FOOTNOTES:
[352] During his twenty-months' Pontificate, in 1829, Catholic Emancipation was carried in England. But the Quirinal's share was confined to rejoicing. Consalvi, however, had "worked incessantly" for it, and had been much aided by the Duchess of Devonshire. See his words in Artaud's Histoire du Pape Léon XII., i., 171.
[353] The contradiction is characteristic of the literature on Pius IX. Most of it was written before or just after his death and is fiercely partisan. Petruccelli della Gattina's Pie IX. (1866) is the chief and least reliable of the hostile biographies: T.A. Trollope's Story of the Life of Pius IX. (2 vols., 1877) is one of the most temperate of the anti-Papal works and still has some use: F. Hitchman's Pius the Ninth (1878) is slighter but equally moderate. Such studies as those of Shea, Maguire, Dawson, Wappmannsperger (2 vols.), Stepischnegg (2 vols.), Pougeois (6 vols.), and Freiherr von Helfert are equally prejudiced on the Catholic side. The best study of the character and work of Pius is Dr. F. Nielsen's Papacy in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols., 1906), a temperate (perhaps not sufficiently critical) and scholarly work. Bishop G.S. Pelczar's Pio IX. e il suo Pontificato (3 vols., Italian translation 1909) is learned but fulsome and undiscriminating. Father R. Ballerini's incomplete study (published as Les premières pages du Pontificat du Pape Pie IX., 1909) has no distinction. For special aspects see D. Silvagni, La Corte e la Società Romana (1885), and Count von Hoensbroech's Rom und das Zentrum (1910), and works quoted hereafter.
[354] Ballerini and Helfert deny this but Pelczar and Nielsen make it clear. The graver statement of the hostile biographers—that he spent his youth in dissipation—rests on no respectable evidence.
[355] Lettres Apostoliques de Pie IX., p. 177.
[356] The original documents relating to the Pope's actions will be found in the Acta Pii Noni, Acta Sanctæ Sedis, and Discorsi del Summo Pontefice Pio IX. (1872-8).
[357] In the plebiscite which was taken in the city of Rome 40,785 voted for incorporation and forty-six for the Pope: in the city and province 133,681 voted for incorporation and 1507 against. Naturally, the minority is not fully represented, as many refused to vote.