FIG. 22.—Persian Hadjemi.
Example of Assyroid nose.
(Author’s Phot. Coll.)
The ears present few characteristic traits for distinguishing races,[79] but the same cannot be said of the lips. They are thin in the so-called white races and among Mongols; very thick and protruding among the Negroes; somewhat thick among Malays, Melanesians, etc. Their form contributes much towards hiding or accentuating dental or alveolar prognathism.
Skeleton of the Trunk and Limbs.—The parts of the skeleton other than the head furnish but few materials for characterising races. We have already seen (p. [14]) that the differences of curvature in the vertebral column according to race may be explained by the mode of life. As to the other peculiarities of the spine,—spinous processes split in the cervical vertebræ,[80] narrow sacrum, etc.,—all that can be said about them is that they are more frequent among Negroes, and perhaps among Melanesians, than among Whites.
The pelvis has more importance on account of its function from the obstetrical point of view, and of its influence on the general form of the body. Unfortunately this part of the skeleton has only been studied in very inadequate series among a dozen populations. Subjoined is given:—1st, the table of pelvic index—that is to say, the centesimal relation between the maximum breadth of the pelvis (between the iliac crests) and its height (from the top of the iliac crest to the lowest point of the ischion), taking for our unit sometimes the first of these measurements following Turner, sometimes the second following Broca; 2nd, the table of the index of the inlet (pelvic or brim index of English authors)—that is to say, the relation of the antero-posterior diameter of this aperture (from the middle of the promontory of the sacrum to the pubic symphysis) to its maximum transverse diameter, which, let us suppose, = 100.[81] It will be remarked that the tables, formed of series of five subjects at least, are given in separate parts for men and for women, as the sexual differences are very appreciable in the pelvis of all races. In a general way the pelvis is broader and less high, its slope more pronounced, in woman than in man. The iliac fossa are wider in the former than in the latter; the superior inlet or brim is elliptical or reniform in woman, in the form of a playing-card heart in man, etc. But, as may be seen by our table, if these differences are very appreciable in certain races, notably among Whites and Negroes, they become less and less among Melanesians, among whom the pelves of the two sexes approximate nearly to the masculine type.
Has the form of the pelvis, and especially that of the inlet, any relation to the form of the head of the fœtus and of the child? Exact data for solving this question are wanting. However, comparing from our tables the index of the superior inlet and that of the cephalic index, it may be observed that, in a general way, pelves with a large aperture are met with in brachycephalic races, and pelves with a narrow aperture in dolichocephalic races. But there are numerous exceptions: I note at least four (English, Russian, Swedish mesocephal and Malay women) in the meagre list of 12 series of women that, with much difficulty, I have been able to draw up.
The form of the shoulder-blade varies little with race. The scapular index—that is to say, the centesimal relation between the breadth of the shoulder-blade and its length (measured on the vertebral edge and taken as the unit of comparison)—oscillates between 64.9 (Australians) and 70.2 (Andamanese). In a list of 14 series of from 10 to 462 shoulder-blades that I have drawn up from the works of Broca, Livon, Turner, Topinard, Garson, Martin, Hyades, Sarasin, Hamy, Koganei, and my own measurements, the populations are arranged as follows: index from 64.9 to 66.6, Australians, Europeans, Fuegians, Bushmen, Ainus, Peruvians, Polynesians; indices from 67.2 to 70.2, Japanese, Veddahs, Hindu-Sikhs, Malays, Negroes, Melanesians, Andamanese. This classification suffices to show that the greater or less breadth of the shoulder-blade has almost no value as a seriate character or as a character of race. It is the same with the sub-spinal index, which it has been proposed to add to the foregoing in order to judge of the form of the shoulder-blade.[82]
| MEN. | |||||
| Number of Pelves. | Ethnic Groups. | Index. | Observer. | ||
| 1a. INDEX OF HEIGHT (TURNER).[83] | |||||
| 7 | Fuegians | 77 | Garson, Martin. | ||
| 7 | Australians | 77 | Garson, Turn., Vern. | ||
| 46 | Europeans | 79 | Verneau, Turner. | ||
| 1b. PELVIC INDEX OR INDEX OF WIDTH-HEIGHT (BROCA). | |||||
| 17 | Negroes in general | 121.3 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 11 | Melanesians | 122.7 | Verneau. | ||
| 46 | Europeans | 126.6 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 5 | Fuegians | 129.8 | Hyades, Deniker. | ||
| 2. INDEX OF THE SUPERIOR INLET. | |||||
| 63 | Europeans | { | Princ. French | 80 | Verneau, Flower. |
| 8 | „ Italians | 82 | Marri. | ||
| 17 | Fuegians | 85.1 | Deniker, Hyades, Martin, Garson. | ||
| 12 | New Caledonians | 91 | Verneau. | ||
| 38 | Negroes | 92.3 | Turner, Henning, Verneau, Vrolik. | ||
| 24 | Australians | 96.6 | Flower, Turner, Vern., Ecker, etc. | ||
| 14 | Andamanese | 98.7 | Turner, Fritsch. | ||
| 5 | Bushmen | 99.5 | Gar., Turn., Flow. | ||
| WOMEN. | |||||
| Number of Pelves. | Ethnic Groups. | Index. | Observer. | ||
| 1a. INDEX OF HEIGHT (TURNER). | |||||
| 28 | Europeans | 74.3 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 7 | Australians | 76.6 | Gars., Turn., Vern. | ||
| 8 | Andamanese | 76 | Gars., Turn. | ||
| 1b. PELVIC INDEX OR INDEX OF WIDTH-HEIGHT (BROCA). | |||||
| 13 | Andamanese | 125.5 | Garson. | ||
| 10 | Melanesians | 129 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 5 | Australians | 130.4 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 10 | Negresses | 134.2 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 28 | Europeans | 134.9 | Garson, Verneau. | ||
| 2. INDEX OF THE SUPERIOR INLET. | |||||
| 33 | Europeans | { | Princ. Engl. | 77.6 | Garson. |
| 49 | „ French | 79 | Verneau. | ||
| 14 | Japanese | 82.8 | Dönitz, Werner. | ||
| 5 | Hawaiians | 83 | Turner. | ||
| 13 | Fuegians | 83 | Deniker, Hyades, Sergi, Martin. | ||
| 50 | Russians | 84.8 | Filatof. | ||
| 9 | Italians | 86.7 | Marri. | ||
| 32 | Negresses | 88.4 | Turner, Verneau. | ||
| 8 | Australians | 88.5 | Turn., Vern., Garson. | ||
| 8 | Bushmen | 91.6 | Muller, Hux., Ver., Fl. | ||
| 16 | Andamanese | 91.7 | Henning. | ||
| 20 | Malays | 94.8 | Garson, Flow., Turn. | ||