Jews and Moors in Spain - Joseph Krauskopf

[45] Gen. xii:3.

INDEX.

Abarbanel, intercedes with Queen Isabella on behalf of Jews, [196]; enters the service of Ferdinand I, King of Naples, [212.]
Abbu Rabbi, President of Medical School of Narbonne, [108].
Abdallah Ibn Xamri, the Moorish poet, [44], [47]; eulogizes the Jews, [99].
Abder Rahman III, patron of art and learning, [6]; assists in the erection of the great Mosque, [40].
Aben Esra, the poet, [129].
Abitur Joseph Ibn, translator of the Mishnah, [44], [137].
Abou Othman, author of treatise on Geology, [120]; accounts for the origin of mountains, [120].
Acids, discovery of by the Jews and Moors, [120].
Agriculture, zealously fostered by Jews and Moors, [162]; amount of its revenue, [162]; its neglect after expulsion of Jews and Moors, [163].
Albertus Magnus, is served by a brazen android, [23].
Albigenses, the first to suffer by the Inquisition, [175].
Alchofni, Jehuda ben Solomon ben, the poet, [131]; extracts from his writings, [132].
Alcohol, introduced by the Jews and Moors; [120].
Alexandria, great center of learning, [105], [149]; condition of Jews in, [152]; its learning extinguished by the Church, [153].
Alfonso X, (El Sabro) his astronomical tables, [119]; his boast, [119].
Algebra, dispute as to whom belongs the honor of its invention, [116]; first applied to geometry, [116].
Alhakem II Caliph, splendor of his court, his great library, [125]; an enthusiastic student and annotator, [30].
Alhambra, pride of the Moors, [172]; its capture by Ferdinand and Isabella, [173].
Ali, son in law of Mohammed, fourth Caliph, [112]; his maxim in favor of Science, [112].
Alkhazi, his views on evolution, [121], (note).
Almamum, Caliph, his maxim in favor of learning, [124].
America, its discovery hastened by the teachings of Averroes, [166].
Ammon St., his asceticism, [16].
Andalusia, beauty of, [5], [35], [59], conquest of by Arab-Moors, [55].
Angels, accompanying men, [37], [41], [74].
Anthony St., cures inflammations, [107].
Antipodes, existence of, denied by the church, [119].
Antonio Joseph de Silva, burned by the Inquisition, [182]-[188].
Apothecary, first introduced in Europe by Moors, [111].
Aquinas Thomas St., disturbed by the brazen android of Albertus Magnus, [23]; resists Averroism, [157].
Arabs, history of, [48]; their skill in the use of martial weapons, [49]; their mental endowments, [49]; their skill in training horses, [49]; their hospitality, [49]; their change of religion, [49]; their religious creed tinctured with Judaism, [50]; influenced by Magian and Sabean creeds, [50]; how affected by teachings of Mohammed, [50]; their western movements, [53]; their coalescing with the Moors, [54].
Arab-Moors, their march of conquest, [54]; their services to Europe, [105]; their contributions to medical science, [110]; to the other sciences, [112], [122]; to literature, [123]-[128]; to philosophy, [154]-[158]; to the industries, [162]-[167]; their great culture causes their political decline, [171]; their last defeat and last surrender, [172]; their deplorable deterioration, [236].
Arabian Nights; stories of their origin, [127].
Archimedes, studies mathematics in Alexandria, [150].
Architecture, beauty of Moorish architecture, [38]-[40], [59]-[63].
Ariosto, his debt to Moorish literature, [128].
Aristotelian Philosophy, influenced by Alexandrian learning, [151]; engrafted upon the theology of Jews, [153]; propagated by the Jews, [154]; Moors adopt it, [154]-[155].
Arithmetic, science of, first generally introduced into Europe by Moors, [114].
Arles, seat of Medical College, [108].
Asceticism, its prevalence, [16].
Astronomy, zealously cultivated by Jews and Moors, [118].
Atmosphere, height of determined by Jews and Moors, [118].
Atomistic philosophy, [151].
Avenzoar, (Ibn Zohr), physician to the court of Seville, [110]; his famous medical work, [110]; becomes the medical authority for European University, [110].
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), his medical work, [110].
B.
Bacon Roger, influenced by Averroism, [158].
Bagdad, a centre of Mohammedan learning, [105]-[116].
Bajazet, Sultan of Turkey, welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, [212].
Banks, first established by Jews, [166], (note.)
Bechai ben Joseph, author of a celebrated work on Ethics, [137].
Belisarius, opposed by Jews of Naples, [88].
Bills of Exchange, first introduced by Jews, [165], [170]. (Note.)
Boabdil el Chico, besieged by Ferdinand and Isabella, [172]; his surrender, [172]; begs for clemency, [173].
Boccaccio, borrows from the literature of Moors, [128].
Bookkeeping, introduced by Jews, [166]. (Note.)
Bridge of Al Sirat, Mohammedan superstition concerning it, [43].
Bulan, King of Khozars, adopts religion of Jews, [79].
C.
Caaba, great mosque at Mecca, rivalled by the Mezquita of Cordova, [38].
Caliphs, patrons of learning, [125].
Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Jews, [166].
Carpet, weaving of, a specialty of the Moors, [164].
Cassiodorus, his opinion of the Jews, [88].
Castile, refuses admission to inquisition, [179].
Ceuta, stronghold of Spain near the straits of Gibraltar, [54]; valiantly defended by Count Julian, [54].
Chagan Joseph, king of Khozars, corresponds with Chasdai ben Isaac, [80].
Chanoch Moses ben, description of, [64]; starts for Europe to collect money for academy at Sura, [65]; taken captive, [65]; tragic death of his wife, [66]; sold as slave to Cordova, [66]; is appointed Dayan of all European Jews, [62]-[67].
Charisi, the Jewish poet, [131]; extracts from his poetry, [132].
Chasdai ben Isaac Ibn Shaprut, his importance at the court of the Caliph, [44]; description of, [66]; his home life, [75]; his correspondence with Chagan Joseph, king of the Khozars, [80].
Chaucer, borrows from literature of Moors, [128].
Chemistry, originated by Jews and Moors, [120].
Church Catholic, its ignorance during the Dark Ages, [18]-[20]; [107], [119], [153], [157]; its greed, [22], [24], [27], [107]; its cruelty, [26], [122], [171], et sequ; its superstition, [24]-[26]; its corruption, [28].
Chushiel Rabbi, taken captive with Moses ben Chanoch, [65]; establishes a school at Kairuan, [67].
Civilization of Europe, exclusive of Spain, during Dark Ages, [12], [33].
Clara St., cures sore eyes, [107].
Clement VII, Pope, friendly to Jews, [218].
Clock, invented by Jews and Moors, [118].
Colleges, abundance of in the Moorish realm, [125].
Columbus, is led to discovery of America by Averroism, [156].
Conon, teaches mathematics in Alexandria, [150].
Conquest, of Spain by Arab-Moors, [53]-[57].
Copernicus, alludes to astronomical discoveries of Profiat, [118]; his discovery anticipated by Jews, [119].
Copper, its chemical affinity determined, [120].
Cotton, fabrics extensively manufactured in the Moorish commonwealth, [164].
Council decrees, Fourth of Carthage, prohibits bishops from reading secular books, [18]; third council of Toledo, 589, A. C.; begins the martyrology of the Jews, [93]; fourth council of Toledo (633 A. C.) enacts decree that children of Jewish converts be taken from their parents, [95]; sixth, ninth and twelfth councils of Toledo enact still more cruel laws against Jews [95], [96]; prohibit Jewish physicians to attend Christian patients, [107].
Cordova, description of during [10]th cent., [5]-[11], [34], [46], [47].
Creed, Mohammedan, [41], [42].
Crucifix, sheds tears of blood, [23].
Ctesibius, invents steam-engine, [150].
Cubic Equations, first taught by Ibn Ibrahim, [116].
Cyril St., his fanaticism and murder of Hypatia, [153].
D.
Damascus, a center of Mohammedan learning, [105], [116].
Decline of Moors, [17].
Demons, teachings of Church concerning them, [23]; tempt the virtue of ecclesiastics, [24].
Departure of Jews from Spain, [201], [202], [205].
Diaspore, account of, [83].
Diophantus, credited with the invention of Algebra, [116].
Dispersion of Jews, [206].
Distillation, apparatus for invented by Jews and Moors, [120].
Dominic St., founder of Dominican Order, and of Inquisition, [175].
Drugs, first introduced in Europe by Jews and Moor, [109], [110].
Dunash ben Labrat, poet and grammarian, [44], [46].
E.
Earth, its form and dimension and revolution determined by Jews and Moors, [118].
Ecliptic, obliquity of earth's, proven by Ibn Junis, [118].
Edict of expulsion, [193].
Education, provisions for among Jews and Moors, [9], [125].
Eleatics, their philosophy, [151].
England, during Dark Ages, [14]; its literature influenced by that of the Moors, [128].
Eratosthenes, makes astronomy a science, [150].
Esra, Moses ben, selections from his poetic writings, [130], [136].
Euclid, the mathematician, [150].
Euphraxia St., shudders at the mention of a bath, [16].
Europe, during dark days, [12]-[33].
Evolution, doctrine of, anticipated by Al Khazim, [121]. (Note.)
Exchange Bills of, introduced by Jews, [165]-[168]. (Note.)
Expulsion, edict of, [193].
Ezra Ibn, polyhistor of his age, [109]; distinguished as physician, commentator and author, [109].
F.
Fatalism, Moorish belief in, [42].
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, marries Isabella, queen of Castile, [172]; his march against.
Ferdinand I, King of Naples welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, [212].
Feudalism, its practices during Dark Ages, [31], [167]. (Note.)
Filigree work, cultivated by Jews and Moors, [164].
Filtration, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, [120].
Florinda, daughter of Count Julian, maid of honor at the court of Roderick, [54]; her ruin, [54]; her father's revenge, [54].
France, during Dark Ages, [14]; influenced by culture of Jews and Moors, [108].
Franciscan, monks favor Averroism, [157].
Friday, the Mohammedan Sabbath, [35]-[38].
Fusion, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, [120].
G.
Gabirol, Solomon ben Jehudah, selections from his poetry, [134], [135], [137]-[140].
Genoa, description of exiled Jews landing Granada, [172]; approves of the inquisition, [179]; at, [211].
Geology, work on, by Avicenna, [120].
Geometry, advance made in it by Moors, [116].
Germany, during Dark Ages, [14].
Gibraltar, origin of its name, [55].
Glass, manufactured by Jews and Moors during Dark Ages, [165].
Gold, its chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, [120].
Goths, their cruelty against the Jews, [92]-[98].
Granada, its commercial importance, [167]; last province of Moors, [172]; its surrender, [172].
Graveyards, Jews resort to graveyards for consolation, [197].
Guadelete, decisive battle of, [55].
Gunpowder, introduced in Europe by Jews
H.
Ha-levi, Jehudah, selections from his poetry, [130], [132], [136], [143].
Hegira, its date, [38].
Hell, conception of as taught by Christianity during Dark Ages, [24]; as taught by Mohammedanism, [43].
Heraclius, conspires with Sisebut for extirpating the Jews, [94].
Hero, invents steam-engine, [150].
Hindoos, credited with invention of Algebra, [116].
Holland, welcomes exiled Spanish and Portuguese Jews, [215].
Holy Ghost, finger of, preserved in Alsatian Monastery, [23].
Hypatia, murder of, [154].
I.
Ibn Roshd (Averroes.) The greatest philosopher of the Arab-Moors, [156].
Ibn Sina, (see Avicenna.)
Ibn Sohr (see Avenzoar.)
Ignorance, in Europe during Dark Ages, [29].
Indies, settled by exiled Portuguese Jews, [218].
Industries, lack of in Europe during Dark Ages, [30]; flourishing in Spain, [160]; lead to the discovery of America, [166].
Infants, their burning in hell described, [25].
Innocent III, pope, aids in the establishment of the Inquisition, [175].
Insurance, fire and marine introduced by Jews, [166]. (Note.) Opposed by the church, [166]. (Note.)
Inventions by Jews and Moors, [112]-[122].
Inquisition described by Samuel Usque, [174]; its introduction, [175]; its cruelties, [175]-[182].
Iron, chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, [120].
Irrigation, treaties on, [163].
Isaac ben Sid, prepares Alphonsine tables, [119].
Isabella, queen of Castile marries Ferdinand, King of Aragon, [172]; opposed to Inquisition, [179]; her opposition overcome by her husband and Torquemada, [179]; desires to revoke expulsion edict, [196]; a scene with Torquemada, [196].
Israeli Isaac ben Suleiman, author of medical work on fever, [110].
Italy, welcomes exiled Portuguese Jews, [218].
J.
James, the apostle, his arm preserved in an Alsatian Monastery, [23].
Jerome St., opposes bishops studying secular subjects, [18].
Jerusalem, its destruction, [83], [84].
Jews, their dispersion, [85], [87]; their early suffering, [83], [85], [89]; their entrance into Spain, [91]; their earliest sufferings in Spain, [92], [95]; favorably treated by Arab-Moor, [98], [100]; aid Arab-Moors in their conquest of Spain, [54], [98]; devoted to industry in Europe during Dark Ages, [31]; make Spain garden spot of Europe, [91]; their learning, [108]; their contribution to medical science, [110]; in the pure sciences, [113]; their treatment in Alexandria, [152]; devoted to Aristotelian philosophy, [154]; their importance in commerce, [165]-[170] (Note.) their prosecutions, [173]-[177]; feign allegiance to Christianity, [177]; their expulsion from Spain, [189]-[205]; their sufferings, [207]-[214]; rest and peace at last, [219]; their eternity, [237].
John the Baptist, his skeleton preserved in an Alsatian Monastery, [23].
John II, king of Portugal, grants an eight month's sojourn in Portugal to exiled Spanish Jews, [213]; his cruelty to the Jews, [214], [215].
Joseph Chagan, king of Khozars, his proposition to Chasdai ben Isaac, [80].
Julian, count, his valiant defence of Ceuta, [54]; his revolt, [54]; insult to his daughter, [54]; swears revenge, [54]; conspires with Arab-Moors, [54], [55].
Junis Ibn, proves obliquity of Earth's ecliptic, [118].
K.
Kaddish, meaning of, [72].
Kepler, alludes to discovery of Levi ben Gerson, [118].
Khozars, Jewish kingdom of, described, [79].
Kiddush, described, [72], [78].
Koran, its place in Mohammedan worship, [39], [40]; selections from it, [40], [41], [42], written by angel Gabriel, [42].
Korrah, Ibn, applies Algebra to Geometry, [116].
L.
Labrat Dunash ben, poet and grammarian, [44].
Laplace, refers to Ibn Musa's astronomical theories, [118].
Las Navas, battle of, decides fate of Moors, [172].
Lead, its chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, [120].
Leather, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, [165].
Levi ben Gershon, honorably mentioned by Kepler, [118].
Libraries, great abundance of, in Moorish caliphate, [125].
Light, theory of refraction and its curvilinear paths determined by Jews and Moors, [118].
Linen, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, [164].
Llorento, on the Inquisition, [182].
Loretto, house of, Virgin deposited there by angels, [23].
Louis de Parre, a Jew, of the crew of Columbus (the first European) who steps upon the American soil, [192]. (Note.)
Luxury, its indulgence hastens Moorish decline, [171].
M.
Maimonides, his position in Jewish literature, [109], [156]; coveted as body physicians by great potentates, [109]; accepts position with Sultan Saladin, [109]; summoned to the sick bed of Richard Coeur de Lion, king of England, for consultation, [109]; his contribution to medical science, [156].
Magnet, introduced by Jews and Moors, [165].
Manoel, king of Portugal, favorably disposed towards Jews, [215]; marriage proposed between him and daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, [216]; expulsion of Jews from Portugal required in his marriage contract, [216]; he consents, [217]; surpasses Torquemada in cruelty, [217]-[218].
Manufacture, extensively carried on by Jews and Moors, [164].
Manuscripts, destroyed by Church, [19].
Mariners, compass introduced by Jews and Moors, [165].
Mary St., of Egypt, her asceticism, [16].
Menachem ben Saruk, compiles first Hebrew Lexicon, [44].
Menasseh ben Israel, pleads with Oliver Cromwell for settlement of Jews in England, [218].
Medinah al Zohar, the caliph's palace, [46].
Medicine, cultivated by Jews and Moors, [102]; reasons why Jews excelled in medical sciences, [106].
Medicis, imitate example of Caliphs, [125].
Mezquita of Cordova, description of, [38].
Mineral, riches of Spain, [163], [164].
Miracles, wrought by clergy, [23].
Mohammed, miracles accompany his birth, [50]; his conquests, [51].
Mohammedanism, its creed, [42]; inspiration claimed for it, [42].
Montpellier, seat of the most famous medical school of Middle Ages, [108].
Monts de piete, houses of loaning on pledges established by Bernardin de Feltre in opposition to Jewish banking houses, note, [169]; abandoned as a failure, note, [170].
Moors, (see Arab-Moors.)
"More Nebuchim" greatness of, [156].
Moses ben Chanoch, (see Chanoch).
Mosque, (see Mezquita).
Mountains, their origin geologically accounted for, [120].
Musa Ibn Nosseyr, invades Spain, [54]; dispatches Tarik for conquest of Andalusia, [55].
Museum of Alexandria, [153].
Muezzin's, call for prayer, [37].
Musa Ibn, mathematician, credited with invention of Algebra, [116]; his astronomical researches accepted by La Place, [118]; determines the diminution and eccentricity of earth's orbit, [118].
N.
Naples, accepts exiled Jews, [212].
Narbonne, school established in, by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, [65]; becomes the seat of a famous medical school.
Nathan, Rabbi, Dayan of Jews of Cordova, [66]; resigns in favor of Moses ben Chanoch, [67].
Navigation, extensively carried on by Jews and Moors, [166].
New Platonism, its mysticism no permanent influence upon Jews, [153].
New Christians, name of Jews who feigned allegiance to Christianity, [177], [178]; charges against them, [180].
Nitric Acid, discovered by Jews and Moors, [120].
O.
Observatory, first observatory in Europe built at Seville, [119].
Opus Majus, of Roger Bacon permeated by Averroism, [158].
Orient, conducive to religious speculation, but not to philosophy, [150].
P.
Padua, university of admits Averroism in its curriculum of studies, [158].
Paper invented and manufactured by Jews and Moors, [165].
Paradise, Mohammedan conception of, [42].
Paul III, pope, favorable to Jews, [218].
Pendulum clock, invented by Jews and Moors, [118].
Pernel St., cures ague, [107].
Pharmacy, first introduced in Europe by Moors, [110].
Philosophy, cultivated by Jews and Moors, [148], [155]; not a favored study with Orientals, [150].
Physicians, Jewish physicians excel, [110]; opposed by church, [107]-[108]; Jewish physicians preferred by popes and kings, [107]-[108].
Plague, breaks out in Portugal and Jews held responsible, [213].
Platonic philosophy exercises no lasting influence upon Jews, [151].
Poetry, reasons for its flourishing among Jews and Moors, [127]; its influence upon European literature, [127]-[128]; its sacred character among Jews, [129]-[137].
Portugal, exiled Spanish Jews permitted an eight month's sojourn, [213]; its cruelty against Jews, [215]-[218].
Prayer, its significance with Moors, [37]-[52].
Profatius Duran, president of medical school of Montpellier, [118]; honorably mentioned by Copernicus, [118].
Ptolemy, author of the Syntaxes, [150].
Pythagorian philosophy, [151].
Q.
Quadratic equations, first taught by Ibn Musa, [116].
Quick silver, its chemical affinity determined, [120]; successfully mined, [164].
R.
Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac), distinguished surgeon and commentator, [108].
Relics, traffic in, by Church, [22]; applied to cure disease, [107].
Renaissance, stimulated by Averroism, [158].
Roderick, his crime, [54]; his defeat, [56].
Rome, entrance of Jews into, [87].
Roshd Ibn, (see Averroes).
Rumachis Ibn, captures the four Rabbis, [65].
S.
Sabbath, its observance among Jews, [58], [69].
Sahal Abraham Ibn, his poetry prohibited. [131].
Sahamaria ben Elchanan, one of the four captured Rabbis, [65]; establishes a school in Kahira, [67].
Science, introduced in Europe by Arab-Moors, [112].
Serapion of Alexandria, gathering place for the learned, [149].
Sid Isaac ben, prepares Alphonsin tables, [119].
Silk, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, [164].
Silver, its chemical affinity determined, [120].
Silvia, her asceticism, [16].
Sinai Ibn, (see Avicenna).
Sixtus, fifth, favors the Jews, [170]. (Note.)
Social life, in Europe during Dark Ages, [14].
Socratic Philosophy, contrasted with that of Aristotle, [151].
Song, challenge, described, [35].
Spain, during Dark Ages, [5], [11], [34], [90]; invasion of by Moors, [46]-[57], enacts cruel laws against Jews, [92]-[96]; inquisition established in, [171]; Jews expelled from it; [189]; suffers because of expulsion of Jews and Moors, [225].
Specific Gravity, tables constructed, [120].
Spinoza influenced by Averroism, [158].
Steam engine, invented by Hero and Ctesbius, [150].
Story-telling, cultivated by Moors, [127], influence upon European literature, [128].
Sublimation, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, [120].
Sulphuric acid, discovered by Jews and Moors, [120].
Sun, its spots noted by Averroes, [118].
Superstition, in Europe during Dark Ages, [23].
Swords, Jews and Moors skilled in their manufacture, [165].
Sylvester II, pope, studies philosophy at Seville, [155].
Synagogue, of Cordova described, [58].
Syntaxes, written by Ptolemy in Alexandria. [150].
T.
Tarik, invades Spain, [55].
Tibbon Ibn, insists upon study of Botany for medical purposes, [109].
Time, computed by Jews and Moors, [118].
Tin, its chemical affinity determined, [120].
Torquemada, the inquisitor, [79]; his cruelties, [79]; resolves to expel Jews from Spain, [191]; conquers the scruples of Isabella, [196].
Trigonometry, improved by Moors, [116].
Turkey, welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, [212], [218].
U.
Usque, Samuel, describes the Inquisition [74]; suffers death by it, [174].
United States, prosperity of Jews in, [219].
W.
Witches, burning of described, [27].
Women, burnt as witches, [27]; not permitted by Jews and Moors to worship with the men, [38], [86].
Worship, among Moors and Jews described, [37], [40], [69].