in Sutherlandshire—Group of relics found in them—The food of the inhabitants—Outbuildings or secondary constructions in connection with the Brochs—Burials found in them—Excavation of the Brochs of Yarhouse, Brounaben, Stirkoke, Bowermadden, and Dunbeath in Caithness—Description of relics found in them—Excavation of the Broch of Levenwick in Dunrossness, Shetland—Its peculiar features—The Brochs of Orkney—The Broch of Burray—The Broch of Burwick—The Broch of Okstrow—The Broch of Lingrow—The Broch of Burrian—Character of the relics found in them—Determination of the general relations of the group of remains obtained from the Brochs—They are products of an advanced state of culture, civilisation, and social organisation—The relations of the structures and their contents are Celtic, and not Scandinavian | Pages [209–259] |
| LECTURE VI. | |
| LAKE-DWELLINGS, HILL-FORTS, AND EARTH-HOUSES. | |
| A Broch like Clickamin is practically a lake-dwelling—Many defensive structures in lakes which are not Brochs—Defensive structure in the Loch of Hogsetter, Whalsay—Its special peculiarities—Lake-dwellings constructed of wood, known as Crannogs—The Crannogs of the Loch of Dowalton—The Crannogs of Ayrshire—General similarity of the groups of objects recovered from them to those found in Brochs—No class of ancient remains of which we have less precise knowledge than Hill-Forts—They differ essentially from all other structures—They are of two varieties, earthworks and stoneworks—Character of the earthworks—Earthwork on Midhill Head, Midlothian—Stone fort at Garrywhoine, Caithness—The White Caterthun, Forfarshire—Fort on Ben Ledi—The vitrified forts—Knockfarril in Strathpeffer—Craig Phadrig, near Inverness—Fort at Finhaven, Forfarshire—Dun Mac Uisneachan, in Loch Etive—Forts in Arisaig, Inverness-shire—Vitrified forts do not differ in character from forts that are not vitrified, if their vitrifaction be not a feature of their construction—The evidence insufficient to establish that the vitrifaction was a method of construction—The phenomena of the vitrified forts in France—The Gaulish forts constructed with alternate layers of logs and stones—Similar construction of the great rampart of Burghead in Morayshire—The hill-fort of Dunsinnane associated with underground chambers—Similar association in the forts of Ireland—Underground chambers not associated with forts—The “Earth-Houses” at Broomhouse, Berwickshire—In Strathdon, Aberdeenshire—Groups of them at Airlie, Forfarshire, and Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire—Associated with an overground habitation and a group of graves at Grange of Conan, Forfarshire—With objects of the Roman period at Tealing, Pitcur, Newstead, and Crichton Mains—The range and period of this type of structure—The culture and civilisation of the people who constructed them | Pages [260–307] |
| INDEX | [309] |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| PAGE | |
| View of the Broch of Clickamin, Shetland | [Frontispiece] |
| Clay Vase found in a Mediæval Stone Coffin at Montrose | [11][11] |
| Illumination from a Fourteenth-Century Manuscript | [12] |
| Clay Vases found at Castle Hill of Rattray, Aberdeenshire | [13] |
| Sword found in a Viking Grave at Ballinaby, Islay | [17] |
| Boss and Handle of Shield found in a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [18] |
| Front view of Handle of Shield, Spear-head, and Ferrule found in a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [19] |
| Iron Ferrule and Fragment of Iron found in a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [20] |
| Bronze Plaque, with Figure of a Warrior, found in the island of Oland | [20] |
| Sheath-mounting of Bronze and Axe-heads of Iron from a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [21] |
| Adze and Hammer from a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [22] |
| Forge-tongs and Handle of Pot from a Viking Grave at Ballinaby | [23] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch and its Pin of Brass from a Grave at Ballinaby | [24] |
| Double Disc of Bronze and Hairpin of Silver from a Grave at Ballinaby | [27] |
| Chain of Knitted Silver Wire and Beads of Coloured Glass from a Grave at Ballinaby | [28] |
| Saucepan of Thin Bronze from a Grave at Ballinaby | [29] |
| Implement of Black Glass for Smoothing Linen from a Grave at Ballinaby | [30] |
| Sword of the Viking time from Vik, in Norway | [33] |
| Linen Smoother of Black Glass (modern) | [37] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch of Brass found in a Grave at Ballinaby in 1788 | [38] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch of Brass found in a Grave near Newton, Islay | [39] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch found in Tiree | [40] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch of Brass found at Castletown, Caithness | [44] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch found in a Cist in The Long Hills, Wick, Caithness | [45] |
| Sword ploughed up in Rousay, Orkney | [45] |
| Silver Mounting of a Drinking Horn found at Burghead | [46] |
| Sword-hilt of the Viking time found in the island of Eigg | [49] |
| Side view of Pommel and Edge of Grip of Sword-hilt | [50][50] |
| Upper side of Guard of Sword-hilt | [51] |
| Sword-hilt found in a Grave at Ultuna, Sweden | [52] |
| Buckle of Bronze from a Grave-mound in Eigg | [53] |
| Ground Plan and Sections of Grave-mounds in Eigg | [53] |
| Penannular Brooch of Bronze, silvered, from a Grave-mound in Eigg | [54] |
| Belt-clasp of Bronze from a Grave-mound in Eigg | [54] |
| Whetstone and portions of Cloth from a Grave-mound in Eigg | [55] |
| Single-edged Comb from a Grave-mound in Westray | [57] |
| Oval Bowl-shaped Brooch from a Grave-mound in Westray | [57] |
| Iron Key from a Grave-mound in Westray | [58] |
| Sheath-mounting from a Grave-mound in Westray | [58][58] |
| Sectional View of Burials in Stronsay, Orkney | [67] |
| Urn of Steatitic Stone from a Cist in Stronsay | [68][68] |
| Urn of Steatite from Stennis, Orkney | [70][70] |
| Urn of Steatite from Corquoy, Rousay | [71] |
| Urn of Steatite from Rousay | [72] |
| Urn of Steatite from Shapinsay, Orkney | [72] |
| Urn of Steatite from The Fair Isle | [73][73] |
| Vessels of Sandstone found at Aucorn, Caithness | [75] |
| Silver Brooch found at Skaill, Orkney | [79] |
| Silver Brooch found at Skaill, Orkney | [81] |
| Silver Brooch found at Skaill, Orkney | [82] |
| Neck-ring of Silver found at Skaill, Orkney | [84] |
| Neck-ring of Silver found at Skaill, Orkney | [85] |
| Neck-ring of Silver found at Skaill, Orkney | [86] |
| Armlets of Silver found at Skaill, Orkney | [87] |
| Flat Arm-band of Silver found at Skaill, Orkney | [88] |
| Circular Patterns on Brooches found at Skaill | [94] |
| Pattern of Interlaced Work on Brooch found at Skaill | [94] |
| Zoomorphic Patterns on Brooch found at Skaill | [95] |
| Zoomorphic Patterns on Brooches found at Skaill | [96] |
| Human-headed Figure on Brooch found at Skaill | [97][97] |
| Axe-head inlaid with Silver from the Mammen How, Denmark | [97][97] |
| Thor’s Hammer in Silver from Skäne, Sweden | [99] |
| Runic Monument at Skjern, North Jutland, with Thor’s Face | [100] |
| Runic Monument at Aby, with Thor’s Head and Hammer | [101][101] |
| Hood found in a Moss in St. Andrew’s Parish, Orkney | [103] |
| Portions of the fabric of the Hood and Woollen fabric from the Moss of Haraldskjaer, Jutland | [105][105] |
| Gold Rings found at Stennis | [106] |
| Gold Rings found in the Hebrides | [107] |
| Ingot of Silver found in the island of Bute | [107] |
| Gold Rings and Fillets found in the island of Bute | [108] |
| Penannular Arm-ring of Silver found at Rattar, Caithness | [109] |
| Bronze object, like the frontal of a horse, with horns, found at Torrs, Kirkcudbrightshire | [113] |
| Plan of the horns of the Bronze object | [115] |
| Bronze Plaque, with Figures of Warriors, found in the island of Oland | [116] |
| Bronze object in the form of a Swine’s Head, found at Liechestown, Banffshire | [117] |
| Plates, forming separate parts of the Bronze object | [118] |
| Sword-sheath found at Morton Hall | [120] |
| Mountings of Cast Bronze found at Henshole, on Cheviot | [121] |
| Bronze Ornaments found in a Cairn at Towie, Aberdeenshire | [122] |
| Mounting in Cast Bronze from Dowalton Loch | [123][123] |
| Bridle-bit, enamelled, found in moss at Birrenswark | [124] |
| Quern found with Bronze articles at Balmaclellan | [126] |
| Bronze Mirror found at Balmaclellan | [127][127] |
| Half of a Crescentic Plate of Bronze, with its Ornament, found at Balmaclellan | [128][128] |
| Form of the Bronze Plates found with the Mirror at Balmaclellan | [129] |
| Bronze Mirror found in a Grave at Mount Batten, near Plymouth | [130] |
| Back of a Bronze Mirror found in a Grave at Birdlip, near Gloucester | [132] |
| Bronze Spoon found at Weston, near Bath | [134] |
| Backs of the Handles of Bronze Spoons from Weston | [135] |
| Spoon found at Weston, and Spoon found at Llanfair | [136] |
| Jointed Collar of Bronze found at Stitchell, Roxburghshire | [136] |
| Jointed Armlet found in the Parish of Borgue, Kirkcudbrightshire | [137] |
| Gold Ornament found on the Shaw Hill, Peeblesshire | [139] |
| Bronze Armlet, enamelled, found at Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire | [141][141] |
| Back view of Bronze Armlet found at Castle Newe | [142][142] |
| Enamelled Plates of Bronze Armlets found at Pitkelloney, Perthshire | [143] |
| Bronze Armlet found at Auchenbadie, Banffshire | [144] |
| Back view of Bronze Armlet found at Auchenbadie, Banffshire | [144][144] |
| Plan of Ornamentation of Bronze Armlet found at Auchenbadie, Banffshire | [145][145] |
| Front view of Bronze Armlet found at Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire | [146] |
| Back view of Bronze Armlet found at Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire | [146] |
| Plan of Ornamentation of Bronze Armlet found at Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire | [147] |
| Armlet of Brass found near Aboyne, Aberdeenshire | [148] |
| Armlet found near Aboyne (back and side views) | [149] |
| Bronze Armlet in the National Museum (back and front views) | [149] |
| Bronze Armlet found at Stanhope, Peeblesshire | [150] |
| Buckle-like object of Bronze found at Stanhope, Peeblesshire | [151] |
| Saucepan of Bronze found with the Bronze Armlet at Stanhope, Peeblesshire | [152] |
| Bronze Armlet, probably from Bunrannoch, Perthshire | [153][153] |
| Plan of Ornamentation of Bronze Armlet from Perthshire | [154][154] |
| Bronze Armlet found near Seafield Tower, Kinghorn, Fife | [155] |
| Bronze Armlet found near Newry, County Down, Ireland | [155] |
| Bronze Armlet found in the sands of Culbin, Elginshire | [156] |
| Bronze Armlet found in the sands of Culbin, Elginshire (back | |
| view) | [157] |
| Bronze Armlet found at Pitalpin, near Dundee | [159] |
| Bronze Armlet in the National Museum | [160][160] |
| Bronze Armlet found at Grange of Conan, near Arbroath | [160] |
| Bronze Ball found at Walston, Lanarkshire | [162] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball from Elgin | [162] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball found at the Glas Hill, Towie, Aberdeenshire | [163] |
| Ornamented Stone Balls found at Freelands and Fordoun | [164] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball in the collection of Sir J. Noel Paton | [165] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball found at Ballater, Aberdeenshire | [166] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball found in the Tay, near Perth | [166] |
| Ornamented Stone Balls found in Argyleshire and Inverness-shire | [167] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball found in the Isle of Skye | [167] |
| Ornamented Stone Balls found at Skaill, Orkney | [168] |
| Ornamented Stone Ball found near Kirkwall, Orkney | [169] |
| Ornamented Stone Balls found in Dumfriesshire, and at Dudwick, Aberdeenshire | [169] |
| Ornamented Stone Balls found at Montblairy, Banffshire, and near Nairn | [169] |
| Men with Maces (from the Bayeux Tapestry) | [170] |
| Exterior view of the Broch of Mousa, Shetland | [175] |
| Ground Plan of the Broch of Mousa, Shetland | [176] |
| Section of the elevation of the Broch of Mousa, Shetland | [178] |
| View of Doorway of Broch in Glenbeg, Glenelg | [181] |
| Ground Plan and Section of Doorway of Broch in Glenbeg, Glenelg | [181] |
| Section of Elevation of Broch in Glenbeg, Glenelg | [182] |
| Ground Plan of Doorway of Broch at Loch Duich | [183] |
| Sectional elevation of S.E. side of entrance passage of Broch at Loch Duich | [184][184] |
| Views of Cole’s Castle and Dun Dornadilla, Sutherlandshire | [185] |
| General Plan of Broch and its fortifications on Cockburn Law, Berwickshire | [187] |
| Masonry of Broch on Cockburn Law | [188] |
| Ground Plan and Section of Elevation of Doorway in Broch of Torwood, Stirlingshire | [189] |
| Ground Plan of the Broch of Coldoch, Perthshire | [190] |
| View of the Nuraghe of Goni, in Sardinia | [193] |
| Section of Nuraghe, showing chambers and stair | [193] |
| View of Broch, known as Cole’s Castle, Sutherlandshire | [194] |
| General Plan of Broch of Clickamin, near Lerwick, Shetland | [196] |
| Diagrammatic Section of East Broch, Burray, Orkney | [197] |
| Diagrammatic Section of the Broch of Borrowston, Shapinsay, Orkney | [198] |
| Ground Plan of Broch at Manse of Harray | [198] |
| Section of the Well in the Broch at Manse of Harray | [199] |
| Ground Plan of Structure at Bodinar, Cornwall | [207] |
| Ground Plan of Broch at Kettleburn, near Wick | [210] |
| Lamp of Sandstone from Broch of Kettleburn | [212][212] |
| Long-handled Comb from Broch of Kettleburn | [213] |
| Bronze Tweezers from Broch of Kettleburn | [214] |
| Section of Chamber in Broch of Kintradwell | [217] |
| Stone Cup from Broch of Kintradwell | [218] |
| Oval Pebble of Quartzite from Broch of Kintradwell | [220] |
| Hammer-marked Plate of Brass from Broch in Dunrobin Park | [222] |
| Ground Plan of Broch of Yarhouse, Caithness | [224] |
| Circular Brooch of Brass from a Burial in the mound covering the ruins of Broch of Yarhouse | [225] |
| Interior Aperture of Doorway in Broch of Yarhouse | [227] |
| Entrance to Stair in Broch of Yarhouse | [228] |
| Whetstones from Broch of Yarhouse | [230] |
| Bronze Armlet from Broch of Yarhouse | [231] |
| Portions of Horns of Reindeer from Broch of Yarhouse | [231] |
| Vessel of Red Sandstone, Bead, Comb, and Bronze Pin, from Broch of Yarhouse | [233][233] |
| Ground Plan of Broch of Levenwick, Shetland | [235] |
| Bronze Knob from Broch of Harray, Orkney | [236][236] |
| Bone Cup, Comb, Button, and Pins, from Broch of Harray | [237][237] |
| Ornamented Bone Pin from Broch of Burwick, Orkney | [239][239] |
| Long-handled Comb from Broch of Burwick | [240] |
| Round-backed Comb from Broch of Burwick | [240][240] |
| Cup and Lamps of Sandstone from Broch of Okstrow, Orkney | [241][241] |
| Bronze Pin, Penannular Brooch, and Mounting of Bronze from Broch of Okstrow | [242][242] |
| Ground Plan of Broch of Lingrow, Orkney | [243] |
| Pebble of Quartzite and Implement of Bone from Broch of Lingrow | [244][244] |
| Clay Mould for casting Bronze Pins from Broch of Lingrow | [245] |
| Bone Implement and Pins of Bone from Broch of Burrian, Orkney | [246][246] |
| Bone Pins and Needles from Broch of Burrian | [247][247] |
| One of a set of Playing Dice from Broch of Burrian | [248][248] |
| Tool of Bone and Round-backed and Double-edged Combs of Bone from Broch of Burrian | [249][249] |
| Double-edged Comb of Bone from Broch of Burrian | [250][250] |
| Long-handled Combs of Bone from Broch of Burrian | [251][251] |
| Smoothing Implement of Bone from Broch of Burrian | [252][252] |
| Weaving Comb of Wood and Iron used in India | [254][254] |
| Stone with Incised Figures of Crossed Triangles from Broch of Burrian | [255] |
| Metatarsal Bone of Ox, with Incised Symbols, from Broch of Burrian | [256][256] |
| Defensive Structure in the Loch of Hogsetter, Whalsay, Shetland | [261] |
| Portion of a Shoe of Stamped Leather from Crannog in Dowalton Loch | [265][265] |
| Saucepan of Bronze, of Roman form, from Crannog at Dowalton | [266] |
| Bead of Glass with lining of Bronze from Crannog at Dowalton | [267] |
| Basins of Bronze from Crannog at Dowalton | [268] |
| Ground Plan of Earthwork on Midhill Head, Midlothian | [273] |
| Section of Hill-Fort of Dunsinnane, with Underground Chambers | [281] |
| Ground Plan and Sections of Earth-house at Broomhouse, Berwickshire | [283] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Migvie, Aberdeenshire | [284] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Buchaam, Strathdon | [285] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Culsh, Aberdeenshire | [287] |
| Ground Plan and Section of Earth-house at Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire | [288] |
| Ground Plan and Section of Earth-house at Eriboll, Sutherlandshire | [289] |
| Ground Plan and Section of Earth-house at Kinord, Aberdeenshire | [291] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Cairn Conan, near Arbroath | [294] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Tealing, Forfarshire | [298] |
| Sketch Ground Plan of Earth-house at Newstead, Roxburghshire | [300] |
| Ground Plan of Earth-house at Crichton Mains, Midlothian | [301] |
| Sections of Earth-house at Crichton Mains, Midlothian | [302] |
| Ambry and Hewn Stones in Earth-house at Crichton Mains | [303][303] |
LECTURE I.
(17th October 1881.)
CHRISTIAN AND PAGAN BURIAL—VIKING BURIALS.
At the outset of my first series of Lectures I stated that the necessity of abandoning the historical method of inquiry was involved in the very nature of the investigation which I contemplated, because the relations which the materials to be investigated bear to each other, and to special phases of human culture and civilisation, are neither disclosed by historical record nor discoverable by historical methods of research. I therefore proposed that, for the purposes of this inquiry, we should consider ourselves engaged in the exploration of an unknown region; and that, starting from the borderland where the historic and the non-historic meet, and ascending the stream of time, we should proceed to make such observations of the facts and phenomena encountered in our progress as would enable us to determine their relations by comparison with facts and phenomena already familiar to us, and to deduce conclusions which, so far as they are sound and relevant, would serve as materials for the construction of a logical history of culture and civilisation within the area investigated.
Having thus traversed the region characterised by the phenomena of the Early Christianity of Scotland, all that is distinctively Christian is now left behind. Before us lies the whole extent of the Pagan period, resolvable into three great divisions, characterised as the Ages of Iron, of Bronze, and of Stone. In each of these we shall meet with distinctive manifestations of culture, disclosing their peculiar characteristics by their special products. These products are the materials of our investigation, and they fall to be dealt with by the same methods that have been employed in the disclosure of the nature and quality of the culture and civilisation of the Early Christian Time in Scotland.
I have adopted this division of the general subject into “Christian Times” and “Pagan Times,” because the phenomena with which I am dealing do themselves exhibit a clearly defined distinction, and are separable from each other by their characteristics according as they are products of Christian or of Pagan forms of culture and civilisation.