[INTRODUCTION.]
PAGE
ETHNIC GROUPS AND ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES[1]
Difficulties in applying to Man the terms of zoological nomenclature—Criterion of species—Terms to give to the “Somatological Units” constituting the genus Homo—Monogenesis and Polygenesis—The “Ethnic Groups” are constituted by the different combinations of the “Somatological Units” or “Races”—Somatic characters and ethnic characters.
[CHAPTER I.]
SOMATIC CHARACTERS[12]
[DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF MAN AND APES.]—Monkeys and anthropoid apes—Erect attitude—Curvature of the spine—Brain—Skull—Teeth—Other characters—Differences less accentuated in the fœtus and the young than in the adult.
[DISTINCTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF HUMAN RACES.]—Stature: Individual limits—Dwarfs and giants—Average stature of different populations—Influence of environment—Differences according to sex—Reconstitution from the long bones—Teguments: Skin—Hair of head and body—Four principal types—Microscopic structure—Correlation between the hair of the head and the pilosity of the body—Pigmentation: Colouring of the skin, the eyes, and the hair—Changes in the pigment.
[CHAPTER II.]
1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued) [53]
Cranium or Skull: Cranial measurements—Orbits and orbital index—Nasal bone and nasal index—Prognathism—Head of the living subject: Cephalic index—Face—Eyes—Nose and nasal index in the living subject—Lips—Trunk and Limbs: The Skeleton—Pelvis and its indices—Shoulder blade—Thoracic limb—Abdominal limb—Proportions of the body in the living subject—Trunk and neck—Curve of the back—Steatopygy—Various Organs: Genital organs—Brain—Its weight—Convolutions—The neuron—Its importance from the psychical point of view.
[CHAPTER III.]
[2. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS][105]
Functions of nutrition and assimilation: Digestion, alimentation, growth, temperature of the body, etc.—Respiration and circulation: Pulse, composition of the blood, etc.—Special odour—Functions of communication: Expression of the emotions, acuteness of the senses, etc.—Functions of reproduction: Menstruation, menopause, increase in the number of conceptions according to season, etc.—Influence of environment: Acclimatation—Cosmopolitanism of the genus Homo and the races of mankind—Cross-breeding.
[3. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.]—Difficulties of studying them—Immunities—Nervous diseases of uncivilised peoples.
[CHAPTER IV.]
ETHNIC CHARACTERS[123]
Various stages of social groups and essential characters of human societies: Progress.—Conditions of Progress: Innovating initiative, and tradition—Classification of “states of civilisation.”
[I.—LINGUISTIC CHARACTERS.]—Methods of exchanging ideas within a short distance—Gesture and speech—Divisions of language according to structure—Jargons—Communications at a relatively remote distance: optic and acoustic signals—Transmission of ideas at any distance and time whatever—Handwriting—Mnemotechnic objects—Pictography—Ideography—Alphabets—Direction of the lines of handwriting.
[CHAPTER V.]
II. SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS[144]
[1. MATERIAL LIFE]: Alimentation: Geophagy—Anthropophagy—Preparation of foods—Fire—Pottery—Grinding of corn—Stimulants and Narcotics—Habitation: Two primitive types of dwellings—Permanent dwelling (hut)—Removable dwelling (tent)—Difference of origin of the materials employed in the two types—Villages—Furniture—Heating and lighting—Clothing: Nakedness and Modesty—Ornament precedes dress—Head-dress—Ethnic mutilations—Tattooing—Girdle, necklace, and garland the origin of all dress—Manufacture of garments—Spinning and weaving—Means of Existence: tools of primitive industry—Hunting—Fishing—Agriculture—Domestication and rearing of animals.
[CHAPTER VI.]
II. SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued) [197]
[2. PSYCHIC LIFE]: Games and Recreations—Their importance—Games of children and adults—Sports and public spectacles—Masks—Fine Arts—Graphic arts—Ornamentation—Drawing—Sculpture—Dancing—Its importance among uncultured peoples—Pantomime and dramatic art—Vocal and instrumental music—Instruments of music—Poetry—Religion—Animism—Its two elements: belief in the soul, and belief in spirits—Fetichism—Polytheism—Rites and ceremonies—Priesthood—International religions—Myths—Science—Art of counting—Geometry—Calculation of time—Clocks and calendars—Geography and cartography—Medicine and surgery.
[CHAPTER VII.]
SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued) [229]
[3. FAMILY LIFE.]—Relations of the two sexes before marriage—Marriage and family—Theory of promiscuity—Group marriage—Exogamy and endogamy—Matriarchate—Degrees of relationship and filiation—Polyandry—Levirate—Polygamy and monogamy—Patriarchate—Rape and purchase of the bride—Duration of conjugal union—Children—Birth—Nurture—Name of the child and of adults—Initiation, circumcision, etc.—Old men and their fate—Funereal rites—Mourning.
[4. SOCIAL LIFE.]—(a) Home life of a people—Economic organisation—The forms of property depend on production—Common property and family property—Village community—Individual property—Social organisation—Totemism—Clan rule—Family rule—Territorial rule—Caste and class rule—Democratic rule—Social morals—Right and justice—Taboo—Retaliation, vendetta, and ordeals—Secret societies—Extra legal judges—Formulæ of politeness—(b) International life of peoples—Absence of sympathetic relations—Hostile relations—War—Arms of offence—Bow and arrows—Arms of defence—Neutral relations—Commerce—Money—Cowry—Transports and means of communication—Primitive vehicles—Navigation.
[CHAPTER VIII.]
CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES[280]
Criticism of anthropological classification—Frequent confusion of the classing of races and of peoples—The determining of races can be based only on somatic characters—For the classing of peoples, on the contrary, it is necessary to take into account ethnic characters (linguistic and sociological), and above all geographical distribution—Classification of races proposed by the author—Succinct characterisation of the twenty-nine races which are therein mentioned—Classification of ethnic groups adopted in this work.
[CHAPTER IX.]
RACES AND PEOPLES OF EUROPE[299]
Problem of European ethnogeny—[I. ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF EUROPE]—Prehistoric races—Quaternary period—Glacial and interglacial periods—Quaternary skulls—Spy and Chancelade races or types—Races of the neolithic period—Races of the age of metals—Aryan question—Position of the problem—Migration of European peoples in the historic period—[II. EUROPEAN RACES OF THE PRESENT DAY]—Characteristics of the six principal races and the four secondary races—[III. PRESENT PEOPLES OF EUROPE]—A. Aryan peoples: Latins, Germans, Slavs, Letto-Lithuanians, Celts, Illyro-Hellenes—B. Anaryan peoples: Basques, Finns, etc.—C. Caucasian peoples: Lesgians, Georgians, etc.
[CHAPTER X.]
RACES AND PEOPLES OF ASIA[359]
[ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF ASIA.]—Prehistoric times—Pithecanthropus erectus (Dub.)—Ages of stone and metals.—[PRESENT INHABITANTS OF ASIA.]—Races of Asia—I. Peoples of Northern Asia—Yeniseian, Palæasiatic and Tunguse groups.—II. Peoples of Central Asia—Turkish, Mongolian, and Thibetan groups—Peoples of the south-west of Thibet and of South China (Lolo, Miao-tsé, Lu-tsé, etc.).—III. Peoples of Eastern Asia—Chinese, Coreans, and Japanese.—IV. Peoples of Indo-China—Aborigines, Mois, Kuis, Siam, Naga, etc.—More recent mixed populations: Annamese, Cambodians, Thai, etc.—V. Peoples of India—Castes—Dravidians and Kolarians—Indo-Aryans and unclassified populations—VI. Peoples of Anterior Asia—Iranians and Semites.
[CHAPTER XI.]
RACES AND PEOPLES OF AFRICA[426]
[ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF AFRICA].—Succession of races on the “dark continent”—[PRESENT INHABITANTS OF AFRICA]—I. Arabo-Berber or Semito-Hamite Group: Populations of Mediterranean Africa and Egypt—II.Ethiopian or Kushito-Hamite Group: Bejas, Gallas, Abyssinians, etc.—III. Fulah-Zandeh Group: The Zandeh, Masai, Niam-Niam populations of the Ubangi-Shari, etc., Fulbé or Fulahs—IV. Nigritian Group: Nilotic Negroes or Negroes of eastern Sudan—Negroes of central Sudan—Negroes of western Sudan and the Senegal—Negroes of the coast or Guinean Negroes, Kru, Agni, Tshi, Vei, Yoruba, etc.-V. Negrillo Group: Differences of the Pygmies and the Bushmen—VI.Bantu Group: Western Bantus of French, German, Portuguese, and Belgian equatorial Africa—Eastern Bantus of German, English, and Portuguese equatorial Africa—Southern Bantus: Zulus, etc.—VII. Hottentot-Bushman Group: The Namans and the Sans—VIII. Populations of Madagascar: Hovas, Malagasi, Sakalavas.
[CHAPTER XII.]
RACES AND PEOPLES OF OCEANIA[474]
The Stone Age in Oceania—I. Australians: Uniformity of the Australian race—Language and manners and customs of the Australians—Extinct Tasmanians—II. Populations of the Asiatic or Malay Archipelago: Papuan and Negrito elements in the Archipelago—Indonesians and Malays of Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, etc.—III. Melanesians: Papuans of New Guinea—Melanesians properly so called of the Salomon and Admiralty Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, etc.—IV. Polynesians: Polynesians properly so called of Samoa, Tahiti, and Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, etc.—Micronesians of the Caroline and Marianne Islands, etc.—Peopling of the Pacific Islands and of the Indian Ocean.
[CHAPTER XIII.]
RACES AND PEOPLES OF AMERICA[507]
The four ethnic elements of the New World—Origin of the Americans—[ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF AMERICA]—Problem of palæolithic man in the United States—Palæolithic man in Mexico and South America—Lagoa Santa race; Sambaquis and Paraderos—Problem of the Mound-Builders and Cliff-Dwellers—Ancient civilisation of Mexico and Peru—Present American Races—American languages.
[PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA]—I. Eskimo—II. Indians of Canada and United States: a. Arctic—Athapascan group; b. Antarctic—Algonquian-Iroquois, Chata-Muskhogi, and Siouan groups; c. Pacific—North-west Indians, Oregon-California and Pueblo groups—III. Indians of Mexico and Central America: a. Sonoran-Aztecs; b. Central Americans (Mayas, Isthmians, etc.)—Half-breeds in Mexico and the Antilles.
[PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA]—I. Andeans: Chibcha, Quechua, and other linguistic families; the Araucans—II. Amazonians: Carib, Arawak, Miranha, and Panos families; unclassed tribes—III. Indians of East Brazil and the Central Region: Ges linguistic family; unclassed tribes (Puri, Karaya, Bororo, etc.); Tupi-Guarani family—IV. South Argentine: Chaco and Pampas Indians, etc.; Patagonians, Fuegians.
[APPENDIX][577]
[INDEX OF AUTHORS][597]
[INDEX OF SUBJECTS][604]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE
[Naga of Manipur in gala costume] [Frontispiece]
[1.] Skull of gorilla [16]
[2.] Skull of man [17]
[3.] Microscopic section of skin and of hair [34]
[4.] Mohave Indians of Arizona [35]
[5], [6.] Pure Veddah of Dangala Mountains of Ceylon [38]
[7.] Toda woman (India) [38]
[8.] Kurumba man of Nilgiri Hills [42]
[9.] Agni Negro of Krinjabo, Western Africa [42]
[10.] Dolichocephalic skull of an islander of Torres Straits [56]
[11.] Brachycephalic skull of a Ladin of Pufels (Tyrol) [56]
[12], [13.] Skull of ancient Egyptian exhumed at Thebes [60], [62]
[14], [15.] Jenny, Australian woman of Queensland [65]
[16.] Japanese officer (old style) [69]
[17.] Two men, Nagas of Manipur [71]
[18.] Eye of a young Kalmuk girl of Astrakhan [78]
[19.] Welsh type of Montgomeryshire [78]
[20.] Kalmuk of Astrakhan [81]
[21.] Jew of Algiers [82]
[22.] Persian Hadjemi [83]
[23.] A, Skull with Inca bone; B, Malar bone divided in two; C, Superior part of femur, etc. [88]
[24.] Hottentot woman of Griqualand [94]
[25.] Brain with indication of the three “centres of projection” and the three “centres of association” [103]
[26.] Dakota Indian gesture language [129]
[27.] Writing by notches of the Laotians [134]
[28.] Coloured prehistoric pebbles of the grotto of Mas-d’Azil (Ariège) [137]
[29.] Journal of the voyage of an Eskimo of Alaska [137]
[30.] Petition of Chippeway Indians to the President of the United States [140]
[31.] Various signs of symbolic pictography [141]
[32.] Paternoster in Mexican hieroglyphics [141]
[33.] Ancient Chinese hieroglyphics [142]
[34.] Method of fire-making by rubbing [149]
[35.]  Do.   do.    sawing [151]
[36.]  Do.   do.    twirling [151]
[37.] Bark vessel, used by Iroquois Indians [154]
[38.] Type of Iroquois earthen vessel [154]
[39.] Making of pottery without wheel [155]
[40.] Primitive harvest [155]
[41.] Hemispherical hut in straw of Zulu-Kafirs [161]
[42.] Hut and granary of the Ovampos (S. Africa) [163]
[43.] Summer tent of Tunguse-Manegres [163]
[44.] “Gher” or tent of the Kalmuks of Astrakhan [167]
[45.] Hexagonal house of non-roving Altaians [167]
[46.] Kraal, or Kafir village, with defensive enclosure [168]
[47.] Zulu girl, with head-dress, necklace, belt, and chastity apron [170]
[48.] Ufhtaradeka, typical Fuegian with mantle [173]
[49.] Ainu woman, tattooed round the lips [174]
[50,] [51.] Foot of Chinese woman artificially deformed [175]
[52.] Native of the Department of Haute-Garonne [177]
[53.] Dancing costume of natives of Murray Islands [178]
[54.] Method of making stone tools by percussion [184]
[55.] Method of flaking stone by pressure [186]
[56.] Knife of chipped flint of the Hupa Indians [187]
[57.] Kalmuk turning lathe with alternating rotatory movement [188]
[58.] Principle of tackle utilised by Eskimo, landing a walrus [190]
[59.] Dance of Australians during the Corroboree [199]
[60.] Anthropomorph ornamental design of the Papuans of New Guinea [201]
[61,] [62.] Zoomorph ornamental designs on a club and a spatula [202]
[63.] Conventional representation of an alligator [204]
[64.] Ornamental motive derived from the preceding design [204]
[65.] Ornamental designs of the Karayas [204]
[66.] Bushman painting, representing the battle going in favour of the Bechuana [206]
[67.] Symbolic adzes of Mangaia Island [207]
[68.] “Sansa” or “Zimba,” a musical box of the Negroes [211]
[69.] “Marimba,” the Negro xylophone [212]
[70.] Bushman playing on the “gora” [213]
[71.] Detail of construction of the “gora” [214]
[72.] Eskimo geographical map [226]
[73.] Chipped flint dagger of the Californian Indians [256]
[74.] Axe of the Banyai (Matabeleland) [259]
[75.] Missile arms of the Australians [260]
[76.] Throwing-stick of the Papuans of German New Guinea [261]
[77.] Different methods of arrow release [264]
[78.] Australian shield in wood [267]
[79.] Indonesian shields [267]
[80.] Shield of Zulu-Kafirs [267]
[81.] Money of uncivilised peoples [273]
[82.] Method of tree-climbing in India [275]
[83.] Malayo-Polynesian canoe with outrigger [279]
[84.] Chellean flint implement, Saint-Acheul (Somme) [302]
[85.] Quaternary art (Magdalenian period) [306]
[86.] Spy skull, first quaternary race [313]
[87.] Chancelade skull, second quaternary race [313]
[88.] Islander of Lewis (Hebrides) [319]
[89,] [90.] Norwegian of South Osterdalen [322]
[91.] Young Sussex farmer [325]
[92.] Englishwoman of Plymouth [329]
[93.] Fisher people of Island of Aran (Ireland) [330]
[94.] Young woman of Arles [331]
[95,] [96.] Pure type of Highlander (clan Chattan) [332,] [333]
[97.] Anglian type, common in north and north-east of England [336]
[98.] Frenchman of Ouroux (Morvan) [337]
[99,] [100.] Dolichocephalic Frenchmen of Dordogne [337]
[101.] Englishman (Gloucestershire) [340]
[102,] [103.] Russian carpenter, district of Pokrovsk [342,] [343]
[104,] [105.] Russian woman, district of Veréïa [346,] [347]
[106.] Cheremiss of Ural Mountains [349]
[107,] [108.] Kundrof Tatar (Turkoman) of Astrakhan [352]
[109.] Georgian Imer of Kutais [355]
[110,] [111.] Chechen of Daghestan [356,] [357]
[112.] Skull of the Pithecanthropus erectus (Dab.) [361]
[113.] Calvaria of Pithecanthropus, seen from above 361 [362]
[114.] Polished stone axe found in Cambodia [363]
[115,] [116.] Tunguse hunter (Siberia) with ski and staff [367,] [370]
[117.] Ainu of Yezo (Japan) with crown of shavings [371]
[118.] Educated Chinaman of Manchu origin [383]
[119.] Leao-yu-chow, Chinese woman [385]
[120.] Young Japanese women taking tea [388]
[121.] Tong King artisan of Son-tai [389]
[122.] Khamti of Lower Burma, Assam frontier [393]
[123.] Black Sakai of Gunong-Inas (Perak, Malay Pen.) [396]
[124.] Negrito chief of Middle Andaman [398]
[125.] Gurkha of the Kus or Khas tribe, Nepal [403]
[126.] Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar [404]
[127.] Young Irula girl [406]
[128.] Santal of the Bhagalpur Hills [407]
[129.] An old Toda man of Nilgiri Hills [412]
[130.] Group of Todas of Nilgiri Hills [415]
[131,] [132.] Singhalese of Candy, Ceylon [416]
[133.] Tutti, Veddah woman of the village of Kolonggala [418]
[134.] Natives of Mekran (Baluchistan) [421]
[135.] Arts and crafts among the Kafirs [430]
[136.] Tunisian Berber, Oasis type [433]
[137.] Trarza Moor of the Senegal [434]
[138.] Hamran Beja of Daghil tribe [437]
[139.] Yoro Combo, fairly pure Fulah of Kayor (Futa Jallon) [442]
[140.] Bonna M’Bané, Mandingan-Sossé [447]
[141.] Catrai, Ganguela-Bantu [456]
[142.] Swazi-Bantu woman and girl [466]
[143.] N’Kon-yui, Bushman of the region of Lake Ngami [467]
[144.] Hova of Tananarivo [472]
[145.] Ambit, Sundanese of Java (Preanger prov.) [476]
[146.] Natives of Livuliri (near Larantuka, Floris) [479]
[147,] [148.] Buri, a Solorian of Adanara Island [480,] [481]
[149,] [150.] “Billy,” Queensland Australian [483,] [485]
[151.] Young Papuan woman of the Samarai people [492]
[152.] Papuans of the Kerepunu tribe at Tamain-Hula (New Guinea) [496]
[153.] Woman of the Fuala clan (New Caledonia) [497]
[154,] [155.] Tahitian woman of Papeete [502,] [503]
[156.] Tahitian of Papeete [504]
[157.] West Greenland Eskimo [517]
[158,] [159.] Gahhigué-Vatake, a Dakota-Siouan Indian [521,] [523]
[160.] Woman of Wichita tribe, Pawnee Nation, Ind. Terr., U.S. [526]
[161.] Christian Apache Indian [529]
[162.] Young Creole woman of Martinique [538]
[163.] Miztec Indian (Mexico) [539]
[164.] Miztec women (Mexico) [541]
[165.] Guaraunos chief, with his two wives [547]
[166.] Guaraunos of the mouth of the Orinoco [549]
[167,] [168.] Kalina or Carib of Dutch Guiana [554,] [555]
[169,] [170.] Miranha Indian of Rio Yapura [557,] [559]
[171.] Bakairi, Carib tribe of upper Xingu [562]
[172.] Aramichaux Indian (Carib tribe of French Guiana) [566]
[173.] Bororo woman (unclassified tribe of Matto Grosso) [568]
[174.] Kamanakar Kipa, young Yahgan Fuegian girl [571]
[175.] Tualanpintsis, Yahgan Fuegian, and his wife Ticoaeli [575]
[MAP 1.] Europe in the first glacial period [303]
[ „  2.] Approximate distribution of the races of Europe [327]

THE RACES OF MAN.