[185] O. Mason, Origins of Invention, p. 158, London, 1895.
[186] Otis Mason, loc. cit., p. 158.
[187] Internation. Arch. für Ethnographie, vol. ix., pt. 3, Leyden, 1896.
[188] Revue scientifique, 1892, 1st half-year, p. 145. It is also from hygienic considerations in regard to the mouth that many peoples of India and the Negroes of Senegal chew continually the dried roots of different plants reputed antiseptic. In Siberia and in the east of Russia the chewing of pine resin (“séra”) has probably the same origin. The habit of chewing tobacco is only common among European sailors and among the Javanese and Chukchi.
[189] Hellwald, Rosselsprünge, etc., p. 206
[190] H. Bates, Naturalist on ... Amazons, vol. i., p. 331, London, 1863.
[191] Letourneau, Sociologie, p. 44, Paris, 1880.
[192] The beaten-earth and sun-dried clay structures of the Sudan, of Turkestan, and Mexico are of “secondary formation”; they are derived probably from the straw huts, as we shall see further on.
[193] We call every habitation “fixed” which has not been constructed with the view of being removed, however light and imperfect it be. Thus, the rude hut which the Fuegian abandons so readily is nevertheless a fixed habitation, whilst the tent of the Kirghiz, a much more complicated structure, and far more comfortable, must nevertheless be classed among movable habitations.
[194] E. B. Tylor, Anthropology, p. 281.