j. The same circumstances of cause manner, etc. are also expressed with case particles attached to the noun.
- 張舉人到蘇去者 Tsáng ’kü niun tau‘ Sú-tseu k’í‘ ’tsé, the Master of Arts named Cháng, is gone to Sú-cheú.
- 第個砲架子替吳道台做個 tí‘ kú‘ p’au‘ ká‘ ’tsz t’í‘ Wú ’dau dé tsú‘ kú‘, this cannon-carriage is made for Wú the Taú-tái.
k. Adjective with a qualifying adverb.
- 是㑚飄流個人忒多 ’zz ná‘ p’iau lieu kú‘ niun t’uk tú, you wandering people are too many.
- 打官司要速訊定當 ’táng kwén sz yau‘ sók sin‘ ding‘ tong‘, lawsuits should be quickly decided.
384. The predicate is further enlarged by a combination of the above forms of arrangement, by simple apposition as coordinates, or according to the laws of position already detailed.
- 生活要做到夜 sáng weh yau‘ tsú‘ tau‘ yá‘, work must be done till evening.
- 我白費脱之許多手脚 ’ngú pák fí‘ t’eh tsz ’h’ü tú ’seu kiáh, I do have gone through a great deal of labour to no purpose.
- 賭銅錢勿曉得敗脫之幾千幾萬個人家 ’tú dóng díen veh ’h’iau tuh bá‘ t’eh tsz ’kí t’síen ’kí man‘ kú‘ niun ká, gaming has ruined I do not know how many thousands and myriads of men.
- 我看見伊出來 ’ngú (subj.) k’ön‘ kíen‘ í t’seh lé, I saw him come out.
385. The copula by a little extension of the meaning of the terms, may be considered as embracing the emphatic adverbs, and the verb forms for affirmation and negation. In conformity with this, the substantive verb 是 is constantly used in the sense of yes, and with the negative particle (勿是), no. The adverbs of emphasis precede the copula.
- 新眞正來得硬 sing tsun tsung‘ lé tuh ngáng‘, his heart is certainly hard.
- 一定是牢實 ih ding‘ ’zz lau zeh, he is certainly trustworthy.
- 總是花頭花腦 ’tsóng ’zz hwó deu hwó ’nau, it is surely false.
- 昨日來個就是我 zóh nyih lé kú‘ dzieu‘ ’zz ’ngú, he who came yesterday was I myself.
Obs. The verb to have 有 ’yeu (with its opposite 嘸沒 m meh) describes existence, as in French the verb avoir. The adverbs of emphasis precede it, as they do the other substantive verb; e.g. 一點嘸沒啥 ih ’tíen m meh sá, or m sá‘, there is nothing the matter; 第個道理實在有 tí‘ kú‘ ’tau ’lí zeh zé‘ ’yeu, there certainly is this doctrine.
386. When there is a negative particle, the adverb of emphasis precedes it.