The Story of Geographical Discovery: How the World Became Known - Joseph Jacobs

J. J.

CHAP.
	PREFACE
	LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
	INTRODUCTION
I.	THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS
II.	THE SPREAD OF CONQUEST IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
III.	GEOGRAPHY IN THE DARK AGES
IV.	MEDIÆVAL TRAVELS—MARCO POLO, IBN BATUTA
V.	ROADS AND COMMERCE
VI.	TO THE INDIES EASTWARD—PORTUGUESE ROUTE—PRINCE HENRY AND VASCO DA GAMA
VII.	TO THE INDIES WESTWARD—SPANISH ROUTE—COLUMBUS AND MAGELLAN
VIII.	TO THE INDIES NORTHWARD—ENGLISH, FRENCH, DUTCH, AND RUSSIAN ROUTES
IX.	PARTITION OF AMERICA
X.	AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTH SEAS—TASMAN AND COOK
XI.	EXPLORATION AND PARTITION OF AFRICA—PARK, LIVINGSTON, AND STANLEY
XII.	THE POLES—FRANKLIN, ROSS, NORDENSKIOLD, AND NANSEN
	ANNALS OF DISCOVERY

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Coat-of-arms of Del Cano (from Guillemard, Magellan. By kind permission of Messrs. Phillips).—It illustrates the importance attributed to the Spice Islands as the main object of Magellan's voyage. For the blazon, see pp. [129-30.]

The Earliest Map of the World (from the Rev. C. J. Ball's Bible Illustrations, 1898).—This is probably of the eighth century B.C., and indicates the Babylonian view of the world surrounded by the ocean, which is indicated by the parallel circles, and traversed by the Euphrates, which is seen meandering through the middle, with Babylon, the great city, crossing it at the top. Beyond the ocean are seven successive projections of land, possibly indicating the Babylonian knowledge of surrounding countries beyond the Euxine and the Red Sea.

The World according to Ptolemy.—It will be observed that the Greek geographer regarded the Indian Ocean as a landlocked body of water, while he appears to have some knowledge of the so ces of the Nile. The general tendency of the map is to extend Asia very much to the east, which led to the miscalculation encouraging Columbus to discover America.

The Roman Roads of Europe (drawn specially for this work).—These give roughly the limits within which the inland geographical knowledge of the ancients reach some degrees of accuracy.

Geographical Monsters (from an early edition of Mandeville's Travels).—Most of the mediæval maps were dotted over with similar monstrosities.

The Hereford Map.—This, one of the best known of mediæval maps, was drawn by Richard of Aldingham about 1307. Like most of these maps, it has the East with the terrestrial paradise at the top, and Jerusalem is represented as the centre.

CONTENTS

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS