[5] The question is summed up by Darwin, Descent of Man, vol. i., p. 264, 2nd edition. London, 1888.
[6] In questions of hybridity, it must be observed, we often confound the notions of “race” and “people,” or “social class,” and we have to be on our guard against information drawn from statistics. Thus in Central America we consider “hybrids” all those descendants of the Spaniards and the Indians who have adopted the semi-European manner of life and the Catholic religion, without inquiring whether or not this physical type has reverted to that of one of the ancestors—a not infrequent occurrence.
[7] Darwin, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 280.
[8] Such is, for example, the scheme of Topinard, consisting of two double parts (Elements d’Anthropologie, p. 216, Paris, 1885), to which corresponds the system newly propounded by Em. Schmidt (Centralblatt für Anthropologie, etc., vol. ii., p. 97, Breslau, 1897). The last-mentioned admits in reality two divisions, Ethnography and Ethnology, in what he calls Ethnic Anthropology; and two others, Phylography and Phylology, in what he names Somatic Anthropology. The two last divisions correspond to the Special Anthropology and the General Anthropology of Topinard.
[9] If we include the Lemurs in the order of Primates, the five families just enumerated are all included in a “sub-order,” that of Anthropoidea. (See, for further details, Flower and Lydekker, Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct, London, 1891.)
[10] J. H. Kohlbrugge, “Versuch einer Anatomie ... Hylobates,” Zoolog. Ergeb. einer Reise in Ned. Ind., von M. Weber, vols. i. and ii. Leyden, 1891.
[11] D. J. Cunningham, “The Lumbar Curve in Man and the Apes,” Cunningham Memoirs of the Royal Irish Academy, No. II., Dublin, 1886.
[12] J. Ranke, “Ueber die aufrechte Körperhaltung, etc.,” Corr.-Bl. der deutsch. Gesell. f. Anthr., 1895, p. 154.
[13] The enormous development of the laryngeal sacs in the orang-utan is perhaps also in harmony with this protective function, as I have shown in a special work. See Deniker and Boulart, “Notes anat. sur ... orang-utans,” Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’hist. nat. de Paris, 3rd Series, vol. vii., p. 47, 1895.
[14] R. Munro, “On Interm. Links, etc.,” Proceed. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxi. (1896–97), No. 4, p. 349, and Prehistoric Problems, pp. 87 and 165, Edin.-Lond. 1897; Turner, Pres. Address Brit. Assoc., Toronto Meeting, Nature, Sept. 1897.