The side sump-pits must never be cut under the wall of a trench. On very short notice the roof will take the place of the excavated soil and there will be no sump-pit.
It is not always that pumps are available, and the few of those which are, are of no practical use for a length of time sufficient to be of any value; in fact, they hardly repay the fatigue entailed in getting them to the trenches. For ordinary trench drainage several small pumps are of far more use than one large one, as the range’s limited by the difficulties of removing it or by the length of pipe attached. These pumps, whether large or small, must be given a large and substantial platform, placed in some central position among a number of sump-pits. Each pump must have not only a discharge pipe, but a suction pipe, the latter being movable from one pit to another in the pump’s area without moving the pump. The placing of these pumps must be thorough and systematic, and those sump-pits not reached by pumps must be kept empty by means of pails.
FLOORBOARDS
Although these are rarely available in sufficient numbers to be laid continuously along the entire length of the trench, it is unwise to throw one down on a particularly muddy spot in a trench as a remedy. The result is that when it becomes covered with mud it sinks out of sight, and another one is thrown down with the same result. Then, when an attempt to drain is made, much to somebody’s disgust they run into a layer of floorboards, quit work, and the trench never becomes drained. Patchy repairs to a trench bottom are as aggravating and as useless as bad revetment. When only a few floorboards are available, then they should be laid in one length and that length made as nearly perfect as possible, until more may be had, then that length continued. Patching here and there is of no use and never leads anywhere. Trench bottoms are treated in different ways up and down the line, depending on localities and materials on hand. In some places the trench bottom is of concrete blocks and bricks, with a small trench ditch of about 6 inches running along the side. This is not a very happy combination, as men traveling up and down the trenches at night with heavy loads sometimes stumble, their feet go in, the trench ditch becomes full of mud and blocked up, and your trench gradually becomes flooded up and down its length, unless very great care is taken. Where time and labor are available, long lengths of trench may be put and kept in good condition and the trench question partially solved if two rows of stout 4-foot sticks are driven well into the bottom of the trench, about 3 feet apart. Wooden rails are then nailed along the top of the stakes and cross-bars nailed and fastened to the rails. This work must be done thoroughly, though, or weak places will occur and become very dangerous for men traveling at night with heavy loads, as a fall through a hole in one of these bottoms generally means a broken ankle or some other accident.
In some parts of the line it has not been necessary to use anything for a trench floor, the ground itself being sufficient, with a small drainage ditch dug at the side, as in the case of those trench bottoms covered with cement and brick.
BRUSHWOOD AND STRAW
Brushwood should not be placed in a trench bottom, except under very exceptional circumstances, and, as a matter of fact, is very seldom used, its value lying more in the manufacture of hurdles. Once brushwood has been trodden into the mud it is absolutely impossible to remove it, and there is no means of removing the mud and properly repairing the trench bottom. Straw under no circumstances should ever be put in a trench bottom, and when put into dugouts or shelters, should be cleared out and burned where possible (which will not be in front line) as soon as it becomes sodden or sour. The floor of the dugouts and shelters must be thoroughly cleaned of all this old straw, sand bags and bad soil before fresh straw is put in. It is possible in large dugouts such as are found in reserve and support lines, to make bunks out of wire netting on the same style as the berth in a steamer, and in a modern dugout enough of these bunks may be made to accommodate a company. In all German dugouts this is the practice, although it is not possible in close proximity to the front line. Advantage must be taken of what material is at hand.