[75] Collignon, “La nomenclature quinaire de l’indice nasal,” Rev. d’Anthropol., 3rd series, t. ii., p. 8, Paris, 1887.
[76] German anthropologists take the measurement of the breadth of the nose, not level with the nostrils, but behind, at the point of their attachment to the maxillary bone, compressing the soft parts; the nasal indices thus obtained are much too low, and not comparable to those which result from the measurements taken according to the Broca-Collignon method.
[77] A. Bertillon, “Morphologie du Nez,” Rev. d’Anthro., 3rd series, vol. ii., 1887.
[78] P. Broca, “Recher. sur l’ind. nas.,” Rev. d’Anthro., vol. i., Paris, 1872; Houzé, “L’ind. nas. des Flamands et des Wallons,” Bull. Soc. Anthr., Bruxelles, vol. vii., 1888–89; O. Hovorka, Die aussere Nase, Wien, 1893; Hoyer, “Beitr. zur Anthr. der Nase,” Schwalbe’s Morph. Arb., vol. iv., p. 151, 1894.
[79] Schwalbe, “R. Virchow’s Festschrift,” 1891; E. Wilhelm, Rev. Biol. du nord de la France, Lille, 1892, No. 6.
[80] See the summing up of the question in Cunningham, “The Neural Spine,” Journal of Anat. and Physiol., vol. xx., p. 637.
[81] See, for further details, Verneau, Le bassin dans les sexes, etc., Paris, 1875; Turner, “Report Hum. Skelet.,” Rep. of Challenger: Zoology, part 47; J. Garson, “Pelvimetry,” Journ. Anat. Physiol., vol. xvi., London, October, 1881; Henning, “Rassenbecken,” Arch. für Anthr., 1885, and Sitzungsb. Naturforsch. Gesell., Leipzig, 1890–91, p. 1; Marri, Archivio per l’Antr., 1892, p. 17.
[82] On the index of the shoulder-blade see Broca, Bull. Soc. Anthr., 1878, p. 66; Livon, De L’omoplate (thesis), Paris, 1879; Garson, Journ. Anat. Physiol., vol. xiv., 1879–80, p. 13; Turner, loc. cit.
[83] Transformed into terms of the pelvic index of Broca these figures, according to the formula: ind. Turn.: 100 = 100: x, we have the figures: Fuegians, 129.8; Australians, 129.8; Europeans, 126.5; European women, 134.6; Australian women, 130.5; Andamanese women, 131.5.
[84] It has been thought that this frequency was due to the facility with which the thin lamella in question forming the bottom of the cavity can be destroyed after prolonged interment. However, there are prehistoric burial-places, as, for example, certain long barrows of Great Britain, in which not a single perforated humerus in a series of from ten to thirty bones has been found.