FIG. 101.—Englishman (Gloucestershire),
Saxon type.
(After Beddoe.)
3. The German or Teutonic group. The Germans of the north (Saxons, Hanoverians, etc.) speak low German (platt-Deutsch, nieder-Deutsch). One of the dialects of this idiom is transformed into the Flemish or Dutch tongue, employed by the Netherlanders, as well as the Flemings of the north of Belgium,[381] and several cantons of the department of the north in France. The southern Germans (the Alemanni of German Switzerland, of Alsace and Baden; the Swabians of this last province, Wurtemberg, and of Bavaria; the Bavarians of eastern Bavaria and of Austria) speak high German (hoch-Deutsch). The inhabitants of middle Germany (Thuringians, Franconians, etc.) speak middle German (mittel-Deutsch). This is also the language of the Prussians, a people formed in part from the Slavo-Lithuanian elements germanised but a few centuries ago. The boundary-line between low and high German passes, from the Flemish zone in France and Belgium, almost by Dusseldorf, Cassel, Dessau, and curving round Berlin in the north reaches the confluence of the Oder and of the Warta, following the course of this last.[382] There exist further in Europe several German colonies: in upper Italy (Sette-Communi, etc.), in Bohemia, in Hungary, and in the south and south-east of Russia. The German tongue is much spoken in the Baltic provinces of Russia, as well as in Poland and Austria-Hungary.[383]
FIG. 102.—Russian carpenter,
47 years old, district of Pokrovsk (gov. Vladimir).
(Phot. Bogdanoff, Coll. Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris.)
From the somatological point of view, the Germanic group is no more homogeneous than the “Latin.” Let us take, for example, the Anglo-Frisians. We find among them at least three races in manifold combinations. The Northern race (see p. [328], and [Map 2]) is prevalent in the Frisian countries of Germany and Holland, as well as in that part of England situated north of the line from Manchester to Hull, and on the east coast, south of this line (Figs. [88], [91], and [97]). The secondary North-west race preponderates in the centre of England (counties of Oxford, Hertford, and Gloucester, Fig. [101], etc.), while the influence of the secondary Sub-northern race is especially felt in the counties of Leicester and Nottingham, and on the south coast, with the exception of Cornwall and Devon, where the Northern and North-western races are counter-balanced (Fig. [92]). In Scotland the Northern type is often disguised by the dark colouring of the hair (Figs. [95] and [96]). The Scandinavian group is fairly homogeneous, especially formed as it is of the Northern race (Figs. [88] to [90]). But in the German group diversities reappear, and we find in it elements of almost all the races of Europe except the Littoral and Ibero-insular ones.
FIG. 103.—Same subject as Fig. [102], seen in profile.
(Phot. Bogdanoff, Coll. Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris.)