Crises in the History of the Papacy / A study of twenty famous popes whose careers and whose influence were important in the development of the church and in the history of the world

by Joseph McCabe

[336] It is not true that Clement abstained from passing judgment on the Society; nor, on the other hand, need we regard seriously the statement that he was poisoned by the ex-Jesuits. See the author's Candid History of the Jesuits, pp. 355 and 368.

[337] In Austria the movement was called Febronianism, as it had begun with a work (De Statu Ecclesiæ) published in 1763 by Johann von Hontheim under the pseudonym of "Febronius." Hontheim had learned Gallican sentiments at Louvain. Joseph II. had wisely and firmly adopted the chief principles of the school: religious toleration, restriction of the interference of the Popes, and control of ecclesiastical property.

[338] Petrucelli della Gattina's Histoire diplomatique des Conclaves, 4 vols., 1864-6.

[339] The chief source of our knowledge of the earlier years of Pius is the sketch of his life by Artaud de Montor. Cardinal Wiseman (another eulogist) covers the ground in the early chapters of his Recollections of the Last Four Popes (1858). Dr. E.L.T. Henke's Papst Pius VII. (1860) is an excellent impartial study, while D. Bertolotti's Vita di Papa Pio VII. (1881) is less scholarly, and Mary Allies' Pius the Seventh is rather a tract than an historical study. The Pope's relations with Napoleon (after the coronation) are minutely, though far from impartially, studied in H. Welschinger's Le Pape et l'Empereur (1905) and Father Ilario Rinieri's Napoleone e Pio VII. (2 vols., 1906): both make some use of unpublished documents. See also F. Rinieri's Il Concordato tra Pio VII. e il Primo Console (1902). The Pope's Bulls are in the Bullarii Romani Continuatio (ed. Barberi, vols. xi.-xv). Contemporary documents abound, and one need mention only the Memoirs of Consalvi, Pacca, and Talleyrand, and the Correspondance de Napoleon I. Special studies will be quoted later. Dr. F. Nielsen's History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols., 1906) is the best recent study of the period of Pius VII. to Pius IX.; it is scholarly and impartial.

[340] February 9, 1801.

[341] This Pius entirely failed to prevent. See Father Leo Koenig's Pius VII.: Die Sakularisation und das Reichskonkordat (1904).

[342] Consalvi's Memoirs are naturally prejudiced, and not reliable. Theiner's Histoire des deux Concordats (1869) and Séché's Les Origines du Concordat (1894) are carefully documented.

[343] Correspondance de Napoleon I., xi., 642.

[344] Ibid., xii., 477.

[345] Memorie, i., 68.