In each country these seven natural orders include nearly half the Dicotyledonous plants. But in the Canaries the Crassulaceæ with 31 species should replace the Cruciferæ, and the Umbelliferæ be excluded.
The natural orders which are indigenous to the three Archipelagos of the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores, but which are absent in Marocco, and the reverse are:—
| In the Archipelago, but not in Marocco. | In Marocco, but not in the Archipelago. |
|---|---|
| Simarubeæ (Cneorum) | Berberideæ |
| Pittosporeæ | Capparideæ |
| Ternstrœmiaceæ | Polygaleæ |
| Ilicineæ | Ampelideæ |
| Myrsineæ | Coriarieæ |
| Phytolacceæ (Bosea) | Saxifrageæ |
| Myriceæ | Apocyneæ |
| Commelyneæ (introduced?) | Lentibularieæ |
| Nyctagineæ | |
| Ulmaceæ | |
| Cupuliferæ | |
| Ceratophylleæ | |
| Alismaceæ | |
| Juncagineæ | |
| Melanthaceæ |
In the above lists the Commelyneæ are most probably introduced by man into the Canaries, and the absence of Lentibularineæ, Ceratophylleæ, Alismaceæ, and Juncagineæ in the Archipelago may be due to the want of suitable localities. The total absence of Cupuliferæ in all the Macaronesian Archipelago is inexplicable; and of Quercus especially, a genus so prominently developed in number of species and individuals on both continents, and which further abounds in both the Pliocene and Miocene beds of Europe.
The apparently indigenous Macaronesian genera which are wanting in Marocco are the following. Those in capitals are confined to the Canaries, or to the Canaries and Madeira:—
| Malvaceæ |
| Abutilon |
| Cruciferæ |
| Parolinia |
| Barbarea |
| Simarubeæ |
| Cneorum |
| Celastrineæ |
| Gymnosporia |
| Sapindaceæ |
| Melianthus? |
| Leguminosæ |
| Spartium |
| Ulex |
| Rosaceæ |
| Bencomia |
| Alchemilla |
| Fragaria |
| Aquifoliaceæ |
| Ilex |
| Pittosporeæ |
| Pittosporum |
| Ternstrœmiaceæ |
| Visnea |
| Umbelliferæ |
| Todaroa |
| Rubiaceæ |
| Phyllis |
| Plocama |
| Compositæ |
| Chrysocoma |
| Allagopappus |
| Vieræa |
| Doronicum |
| Serratula |
| Prenanthes |
| Campanulaceæ |
| Musschia |
| Canarina |
| Wahlenbergia |
| Ericeæ |
| Clethra |
| Asclepiadeæ |
| Ceropegia |
| Convolvulaceæ |
| Cressa |
| Boragineæ |
| Tournefortia |
| Labiatæ |
| Bystropogon |
| Cedronella |
| Verbenaceæ |
| Lippia |
| Solaneæ |
| Nicandra |
| Scrophularineæ |
| Campylanthus |
| Lyperia |
| Acanthaceæ |
| Justicia |
| Oleineæ |
| Notelæa |
| Myrsineæ |
| Myrsine |
| Sapotaceæ |
| Sideroxylon |
| Primulaceæ |
| Pelletiera |
| Chenopodieæ |
| Traganum |
| Laurineæ |
| Persea |
| Apollonias |
| Ocotea |
| Phytolacceæ |
| Bosea |
| Urticeæ |
| Gesnouinia |
| Myriceæ |
| Myrica |
| Aroideæ |
| Dracunculus |
| Liliaceæ |
| Dracæna |
| Cyperaceæ |
| Fimbristylis |
| Cladium |
| Gramineæ |
| Chloris |
| Tricholæna |
There are in Marocco, out of a total of 517 genera, 202, included under 67 orders, that have no indigenous species in the Canaries or Madeira. Many of these, about a quarter, being North Maroccan, i.e. only found in parts of Marocco farthest from the Canaries, would not be expected to occur in those islands, were it not that the vegetation of islands near to large continents often most resembles that of a higher latitude on the continent than that in which the islands are situated.
The following is a list of the Maroccan genera which are absent in Macaronesia;—those confined to North Marocco marked *; those which have been found in Macaronesia, but certainly introduced, marked ‖; those in italics have been discovered since our return from Marocco.[13]
| Clematis |
| Thalictrum |
| *Anemone |
| Aconitum |
| Berberis |
| Rœmeria |
| Corydalis |
| Cardamine |
| Morettia |
| Anastatica |
| Draba |
| *Erophila |
| Malcolmia |
| Diplotaxis |
| Moricandia |
| ‖Lepidium |
| Thlaspi |
| Iberis |
| Hutchinsia |
| Isatis |
| Ceratocnemum |
| *Cakile |
| *Hemicrambe |
| Cleome |
| Capparis |
| Caylusea |
| Fumana |
| Polygala |
| Velezia |
| Dianthus |
| Holosteum |
| Buffonia |
| Lœfflingia |
| Montia |
| Althæa |
| Malope |
| *Radiola |
| Peganum |
| Celastrus |
| Zizyphus |
| Acer |
| *Coriaria |
| Lotononis |
| Crotalaria |
| Argyrolobium |
| *Calycotome |
| Anthyllis |
| *Securigera |
| Coronilla |
| Colutea |
| *Glycyrhiza |
| Hedysarum |
| Ornithopus |
| Ebenus |
| *Pisum |
| Ceratonia |
| ‖Acacia |
| Saxifraga |
| Parnassia |
| Ribes |
| *Drosophyllum |
| *Peplis |
| *Ecbalium |
| *Hydrocotyle |
| Eryngium |
| Deverra |
| Hippomarathrum |
| Kundmannia |
| *Magydaris |
| Sclerosciadium |
| Meum |
| Heracleum |
| *Peucedanum |
| ‖*Coriandrum? |
| Thapsia |
| Elæoselinum |
| Gaillonia |
| Putoria |
| Callipeltis |
| Asperula |
| Crucianella |
| *Valeriana |
| ‖Centranthus |
| *Fedia |
| Nidorella |
| Nolletia |
| Micropus |
| Leysera |
| Grantia |
| Anvillea |
| *‖Xanthium |
| Achillea |
| Cladanthus |
| Echinops |
| Xeranthemum |
| Onopordon |
| Stæhelina |
| Crupina |
| *Leuzea |
| Carduncellus |
| Catananche |
| Hyoseris |
| Phœcasium |
| Hieracium |
| Scorzonera |
| Jasione |
| Trachelium |
| *Calluna |
| Armeria |
| Limoniastrum |
| Plumbago |
| Coris |
| Argania |
| Fraxinus |
| Phyllyrea |
| *Vinca |
| Nerium |
| Dæmia |
| Glossonema |
| Boucerosia |
| *Microcala |
| Cicendia |
| Trichodesma |
| Echinospermum |
| Rochelia |
| Nonnea |
| Cerinthe |
| Calystegia |
| *Mandragora |
| Anarrhinum |
| *Pinguicula |
| ‖*Acanthus |
| Vitex |
| Lycopus |
| *Satureja |
| Hyssopus |
| Cleonia |
| Zizyphora |
| *Betonica |
| Ballota |
| Boerhavia |
| Corrigiola |
| Scleranthus |
| Sclerocephalus |
| Polycnemum |
| Telephium |
| *Obione |
| Salicornia |
| Caroxylon |
| Passerina |
| Osyris |
| Andrachne |
| *Ulmus? |
| Celtis |
| Quercus |
| Populus |
| Ceratophyllum |
| Callitris |
| Cedrus |
| Aceras |
| *Serapias |
| *Cephalanthera |
| *Crocus |
| Leucojum |
| *Lapiedra |
| *Tapeinanthus |
| *Corbularia |
| Narcissus |
| Aurelia |
| *Alisma |
| Damasonium |
| *Triglochin |
| Chamærops |
| Gagea |
| *Hyacinthus |
| Anthericum |
| *Simethis |
| *Aphyllanthes |
| Colchicum |
| Erythrostictus |
| *Convallaria |
| *Schœnus |
| *Leersia |
| Lygeum |
| *Crypsis |
| *Alopecurus |
| Macrochloa |
| *Sporobolus |
| Ammophila |
| ‖Arundo |
| *Ampelodesmos |
| Phragmites |
| Pappophorum |
| Echinaria |
| *Spartina |
| *Airopsis |
| Gaudinia |
| Glyceria |
| Secale |
| Elymus |
| *Lepturus |
| Anthistiria |
These 202 genera, which are absent in the Canaries, comprise upwards of 300 Maroccan species, including Eryngium, with eleven species, Coronilla with eight, Diplotaxis with seven, Narcissus, Anthyllis, Polygala, Passerina, and Quercus five each, besides twenty other genera with three or four each. Not a few of them contain very common and wide-spread species, as do all the above-named, as well as Clematis, Malcolmia, Cardamine, Dianthus, Hedysarum, Heracleum, Asperula, Achillea, Onopordon, Hyoseris, Scorzonera, Phyllyrea, Fraxinus, Calystegia, Anarrhinum, Ballota, Populus, Chamærops. That no species of these or of many of the other genera should exist in the Canaries is inexplicable, considering the position and extent of the Archipelago, and the means of migration which must exist between it and the mainland.