The Analogy of Religion to the Constitution and Course of Nature / To which are added two brief dissertations: I. On personal identity. II. On the nature of virtue. - Joseph Butler

[308] P. [145].

INDEX TO PART I.

REFERENCES TO THE EDITOR’S NOTES ARE IN BRACKETS.

Abstract reasonings may mislead, [162]
fitness of things, note [166]
Actions
distinguished from their qualities, [111]
manifest character, [156]
rewarded and punished, [98]
this world a theater of, [156]
what sort exercise virtue, [152]
Active and passive impressions, [140]
Advantages of virtue, [113]
may never recur, [101]
Affections, excited by objects, [145]
need control, [166]
part of our constitution, [147]
Affliction, a discipline, [150]
chiefly of our own making, [100]
Agent, the living, not compounded, [81]
Alienation of parts of our body, [84]
All things made double, [137]
Allurements, use of, [151]
Analogy
answers objections as to a present state of trial, [135]
as to modes of existence, [78]
carrying the force of positive argument, [105]
deals only with facts, [171]
indicates future punishment, [101]
may amount to proof, [168]
objections which it cannot answer, [171]
the only proof of some things, [79]
Antiquity of religion, [167]
Atheists not argued with, in this treatise, [181]
Beginnings of a righteous government seen on earth, [107]
Bible, teaches the existence of general laws, [99]
Bodies
not necessary to us, [82]
not ourselves, [83]
only instruments, [85], [86]
their solid elements, [88]
Bodily and mental habits, [134]
Brain, does not think, [89]
Brahminical notion of death, [92]
Brutes,
are they immortal?, [88]
may have greater strength than man, [119]
under man’s control, [119]
Capacities,
state of in infancy, [88]
not destroyed by death, [89]
not dependent on the body, [79]
Causes and ends incomprehensible, [172]
Changes compatible with identity, [78], [83]
Character
manifested by probation, [156]
not given but acquired, [155]
what it means, note [163]
Conscience,
how it acts, [164]
implies government, [115]
a rule, [164]
authority, [164]
future retribution, [165]
may be impaired, [168]
perverted, [168]
Consciousness an indiscerptible entity, [82]
presupposes identity, [77]
Consequences
may sometimes be avoided, [102]
may be foreseen, [98]
show a moral government, [98]
Course of nature constant, [97]
Creatures finitely perfect, [147]
may fall, [148]
have each a way of life, [137]
Danger of wrong doing, how increased, [132]
Death
and birth similar, [91]
enlarges our sphere, [92]
has no power over matter, [91]
is not a suspension of our powers, [91]
is not our destruction, [80]
what it is, [80]
Decay of vegetables, inference from, [92]
Definitions of identity, [77]
Delivering up of the Lord Jesus Christ, [111]
Destruction of seeds, [153]
Different states of human existence, [89]
Difficulties belong to all subjects, [96]
exercise the virtuous principle, [152]
Disadvantages of virtue temporary, [126]
Discipline, its true nature and use, [148]
Disease not destructive to the soul, [90]
sometimes remedial, [177]
Disorder produced by sin, [148]
Distress excites passive pity and active relief, [140]
Distributive justice a natural rule, [110]
Divine government a scheme, [CHAP. VII.]
Domestic government, [114]
Dreams, what they prove, [86]
Earthly satisfactions attainable, [183]
Effects of actions on the actor, [143]
Ends often produced by unlikely means, [180]
Enjoyments in our own power to a great degree, [95]
Error, how spread, [96]
Evidence of natural religion, [166]
Evil, may possibly be useful, [177]
its possible origin, [147]
not a necessary part of probation, [128]
Exceptions to the happiness of virtue, [108]
Experience indispensable, [141]
Faculties, human, not perfect at first, [141]
Fall of man, [133], [148]
Fallacy in fatalism, [169]
Fallen creatures require discipline, [150]
Fatalism,—see [Necessity].
Fear a proper motive to obedience, [154]
Folly, destructive, as well as crime, [132]
Formal notion of government, [99]
Foundation of moral improvement, [108]
Future advantages, how proportioned, [93]
Future existence probable, [CHAP. I.]
of brutes, [79]
Future interest dependent on conduct, [95]
Future life,
a solemn subject, [95]
not an inactive condition, [144]
reconcilable with atheism, [94]
this life preparatory to it, [CHAP. V.]
Future punishment credible, [103]
Future retribution, how proved, [125]
Future state
different from the present, [78]
brings us into new scenes, [93]
may have temptations, [145]
social, [144]
will not require such virtues as does the present life, [154]
General laws
govern the world, [177], [99]
produce punishment, [103]
wisdom of them, [178]
General method of God’s government, [97]
General system of religion, [124]
Gradual improvement, a wise arrangement, [141], [142]
GOD
an intelligent governor, [106]
determined by what is fit, [166]
governs by human instruments, [111]
governs justly, [108]
has a will and a character, [163]
his aims incomprehensible, [97]
his attributes inferred from our own, [115]
his general government, [97]
his government just and good, [176]
his indirect commands, [165]
moral government of, [CHAP. III.]
natural ” , ” [II.]
necessarily existent, [159]
not indifferent to human actions, [125]
not simply benevolent, [106]
rewards and punishes, [169]
the only necessary being, [159]
Good actions, how punished, [111]
Good habits necessary even to the virtuous, [149]
Good men befriended as such, [112]
cannot now all unite, [121]
Good not forced upon us, [134]
Government,
civil, an ordinance of God, [111]
considered as a scheme, [CHAP. VII.]
of God, [CHAP. II.]
not perfected in this world, [107]
the formal notion of it, [98]
the perfection of, [106]
Habits,
how formed, &c., [139]
necessary to us hereafter, [145]
of resignation, [155]
often ruinous, [101]
of virtue an improvement in virtue, [147]
passive, [138]
shape the character, [141]
Happiness
not always the immediate reward of virtue, [108]
not given promiscuously, [138]
requisites for, [137]
the result of virtue, [118]
Helplessness of man, [138]
Higher degrees of retribution probable, [127]
Hinderances to virtue, [121]
History of religion, [169]
Honest men befriend the honest, [112]
Hope and fear appeal to self-love, [153]
are just principles of action, [154]
Human life preparatory, [144]
Hume’s wonderful discovery, [162]
Human powers may be overtasked, [152]
Identity
does not depend on the sameness of the body, [83]
of living agents, [77], [78]
not explicable, [77]
Ignorance
acknowledged on all subjects but religion, [174]
answers objections, [175]
the argument from, [180]
total, destroys proof, [178]
Illustration of the modification of an action by its intention, [111]
Imagination a source of discontent, [154]
produces much error, [81]
Immortality of brutes, [88]
Improvement
by discipline, [144]
by habit, [147]
of our faculties gradual, [141]
wisdom of this, [142]
Incomprehensibility of God’s plans, [97]
Inconsiderateness destructive, [102]
Inferiority of brute force, [119]
Infidelity unjustifiable, [105]
Insignificance of our knowledge, [174]
Interest coincident with virtue, [154]
not a sufficient restraint, note [146]
Interpositions to prevent irregularities, [177]
would produce evil, [178]
Intentional good rewarded, [114]
Irregularities perhaps unavoidable, [177]
seeming may not be such, [176]
Inward peace attends virtue, [112]
Kingdom, idea of a perfect, [123]
Knowledge of man insignificant, [174]
Liberty does not account for the fall, [147]
implied in our present condition, [162]
Life a probation, [128]
one part of it preparatory to another, [142]
what is it intended for, [137]
Living agent not subject to death, [79]
Living powers, see [Death].
Locke on human identity, [77]
Maimonides, his similitude, [173]
Man
an inferior part of creation, [133]
a system of parts, [98]
by nature social, [93]
capable of improvement, [145]
connected with present, past, and future, [181]
dealt with as if free, [162]
has a moral nature, [115]
his fall not accounted for by his free agency, [147]
his helplessness, [138]
knows nothing fully, [173]
may become qualified for new states, [137]
not a competent judge of God’s schemes, [174]
requires moral culture, [145]
Mania often produced by moral causes, [85]
Materialism, its philosophical absurdity, [81]
Matter and mind not the same, [83]
affect each other, [85]
Means
learned by experience, [176]
man not a competent judge of the fitness of them, [178]
not always agreeable, [176]
Men often miss possible temporal good, [129]
Men’s temporal interests greatly depend on themselves, [131]
Might of unarmed virtue, [121]
Mind
influenced by the passions, [131]
is the man, [87]
its effects on the body, [85]
may survive the body, [89]
the only real percipient, [85]
uses the body as an instrument, [87]
Miracles, properly speaking, not unnatural, [94]
Miseries as contingent as conduct, [135]
generally are avoidable, [100]
Mixture of suffering and enjoyment in this world, [128]
Moral and natural government of God similar to each other, [184]
Moral attributes of God may be inferred from our own, [115]
Moral discipline, [CHAP. V.]
Moral government of God, [CHAP. III.]
Moral improvement, basis of, [108]
Moral world, its apparent irregularities, [176]
Mystery of God, finished, note [102]
Natural, the true meaning of the word, [94]
Natural government of God, [CHAP. II.]
Natural religion,
its evidences not affected by the doctrine of necessity, [166]
proof of, [166]
teaches the doctrine of punishment, [102]
Necessary agents may be punished, [169]
Necessary bulk of one’s self, [84]
Necessary existence of God, [159]
Necessary tendencies of virtue, [118]
Negligence and folly disastrous, [132]
Necessity
consigns us to a fallacy, [169]
contradicts the constitution of nature, [170]
destroys no proof of religion, [170]
different kinds of, [157]
does not exclude design, [160]
doctrine of, [CHAP. VI.]
not an agent, [159]
not applicable to practice, [163]
not in conflict with religion, [160]
our condition indicates freedom, [162]
reconcilable with religion, [168]
the doctrine absurd, [157]
what it means, [158]
writers for and against, [170]
New scenes in the next world, [93]
Obedience, reluctant, useful, [152]
Objections,
against a proof and against a thing to be proved, [179]
against the scheme of Providence, [174]
analogy of plants, [92]
Christianity not universal, [169]
course of nature, [97]
destruction of seeds, [153]
difference between temporal and eternal things, [135]
discipline might have been avoided, [156]
God simply benevolent, [106]
good and evil may be mixed in the next world, [124]
gratification of appetites natural and proper, [98]
ignorance, the argument from invalidates the proof of religion, [178]
immortality of brutes, [87]
incredible that necessary agents should be punished, [169]
irregularities of the moral world, [176]
necessity destroys the proof of religion, [165]
our powers may be overtasked, [152]
probabilities may be overbalanced by probabilities, [169]
punishments are only natural events, [99]
rectitude arising from hope and fear, sordid, [153]
rewards and punishments, [95]
sin need not have entered the world, [177]
society punishes good actions, [111]
special interpositions might prevent evil, [177], [178]
to the doctrine of necessity, [CHAP. VI.]
to the doctrine of future punishments, [100-103]
virtue sometimes punished, [111]
virtues of the present life not wanted hereafter, [154]
world disciplines some to vice, [153]
Obligation certain, when proofs are not, [179]
Occasional disadvantages of virtue, [117]
Occasional indulgences in wrong-doing awfully dangerous, [143]
One period of life preparatory to another, [142]
Opportunities once lost irrecoverable, [143]
Organs of sense mere instruments, [89]
Our moral nature proves a moral government, [115]
Pain, no contrivance for it in man, [110]
Partial ignorance does not destroy proof, [178]
Passions
carry away the judgment, [131]
make our condition one of trial, [130]
may account for the fall of man, [147]
may be excited where gratification is impossible or unlawful, [146]
may remain in a future state, [147]
should be subject to the moral principle, [145]
the bare excitement of, not criminal, [145]
but dangerous, [146]
Passive habits, [138]
Passive impressions weakened by repetition, [139]
Passive submission essential, [155]
Peace of the virtuous, [112]
Perception, instruments of, [85]
possible without instruments, [86]
Perfection of moral government, [106], [107]
of an earthly kingdom, [123]
Persecution unnatural, [111]
Philosophy never arrogant, [174]
what it cannot teach, [87]
Pleasure
not a sufficient reason for action, [98]
and pain mostly depend on ourselves, [95]
the distribution indicates moral government, [105]
Powers
may be improved by exercise, [138]
may be overtasked, [152]
may exist and not be exercised, [80]
no reason for supposing that death will destroy them, [81]
Practical proof, what, [168]
Present existence unaccounted for by atheism, [94]
Presumptions that death will destroy us, [81]
that it will suspend our existence, [91]
Presumptuousness unjustifiable, [105]
Private vices not public benefits, [111]
Probabilities in favor of religion may be overbalanced by probabilities against it, [169]
Probation, [CHAP. IV.]
applies to the present life as well as the future, [130]
does not necessarily imply suffering, [128]
implies allurements, [129]
is more than moral government, [128]
requires severe discipline, [150]
Proofs of natural religion, [166]
of religion not affected by the doctrine of necessity, [160]
Propensions necessarily create temptations, [146]
are excited by their appropriate objects, [147]
Proper gratification of the appetites, [98]
Prosperity of a virtuous community, [123]
may beget discontent, [154]
Providence, objections to God’s, [140], [174]
Public spirit a fruit of virtue, [120]
Punishment
an alarming subject, [105]
especially considered, [100]
greater hereafter than now, [127]
in a future state credible, [103], [125]
is God’s voice of instruction, [108]
is sometimes capital, [102]
not unjust, [163]
often long delayed, [101]
often overtakes suddenly, [101]
of virtuous actions, [111]
religious and natural similar, [100]
results from folly as well as crime, [132]
the result of general laws, [103]
Quotations.
Aristotle, [152]
Chalmers, [131], [138], [148]
Cicero, [82], [86]
Clarke, [97]
Fitzgerald, [145]
Robert Hall, [118]
Hume, [162]
Maimonides, [173]
Mandeville, [111]
Plato, [87], [113]
Son of Sirac, [137]
Strabo, [92]
Rashness, consequences of, [96]
Reason
an incompetent judge of means, [178]
gives power over brute force, [119]
needs experience, [141]
not dependent on bodily powers, [89]
requires a fair opportunity, [119-121]
Recapitulation of the whole argument, [180]
Rectitude, is self-interest a proper motive to it?, [153]
References to other authors.
Bates, [128]
Baxter, [88]
Bayle, [88]
Beattie, [170]
Belsham, [170]
Berkeley, [111]
Bonnett, [89]
Bramhall, [171]
Brown, [111]
Bryant, [171]
Butterworth, [107]
Calcott, [128]
Capp, [109]
Chalmers, [77], [79], [148]
Charnock, [158]
Cheyne, [88]
Clarke, [82], [81], [97], [171]
Colliber, [88]
Collings, [158], [170]
Compte, [170]
Crombie, [170]
Crouse, [170]
Davies, [109]
D’Holbach, [170]
Descartes, [88]
Ditton, [88]
Doddridge, [109]
Dodwell, [81]
Dwight, [109]
Edwards, [88], [170]
Fabricius, [128]
Fichte, [170]
Gibbs, [171]
Grove, [171]
Haller, [89]
Harris, [171]
Hartley, [170]
Hegel, [170]
Henly, [128]
Hobbes, [170]
Holtzfusius, [128]
Holyoake, [170]
Horseley, [109]
Hume, [88]
Hunt, [109]
Jackson, [171]
Konnicott, [128]
King, [98], [171]
Law, [98]
Lawson, [171]
Le Clerc, [128]
Leland, [109]
Leroux, [170]
Liefchild, [109]
Locke, [88]
Manton, [128]
Martineau, [170]
Martinius, [119]
Milman, [142]
Morgagni, [89]
Morton, [109]
Musæus, [128]
Palmer, [171]
Pearson, [128]
Polignac, [88]
Porteus, [109]
Price, [158]
Priestley, [142], [170]
Reid, [170]
Rutherford, [109], [158]
Search, [88]
Seed, [109]
Selden, [128]
Shaftesbury, [108]
Sherlock, [109]
Shuckford, [128]
Son of Sirac, [137]
South, [109], [128]
Stapfer, [128]
Strabo, [92]
Toplady, [128]
Topping, [109]
Twisse, [109]
Wagstaff, [88]
Warburton, [111]
Watts, [77], [88], [171]
Whately, [142], [158]
Willis, [88]
Wisheart, [109]
Witsius, [128]
Wittichius, [109]
Reflection not dependent on sensation, [91]
Reformation is attended with discomfort, [108]
may not prevent penalties, [102]
Relation between us and our bodies, [85]
Relations of things, limitless, [173]
Religion
a question of fact, [165]
historical evidence of, [168]
professed in all ages, [167]
its proofs not affected by the doctrine of necessity, [170]
nor by our ignorance, [178]
Reluctant obedience profitable, [152]
Remedies often very disagreeable, [176]
Repentance may be too late, [104]
Requisites to the superiority of reason, [119]
of virtue, [120], [121]
Resentment of injuries, [114]
Resignation
a temper consonant with God’s sovereignty, [155]
essential to virtue, [154]
the fruit of affliction, [155]
the habit necessary hereafter, [155]
Retributions are divine teachings, [108]
Revelation,
antiquity of, [167]
not improbable, [167]
not universal, note [107]
Rewards and punishments, how distributed, [126]
Satisfactions of virtue, [108]
Scheme of God incomprehensible, [172]
Self-denial, its relations to present happiness, [134]
not essential to piety, [152]
Self-discipline, what, [148]
Self-love
a just principle of action, [154]
appealed to, [153]
how moderated and disciplined, [155]
not a sufficient restraint, note [146]
reasonable and safe, [130]
Sensation not necessary to reflection, [91]
Senses not percipients, [85]
Severe discipline necessary, [150]
Similitude of a historical painting, [174]
Simplicity of the living agent, [83]
Sin, why not kept out of the world, [177]
Skepticism does not justify irreligion, [105]
Social, our nature essentially such, [93]
Society
must punish vice, [110]
natural and necessary, [93]
sometimes punishes the good, [111]
Soul
a simple substance, [82]
not destroyed with the body, [79]
not naturally immortal, [81]
Souls of brutes, [88]
Special interpositions of Providence, [177], [178]
Stages of existence, [78]
State of probation, [CHAP. IV.]
State of discipline and improvement, [CHAP. V.]
Submissive temper necessary, [155]
Subordinations exceedingly beneficial, [142]
Subserviencies in nature, [173]
Sufferings may be avoided, [95]
not necessary to the cultivation of virtue, [128]
Temporal and religious probation similar, [132]
Temptations
increased by bad examples, [132]
and by former errors, [132]
intended for our improvement, [136]
involve probation, [129]
may improve or injure us, [153]
security against their evils, [146]
sources of, to upright beings, [147]
the necessary result of propensions, [146]
Tendencies of virtue, [118]
hindered, [121]
essential, not accidental, [126]
Terms “nature” and “course of nature”, [97]
Theorizing no aid to virtue, [139]
Thoughtlessness often fatal, [101]
Transmigration of souls, [87]
Trials
manifest character, [156]
may exist in a future state, [147]
produced by our propensions, [131]
qualify for a better state, [144]
unreasonable ones are not inflicted, [133]
why we are subjected to them, [136]
Ultimate design of man, [98]
Understanding may be perverted, [168]
Uneasiness produced by former sins, [109]
Union of good beings, [122]
Unjustifiableness of religious indifference, [105]
Upright creatures may fall, [147]
need good habits, [149]
Universe and its government immense, [123]
Vice
actually punished by society [110], [111]
must produce uneasiness, [112]
never rewarded as such, [116]
not only criminal but depraving, [149]
often increased by trials, [153]
punished as such, [114]
Vicious men lose their influence, [121]
Virtue
a bond of union, [122]
as such, rewarded on earth, [111]
“brings its own reward”, [118]
has occasional disadvantages, [117]
hinderances accidental, [121]
how and why rewarded, [111]
improved by trials, [151]
its benefits to a community, [123]
natural, not vice, [116]
not always rewarded in this life, [108]
on the whole happier than vice, [113]
secures peace, [112]
tendencies essential, [126]
tends to give power, [118], [121]
Virtuous beings need virtuous habits, [149]
Virtuous habits a security, [147]
how formed, [139]
improve virtue, [147]
necessary in a future state, [145]
Voice of nature is for virtue, [117]
Waste of seeds, [153]
Wickedness may produce some benefits, [177]
voluntary, [136]
Will and character
of God, how determined, note [166]
what they mean, note [163]
Wonderful discovery of Hume, [162]
World
a system of subordinations, [173]
a theater for the manifestation of character, [156]
disciplines some to vice, [153]
fitted for man’s discipline, [150]
governed by fixed laws, [110]
Youth
a determining period, [101]
if lost, not to be recovered, [143]
its beneficial subordinations, [142]

INDEX TO PART II.

REFERENCES TO THE EDITOR’S NOTES ARE IN BRACKETS